The Effect of the Functionalisation of Low-Dispersion Carbon Black of the OMCARB Series by Hydrogen Peroxide on the Properties of Filled Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
G.V. Moiseevskaya ◽  
G.I. Razd'yakonova ◽  
A.A. Petin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Physicomechanical Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Mechanical Loss Tangent ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Low Dispersion

The aim of this work was to produce a new filler for polymers in which a low surface activity is combined with a high degree of structure and functionalisation of the surface, which will bring the processing properties of filled rubber mixes closer to the properties of rubber mixes with channel carbon black. The oxidation of specimens of low-dispersion, highly structured carbon black of grade OMCARB S820 was carried out using aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide of different concentration. Using a combination of methods, including X-ray diffraction analysis (D8 Advance diffractometer; Bruker, Germany) and transmission electron microscopy (JEM 2100 electron microscope; JEOL, Japan), we assessed the physicochemical properties and the form and the number of oxygen-containing groups (carboxyl, phenolic, lactone) on the surface of a particle of oxidised S820 in comparison with carbon black K354 (produced by the Khazar Chemical Plant, Turkmenistan) and semi-active furnace black N550 (produced by Omsktekhuglerod). The rheological characteristics (MDR 3000 vibrorheometer and MV 3000 viscometer; MonTech, Germany) and the physicomechanical characteristics (tensometer; Shimadzu, Japan) of rubber mixes filled with these blacks and of rubber compounds based on natural rubber were determined. The dynamic properties of the rubber compounds and the glass transition temperatures were determined on a DMA 242D instrument (Netzsch, Germany). Comparative data on the temperature dependence of the mechanical loss tangent (tg δ)of the rubber compounds showed that at temperatures of −60 and +60°C the greatest differences are possessed by rubber compounds with K354. At intermediate temperatures, the tg δ values for rubber compounds with the different fillers are similar. The new carbon black was advantageous with respect to the strength properties and dynamic characteristics of the rubber compounds, retaining the unique properties of composites filled with channel black.

The influence of oxidized technical carbon N121 on the properties of butyl-based rubbers

2019 ◽  
pp. 123-128
Author(s):  
M. N. Nagornaya ◽  
A. V. Myshliavtsev ◽  
S. Ya. Khodakova
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Gas Permeability ◽  
Mechanical Tests ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Active Forms Of Oxygen ◽  
Technical Carbon ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
The Subject

The subject of the study were samples of channel technical carbon K354, furnace technical carbon N121 and experimental – based on TUN121, oxidized with active forms of oxygen. Samples of carbon black were studied in the composition of a rubber mixture based on BK 1675N butyl rubber. The purpose of this study was to determine the possibility of using oxidized technical carbon N121 in fillers of rubber based on butyl rubber, instead of carbon black K354. The physicochemical properties of the samples of technical carbon under study, the results of physical and mechanical tests, and the gas permeability tests of rubber mixtures filled with the samples under study are presented. A conclusion is made about the possibility of replacing channel technical carbon K354 with furnace black carbon N121 oxidized with 30% hydrogen peroxide.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Effect of Carbon Black on Dynamic Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Mullins Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Background Material ◽  
Power Transmission Belts ◽  
Transient Forces

Abstract The term dynamic properties as applied to elastomers refers to the response to periodic or transient forces which do not cause failure or appreciable fatigue (permanent change of properties) during the investigation. Generally this is limited to vulcanizates subjected to deformations not exceeding about 25%; and generally the dynamic properties are measured after several cycles or (in a transient experiment such as resilience) after several preconditioning transients, so that the Mullins effect or difference between first and second strain cycles is not of consequence. Thus, dynamic properties represent the viscoelastic properties of vulcanizates at deformations below about 25%, after reaching a pseudo-equilibrium state. The dynamic properties of rubber are altered tremendously by the addition of a filler. The scope of this article is restricted to the dynamic properties of rubber vulcanizates with carbon black as a filler. The effect covered in this article are important in designing rubber compounds to be used under dynamic conditions, such as tires, power transmission belts, vibration isolation mountings, etc. However, the engineering application of dynamic properties, which has been treated in detail elsewhere, is outside the scope of this review. A certain amount of background material is needed. We will first define the terms used in describing dynamic properties. The methods and instruments used for measuring these properties will be described briefly, and the nature of carbon black will be reviewed. Finally, some historical material is given, together with the dynamic behavior of typical compounds, as a preface to the review of more recent work in this field.

High Frequency Viscoelasticity of Carbon Black Filled Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gerspacher ◽  
C. P. O'Farrell ◽  
L. Nikiel ◽  
H. H. Yang ◽  
F. Le Méhauté
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Longitudinal And Shear Waves ◽  
Laboratory Tool

Abstract A high frequency viscoelasticity spectrometer, using the state-of-the-art ultrasonic technology, was constructed. The longitudinal and shear waves characteristics were measured in rubber compounds to obtain the attenuation coefficient, α, and sound velocity, v Preliminary results were obtained for a number of filled and unfilled polymers. The grade of carbon black used, filler loading, crosslinking density and filler dispersion were varied during the study. Temperature sweepS from −100°C to +60°C were also studied. It was found that the polymer type had a greater influence on α and v than did the grade of carbon black, loading or dispersion. The experimental data show that shear waves do not propagate in the rubbery state. Above the glass transition temperature, Tg, the longitudinal wave measurements could be sufficient to determine the high frequency dynamic properties of filled and unfilled polymers to characterize a tire tread compound. The temperature sweep measurements allowed the determination of the Tg of polymers at high frequency. It is proposed that the described method of measuring α and v be used as a laboratory tool for potential tire traction prediction.

Effect of oxidized technical carbon on surface energy of rubber

2019 ◽  
pp. 96-101
Author(s):  
M. N. Nagornaya ◽  
A. V. Myshlyavtsev ◽  
E. A. Strizhak
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Tensile Strength ◽  
Surface Energy ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Active Oxygen ◽  
Start Time ◽  
Rubber Mixture ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Oxidized Carbon

The influence of carbon black N121 and N326, oxidized by active oxygen forms, in comparison with the influence of channel carbon black K 354 on the properties of rubbers based on butyl rubber was investigated. It was revealed that the introduction of oxidized carbon black samples into the composition of rubber compounds allows increasing the start time of rubber mixture scorching from 8.82 to 11.17 minutes, increasing the level of conventional tensile strength from 15, 52 to 16.68 MPa. It has been established that using rubber based on butyl rubber as a filler for carbon black N121 or N326, oxidized with 30% hydrogen peroxide, makes it possible to obtain rubber with a surface energy similar to rubber K 354.

Selection of Carbon Black Fillers for Natural Rubber Springs

1979 ◽  
Vol 52 (5) ◽  
pp. 996-1007 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. J. Gregory
Keyword(s):  
Particle Size ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Physical Properties ◽  
Small Particle ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Mooney Viscosity ◽  
High Structure ◽  
Selection Of

Abstract From the observations made above, it is apparent that the modulus of a filled rubber plays a considerable role in determining other properties. Nevertheless, when allowances are made for variation in modulus, considerable differences between rubbers filled with different types of carbon black still exist. The black appears to fall into three main categories. The small-particle abrasion grade furnace blacks (N100–N300 series) gave rubbers with the highest strength properties, but the highest low-strain stiffness and highest loss angles. The larger particle size semireinforcing grades of furnace blacks (N500– N700 series) gave lower values of these properties, while medium thermal (N990) black gave no advantages over the semireinforcing grades in dynamic properties but gave considerably weaker rubbers. Within these categories, variations in structure of the blacks had a second-order effect on loss angle, the lower loadings of high structure blacks resulting in somewhat lower values than low structure blacks. The effects of structure on strength properties, if any, were small. The influence of filler type on the processing characteristics studied here was small, the only significant difference being the effect of semireinforcing grades on vulcanization rates. The Mooney viscosity of the rubber was related only to the moderate strain modulus of the vulcanized rubber, and the scorch delay to the Mooney viscosity. These conclusions were reached by comparing the properties of rubbers of equal modulus. If comparisons had been made at equal filler loadings, different conclusions would have been reached. For example, the low structure fillers would appear to give lower loss angles and higher tensile strengths than high structure blacks, and at higher loadings the thermal and low structure semireinforcing blacks would give tensile strengths similar to the abrasion grades. This illustrates the subjective nature of the assessment of the influence of carbon blacks. The results obtained here suggest that many of the reported differences in the properties of rubbers filled with different grades of carbon black are due simply to differences in modulus of the rubbers. Adjustment of the black loadings to give equal moduli removes most of the differences between various grades of small particle blacks and between semireinforcing grades. Considerable differences in properties are obtained, however, between rubbers filled with abrasion grades (N100–N300) of black and those filled with semireinforcing grades (N500 to N700). The choice of a filler to give required physical properties, then, is between a small particle size black or a semireinforcing furnace black. Medium thermal offers no advantage in dynamic properties to compensate for poor strength properties. There being little difference between different grades within abrasion and semireinforcing types of furnace blacks, in terms of physical properties, final selection of a filler is likely to take cost considerations into account. The relative volume costs of blacks and rubbers at present favors the use of low structure blacks to minimize compound costs, but the factory processing behavior obtained with different blacks may also be relevant. The latter cannot be objectively assessed in a laboratory exercise.

Partial replacement of carbon black by nanoclay in butyl rubber compounds for tubeless tires

2017 ◽  
Vol 59 (11-12) ◽  
pp. 1054-1060 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohan Kumar Harikrishna Kumar ◽  
Subramaniam Shankar ◽  
Rathanasamy Rajasekar ◽  
Pal Samir Kumar ◽  
Palaniappan Sathish Kumar
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Butyl Rubber ◽  
Partial Replacement ◽  
Rubber Compounds
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