High Frequency Viscoelasticity of Carbon Black Filled Compounds

1996 ◽  
Vol 69 (5) ◽  
pp. 786-800 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Gerspacher ◽  
C. P. O'Farrell ◽  
L. Nikiel ◽  
H. H. Yang ◽  
F. Le Méhauté
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Crosslinking Density ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Wave Measurements ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Longitudinal And Shear Waves ◽  
Laboratory Tool

Abstract A high frequency viscoelasticity spectrometer, using the state-of-the-art ultrasonic technology, was constructed. The longitudinal and shear waves characteristics were measured in rubber compounds to obtain the attenuation coefficient, α, and sound velocity, v Preliminary results were obtained for a number of filled and unfilled polymers. The grade of carbon black used, filler loading, crosslinking density and filler dispersion were varied during the study. Temperature sweepS from −100°C to +60°C were also studied. It was found that the polymer type had a greater influence on α and v than did the grade of carbon black, loading or dispersion. The experimental data show that shear waves do not propagate in the rubbery state. Above the glass transition temperature, Tg, the longitudinal wave measurements could be sufficient to determine the high frequency dynamic properties of filled and unfilled polymers to characterize a tire tread compound. The temperature sweep measurements allowed the determination of the Tg of polymers at high frequency. It is proposed that the described method of measuring α and v be used as a laboratory tool for potential tire traction prediction.

scholarly journals Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber: Synergistic Effects by Addition of Small Amounts of Secondary Fillers to Silica-Reinforced Natural Rubber Tire Tread Compounds

2019 ◽  
Vol 2019 ◽  
pp. 1-8 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Sattayanurak ◽  
J. W. M. Noordermeer ◽  
K. Sahakaro ◽  
W. Kaewsakul ◽  
W. K. Dierkes ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Natural Rubber ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Synergistic Effects ◽  
Coupling Reaction ◽  
Rolling Resistance ◽  
High Specific Surface Area ◽  
Pure Silica ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Wet Grip

Modern fuel-saving tire treads are commonly reinforced by silica due to the fact that this leads to lower rolling resistance and higher wet grip compared to carbon black-filled alternatives. The introduction of secondary fillers into the silica-reinforced tread compounds, often named hybrid fillers, may have the potential to improve tire performance further. In the present work, two secondary fillers organoclay nanofiller and N134 carbon black were added to silica-based natural rubber compounds at a proportion of silica/secondary filler of 45/10 phr. The compounds were prepared with variable mixing temperatures based on the mixing procedure commonly in use for silica-filled NR systems. The results of Mooney viscosity, Payne effect, cure behavior, and mechanical properties imply that the silica hydrophobation and coupling reaction of the silane coupling agent with silica and elastomer are significantly influenced by organoclay due to an effect of its modifier: an organic ammonium derivative. This has an effect on scorch safety and cure rate. The compounds where carbon black was added as a secondary filler do not show this behavior. They give inferior filler dispersion compared to the pure silica-filled compound, attributed to an inappropriate high mixing temperature and the high specific surface area of the carbon black used. The dynamic properties indicate that there is a potential to improve wet traction and rolling resistance of a tire tread when using organoclay as secondary filler, while the combination of carbon black in silica-filled NR does not change these properties.

Effect of Carbon Black on Dynamic Properties of Rubber Vulcanizates

1978 ◽  
Vol 51 (3) ◽  
pp. 437-523 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. I. Medalia
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Vibration Isolation ◽  
Power Transmission ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Engineering Application ◽  
Mullins Effect ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Background Material ◽  
Power Transmission Belts ◽  
Transient Forces

Abstract The term dynamic properties as applied to elastomers refers to the response to periodic or transient forces which do not cause failure or appreciable fatigue (permanent change of properties) during the investigation. Generally this is limited to vulcanizates subjected to deformations not exceeding about 25%; and generally the dynamic properties are measured after several cycles or (in a transient experiment such as resilience) after several preconditioning transients, so that the Mullins effect or difference between first and second strain cycles is not of consequence. Thus, dynamic properties represent the viscoelastic properties of vulcanizates at deformations below about 25%, after reaching a pseudo-equilibrium state. The dynamic properties of rubber are altered tremendously by the addition of a filler. The scope of this article is restricted to the dynamic properties of rubber vulcanizates with carbon black as a filler. The effect covered in this article are important in designing rubber compounds to be used under dynamic conditions, such as tires, power transmission belts, vibration isolation mountings, etc. However, the engineering application of dynamic properties, which has been treated in detail elsewhere, is outside the scope of this review. A certain amount of background material is needed. We will first define the terms used in describing dynamic properties. The methods and instruments used for measuring these properties will be described briefly, and the nature of carbon black will be reviewed. Finally, some historical material is given, together with the dynamic behavior of typical compounds, as a preface to the review of more recent work in this field.

scholarly journals Superharmonic Resonance in Carbon-Black-Filled Rubber by High-Frequency DMA

Polymers ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (10) ◽  
pp. 1653
Author(s):  
Imran Hussain Syed ◽  
Jorge Lacayo-Pineda
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
High Frequency ◽  
Model Compound ◽  
Resonance Phenomenon ◽  
Superharmonic Resonance ◽  
Filled Rubber ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Resonance Response ◽  
Filler Network ◽  
Main Influence

A systematic study of several SBR compounds filled with carbon black of various grades were analysed with the high-frequency Dynamic Mechanical Analyzer (HF DMA) in order to quantify the degree of nonlinearity induced by fillers in rubber compounds. These filler grades indirectly reflect different degrees of microdispersion, which seems to be the main influence on the superharmonic resonance phenomenon observed in HF DMA. This statement arises from the comparison of the microdispersion observed in TEM images. In the second part of the paper, a model compound filled with carbon black is enhanced with a standard reinforcing resin, which leads to a more compact filler network. This induces a higher superharmonic resonance response as well as a higher transmissibility behaviour.

The Effect of the Functionalisation of Low-Dispersion Carbon Black of the OMCARB Series by Hydrogen Peroxide on the Properties of Filled Composites

2017 ◽  
Vol 44 (11) ◽  
pp. 15-20
Author(s):  
G.V. Moiseevskaya ◽  
G.I. Razd'yakonova ◽  
A.A. Petin
Keyword(s):  
Hydrogen Peroxide ◽  
Carbon Black ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Strength Properties ◽  
Physicomechanical Characteristics ◽  
Rubber Compounds ◽  
Furnace Black ◽  
Mechanical Loss Tangent ◽  
Combination Of Methods ◽  
Low Dispersion

The aim of this work was to produce a new filler for polymers in which a low surface activity is combined with a high degree of structure and functionalisation of the surface, which will bring the processing properties of filled rubber mixes closer to the properties of rubber mixes with channel carbon black. The oxidation of specimens of low-dispersion, highly structured carbon black of grade OMCARB S820 was carried out using aqueous solutions of hydrogen peroxide of different concentration. Using a combination of methods, including X-ray diffraction analysis (D8 Advance diffractometer; Bruker, Germany) and transmission electron microscopy (JEM 2100 electron microscope; JEOL, Japan), we assessed the physicochemical properties and the form and the number of oxygen-containing groups (carboxyl, phenolic, lactone) on the surface of a particle of oxidised S820 in comparison with carbon black K354 (produced by the Khazar Chemical Plant, Turkmenistan) and semi-active furnace black N550 (produced by Omsktekhuglerod). The rheological characteristics (MDR 3000 vibrorheometer and MV 3000 viscometer; MonTech, Germany) and the physicomechanical characteristics (tensometer; Shimadzu, Japan) of rubber mixes filled with these blacks and of rubber compounds based on natural rubber were determined. The dynamic properties of the rubber compounds and the glass transition temperatures were determined on a DMA 242D instrument (Netzsch, Germany). Comparative data on the temperature dependence of the mechanical loss tangent (tg δ)of the rubber compounds showed that at temperatures of −60 and +60°C the greatest differences are possessed by rubber compounds with K354. At intermediate temperatures, the tg δ values for rubber compounds with the different fillers are similar. The new carbon black was advantageous with respect to the strength properties and dynamic characteristics of the rubber compounds, retaining the unique properties of composites filled with channel black.

Effect of Carbon-Black Loading and Crosslink Density on the Heat Build-Up in Elastomers

1991 ◽  
Vol 64 (2) ◽  
pp. 269-284 ◽  
Author(s):  
Eberhard Meinecke
Keyword(s):  
Carbon Black ◽  
Energy Loss ◽  
Heat Generation ◽  
Amplification Factor ◽  
Position Control ◽  
Dynamic Properties ◽  
Filler Loading ◽  
Load Control ◽  
Local Overheating ◽  
In Series

Abstract It has been shown that it is possible to predict the viscoelastic response of elastomers and elastomeric engineering components under both load- and position-control conditions if one assumes: a) that the modulus of the materials increases with the strain amplification factor as given by the Guth and Gold equation, b) that the occluded rubber is taken into account when using this equation, and c) that the energy loss per cycle and unit volume of material is increasing with the square of the strain-amplification factor. These calculations were applied to an assembly where one unfilled section is in series with a filled one. The overall filler loading was kept constant, and it was found that the equations derived show completely different heat-generation rates for load- and position-control conditions. While the losses are the same in both sections and equal to that of the assembly as a whole under position-control conditions, they are quite different under load-control conditions. They increase with both filler loading and values of α and abnormally high local overheating in the unfilled section occurs. These considerations indicate that a uniform mixing quality is important for compounds which will be used in dynamically deformed engineering components. Under position-control conditions, poor filler dispersion will give rise to a decrease in the dynamic modulus and the energy loss per cycle, i.e., variations in the quality of the mix will cause variability of the dynamic properties. Under load-control conditions, the situation is even worse, since the energy dissipation increases with poor mixing, and local overheating of the sections containing less than the average amount of carbon black takes place. The model is obviously too oversimplified for qualitative predictions. But it still gives good qualitative indications regarding the heat-generation rate in structures made from two elastomers having different filler loadings or for imperfectly mixed compounds.

scholarly journals Internal Cylinder Identification Based on Different Transmission of Longitudinal and Shear Ultrasonic Waves

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 723
Author(s):  
Wen-Bei Liu ◽  
Wen-Bo Yan ◽  
Huan Liu ◽  
Cheng-Guo Tong ◽  
Ya-Xian Fan ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Visual Inspection ◽  
Shear Waves ◽  
Ultrasonic Waves ◽  
Transmission Characteristics ◽  
Internal Defects ◽  
Longitudinal And Shear Waves ◽  
Defect Area ◽  
Ultrasonic Techniques ◽  
The Difference

We have built a Fizeau fiber interferometer to investigate the internal cylindrical defects in an aluminum plate based on laser ultrasonic techniques. The ultrasound is excited in the plate by a Q-switched Nd:YAG laser. When the ultrasonic waves interact with the internal defects, the transmitted amplitudes of longitudinal and shear waves are different. The experimental results show that the difference in transmission amplitudes can be attributed to the high frequency damping of internal cylinders. When the scanning point is close to the internal defect, the longitudinal waves attenuate significantly in the whole defect area, and their amplitude is always smaller than that of shear waves. By comparing the transmitted amplitudes of longitudinal and shear waves at different scanning points, we can achieve a C scan image of the sample to realize the visual inspection of internal defects. Our system exhibits outstanding performance in detecting internal cylinders, which could be used not only in evaluating structure cracks but also in exploring ultrasonic transmission characteristics.

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