Bringing finance inside the state: How income-contingent loans blur the boundaries between debt and tax

2018 ◽  
Vol 52 (1) ◽  
pp. 111-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gareth Bryant ◽  
Ben Spies-Butcher
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Financial Markets ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
Education Finance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Higher Education Finance ◽  
The State ◽  
The World ◽  
Hybrid Construction

Income-contingent loans are increasingly used by governments around the world to finance the costs of higher education. We use the case of income-contingent loans to explore how states are bringing the architecture of financial markets inside the state, disrupting conventional understandings of marketisation that are linked to concepts of commodification. We argue that income-contingent loans are hybrid policy instruments that combine elements of a state-instituted tax and a market-negotiated debt. We understand this hybrid construction in terms of the actors and mechanisms characteristic of what Polanyi identified in patterns of ‘redistribution’ and ‘exchange’. We then follow the contested mutations of income-contingent loans in Australia, England and the United States along three axes of hybridity that produce a variegated landscape of higher education finance: determining debt, charging interest and enforcing repayment. Our analysis reveals how, as processes of marketisation internalise financial ways of calculating and organising, states are blurring the boundaries between debts and taxes, redirecting political contestation over commodification.

scholarly journals Higher Education Finance Between Ghana and the United States

2021 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alfred Acquah
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Education Finance ◽  
The United States ◽  
Higher Education Finance ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Access To Higher Education ◽  
Low Socioeconomic ◽  
Education Enrollment ◽  
The Cost

Over the years, there has been a tremendous increase in enrollment in higher education as well as the cost of attendance. This article comparatively analyzes the higher education finance between the United States of America (U.S.A.) and Ghana, taking into consideration the goals of higher education, enrollment and expenditure, and the various sources of finance available to students in both countries. The source of education finance between both countries is examined through the lens of neoliberalism, which prioritizes capitalism, free trade, and market in public institutions, specifically higher education. While there are disparities in the financing of higher education in both countries, there is a similarity in the limited access to higher education and funding by students from low socioeconomic backgrounds.

Educational Entrepreneurs in Tamil Nadu - A Profile

2015 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Siluvai Raja
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
World Bank ◽  
Education System ◽  
Tamil Nadu ◽  
The United States ◽  
Educational Institutions ◽  
Higher Education System ◽  
The Third ◽  
The World

Education has been considered as an indispensable asset of every individual, community and nation today. Indias higher education system is the third largest in the world, after China and the United States (World Bank). Tamil Nadu occupies the first place in terms of possession of higher educational institutions in the private sector in the country with over 46 percent(27) universities, 94 percent(464) professional colleges and 65 percent(383) arts and science colleges(2011). Studies to understand the profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education either in India or Tamil Nadu were hardly available. This paper attempts to map the demographic profile of the entrepreneurs providing higher education in Arts and Science colleges in Tamil Nadu through an empirical analysis, carried out among 25 entrepreneurs spread across the state. This paper presents a summary of major inferences of the analysis.

Arizona Reopening Phase 2: Rise and Fall of COVID-19 Cases

2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Longitudinal Study ◽  
Health Services ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Acquired Immunity ◽  
Phase 2 ◽  
Department Of Health ◽  
The World ◽  
Data Source

Of the United States 50 states, Arizona is the sixth largest in size. It is about the same size as Italy. After three months of Arizona Reopening Phase 2, the COVID-19 cases had surged. In early January 2021, ABC and NBC News reported that Arizona has the highest new cases per capital in the world. This longitudinal study examined the Arizona’s Reopening Phase 2 surge in cases. The study examined the changes in the numbers of testing given, new COVID-19 cases, cases that required hospitalizations, deaths, and vaccines given. The data source used was from the Arizona Department of Health Services COVID-19 dashboard database. During the last third of seven-month study period, Arizona’s case numbers declined as the number of those infected recovered and acquired immunity and the state residents became fully vaccinated increased.

II. The United States of Lyncherdom

Prospects ◽  
2000 ◽  
Vol 25 ◽  
pp. 139-150
Author(s):  
Mark Twain
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Single Sample ◽  
Chinese Christians ◽  
The Earth ◽  
The World ◽  
The One

And so Missouri has fallen, that great State! Certain of her children have joined the lynchers, and the smirch is upon the rest of us. That handful of her children have given us a character and labeled us with a name; and to the dwellers in the four quarters of the earth we are “lynchers,” now, and ever shall be. For the world will not stop and think – it never does, it is not its way; its way is to generalize from a single sample. It will not say “Those Missourians have been busy eighty years in building an honorable good name for themselves; these hundred lynchers down in the corner of the State are not real Missourians, they are bastards.” No, that truth will not enter its mind; it will generalize from the one or two misleading samples and say “The Missourians are lynchers.” It has no reflection, no logic, no sense of proportion. With it, figures go for nothing; to it, figures reveal nothing, it cannot reason upon them rationally; it is Brother J. J. infinitely multiplied; it would say, with him, that China is being swiftly and surely Christianized, since 9 Chinese Christians are being made every day; and it would fail, with him, to notice that the fact that 33,000 pagans are born there every day, damages the argument. It would J-J Missouri, and say “There are a hundred lynchers there, therefore the Missourians are lynchers;” the considerable fact that there are two and a half million Missourians who are not lynchers would not affect their verdict any more than it would affect Bro. J. J.'s.

International trade protectionist policies and in-state preferences: A link

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 31-52 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sawsan Abutabenjeh ◽  
Stephen B. Gordon ◽  
Berhanu Mengistu
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Public Policy ◽  
International Trade ◽  
Policy Instruments ◽  
The United States ◽  
Policy Outcomes ◽  
The World ◽  
State Preference ◽  
Public Policy Instruments ◽  
The U.S

By implementing various forms of preference policies, countries around the world intervene in their economies for their own political and economic purposes. Likewise, twenty-five states in the U.S. have implemented in-state preference policies (NASPO, 2012) to protect and support their own vendors from out-of-state competition to achieve similar purposes. The purpose of this paper is to show the connection between protectionist public policy instruments noted in the international trade literature and the in-state preference policies within the United States. This paper argues that the reasons and the rationales for adopting these preference policies in international trade and the states' contexts are similar. Given the similarity in policy outcomes, the paper further argues that the international trade literature provides an overarching explanation to help understand what states could expect in applying in-state preference policies.

An examination of six macroenvironment forces on globalization between 2006 and 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 235-245
Author(s):  
AbdulHafiz Henry James AbdulHafiz ◽  
Talal Alsaif
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Social Media ◽  
The United States ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Class ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Nation States ◽  
The World ◽  
Key Events ◽  
Convergence Of Cultures

This study looks at the economic, political, environmental, cultural, technological, legal, and ethical macro-environmental forces which impact globalization Pre-2018.  Key events are examined as indicators of the state of globalization around the world.  The examination of globalization centers on these key events in the United States and Saudi Arabia.  The issues that rose out these events are used to interpret whether the state of globalization is influenced.  The issues of economic class, unemployment, CEO compensation, The Kyoto Protocol, the rise of social media, and Saudi Arabia’s joining the WTO are examined based on their influence on the state of globalization.  The study concludes that convergence of cultures, based on nation-states’ responses to the arbitrage of information in the areas of economies, politics, environment, law, culture, and ethics has is a real influence on the state of globalization.  The negative or positive effects of globalization are irrelevant in comparison to the actions taking by nation-states in response to key events.

Politics

2020 ◽  
pp. 84-121
Author(s):  
David Damrosch
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
Comparative Literature ◽  
Western Europe ◽  
The United States ◽  
Rapid Expansion ◽  
Institutional Politics ◽  
The World ◽  
International Comparative ◽  
Political Scene

This chapter discusses the comparatists who reshaped the comparative literature in the United States during the 1950s and 1960s. It mentions Anna Balakian, who became a leading figure in both the American and International Comparative Literature Associations. It also describes Anna and her family's emigration in 1921 from Turkey to western Europe and eventually to the United States. The chapter analyzes how comparatists sought to change the world in the postwar years, a time of rapid expansion in higher education and optimism about America's role in fostering international cooperation and understanding. It also focuses on the need of politics of comparative studies to have a dual focus on institutional politics, a wider political scene, and a postcolonial perspective.

scholarly journals Is the United States the Best in the World? Not in Internationalization

2015 ◽  
pp. 7-9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Madeleine F. Green
Keyword(s):  
Higher Education ◽  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
The Other ◽  
Recent Survey ◽  
The Us ◽  
The World ◽  
Student Exchanges ◽  
Higher Education Internationalization

The United States is not a world leader in higher education internationalization. A recent survey shows that many other countries are much more active than the US in student exchanges and the other elements of internationalization.

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