Effect of Methodological Choices on Pavement Life-Cycle Assessment

Author(s):  
Rebekah Yang ◽  
Imad L. Al-Qadi ◽  
Hasan Ozer

The use of life-cycle assessment (LCA) to assess the environmental impacts of pavement systems has become more prevalent in recent years. When performing an LCA study, a series of methodological choices must be defined. As these decisions can change from study to study, it is important to understand the significance or insignificance of the methodological choices relevant to pavement LCA. This paper evaluated the sensitivity of five choices commonly made in pavement LCA; cut-off criteria, end-of-life (EOL) allocation, asphalt binder allocation, traffic growth, and type of energy reported. Eight case studies and four environmental indicators, that is, global warming potential, primary energy as fuel, total primary energy, and a unitless single score, were considered in the sensitivity analyses. Varying the cut-off criteria and asphalt binder allocation only had a significant impact on the environmental indicators when the use stage of the life-cycle is excluded and only the materials and construction, maintenance and rehabilitation, and EOL stages are considered. Using different EOL allocations, traffic growths, and types of energy reported had significant effects on the overall life-cycle results. Common methodological choices made in a pavement LCA are expected to have an impact on LCA results and subsequent interpretation, with the magnitude of the impact dependent on the scope of the analysis.

2016 ◽  
Vol 861 ◽  
pp. 593-600 ◽  
Author(s):  
Benedek Kiss ◽  
Zsuzsa Szalay

Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) is an advantageous tool for the analysis of the overall environmental effects of a building. Most of the decisions that influence the final result of an LCA are made during the design process of the building. Therefore, LCA in early design stages is crucial, because the changes in this period of design are cheaper and more effective. However, there are many other aspects that influence the design of a building. During the design process a high number of variables have to be defined, and in each design stage a specific number of variables have to be fixed depending on various engineering considerations. In this paper we investigate the effect of decisions made in each design stage on LCA results. Within this paper the available possibilities are compared with the variant that was actually selected in each stage, and it is evaluated how environmental indicators evolve during the whole design process. The approach is demonstrated on a case study of a realized single family house.


Author(s):  
Paula Daniela Rodriguez ◽  
Alejandro Pablo Arena ◽  
Bárbara María Civit ◽  
Roxana Piastrellini

A Avaliação do Ciclo de Vida (ACV) tem sido utilizada por diversos autores para avaliar a produção de microalgas com fins energéticos. No entanto, desde a perspectiva energética e ambiental, não existem conclusões gerais sobre ela, não só pelas diferenças tecnológicas entre os sistemas estudados, mas também pelas distintas escolhas metodológicas adotadas pelos autores. Este trabalho tem como objetivo encontrar os principais aspectos que dificultam a comparação dos resultados de diversos estudos com abordagem de ciclo de vida de sistemas de produção de microalgas com fins energéticos, e propor recomendações que permitam harmonizar as escolhas metodológicas de futuros estudos. Para isso, foi realizada uma ampla revisão bibliográfica e foram selecionadas aquelas publicações que consideram o cultivo de microalgas em sistemas fechados, ou seja, fotobiorreatores de qualquer configuração (tubulares, flat-plate, air-lift, etc.). As treze publicações escolhidas foram avaliadas conforme as diretrizes presentes nas normas ISO 14040 e 14044. Os resultados indicam que fatores como o produto estudado, a unidade funcional selecionada, os limites do sistema, os procedimentos da atribuição de cargas ambientais utilizados, as fontes de dados, os métodos de avaliação de impactos e as categorias de impactos escolhidas diferem amplamente entre os estudos, impossibilitando a comparação dos mesmos para chegar a resultados confiáveis. Portanto considera-se necessário harmonizar as escolhas metodológicas dos futuros estudos de ACV de biocombustíveis de terceira geração. Para isso, propõe-se uma série de recomendações que visam a colaboração na avaliação dos impactos ambientais desses sistemas.  Palavras-chave: Avaliação do ciclo de vida. Bioenergia. Biocombustível de terceira geração.ResumenEl Análisis del Ciclo de Vida (ACV) ha sido utilizado por distintos autores para evaluar la producción de microalgas con fines energéticos. Sin embargo, desde la perspectiva energética y ambiental, no existen conclusiones generales acerca de ella, no sólo por las diferencias tecnológicas entre los sistemas estudiados, sino también por las distintas elecciones metodológicas adoptadas por los autores. Este trabajo tiene como objetivos hallar los principales aspectos que dificultan la comparación de los resultados de diversos estudios con enfoque de ciclo de vida de sistemas de producción de microalgas con fines energéticos, y proponer recomendaciones que permitan armonizar las elecciones metodológicas de futuros estudios. Para ello, se llevó a cabo una amplia revisión de la literatura y se seleccionaron aquellas publicaciones que consideran el cultivo de microalgas en sistemas cerrados, esto es fotobiorreactores de cualquier configuración (tubulares, flat-plate, air-lift, etc.). Las 13 publicaciones elegidas se evaluaron según los lineamientos ofrecidos por las normas ISO 14040 y 14044. Los resultados indican que factores como el producto estudiado, la unidad funcional seleccionada, los límites del sistema, los procedimientos de asignación de cargas ambientales utilizados, las fuentes de datos, los métodos de evaluación de impactos y las categorías de impacto escogidas difieren ampliamente entre estudios, imposibilitando la comparación de los mismos para llegar a conclusiones confiables. Por lo tanto, se considera necesario armonizar las elecciones metodológicas de los futuros estudios de ACV de biocombustibles de tercera generación. Para ello, se propone una serie de recomendaciones dirigidas a colaborar en la evaluación de los impactos ambientales de estos sistemas. Palabras clave: Análisis del Ciclo de Vida. Bioenergía. Biocombustibles de terceira generación.AbstractThe Life Cycle Assessment (LCA) has been used by different authors to measure the production of microalgae for energy purposes. However, from the energy and environmental perspective, there are no general conclusions about this, not only because of the technological differences between the systems studied, but also because of the different methodological options adopted by the authors. The objective of this work is to find the main aspects that make it difficult to compare the results of several studies with a life cycle approach of microalgae production systems for energy purposes, and propose recommendations that allow harmonizing the methodological choices of future studies. For this, a wide review of the literature was carried out and those publications that consider the cultivation of microalgae in closed systems, that is, photobioreactors of any configuration (tubular, flat plate, air lift, etc.), were selected. The 13 selected publications were evaluated in accordance with the guidelines offered by the ISO 14040 and 14044 standards. The results indicate that factors such as the product studied, the selected functional unit, the limits of the system, the environmental allocation procedures used, the data resources, the impact evaluation methods and the impact categories chosen differ widely among the studies, making it impossible to compare them to arrive at reliable conclusions. Therefore, it is considered necessary to harmonize the methodological choices of future LCA studies of third generation biofuels. For this, a series of recommendations are proposed to collaborate in the evaluation of the environmental impacts of these systems.Keywords: Life Cycle Assessment. Bioenergy. Third generation biofuel.


2018 ◽  
Vol 913 ◽  
pp. 991-997
Author(s):  
Chun Zhi Zhao ◽  
Yi Liu ◽  
Shi Wei Ren ◽  
Yan Jiao Zhang

As a kind of high-grade flexible insulation and energy-saving material, rubber-plastic sponge insulation material is produced by taking butadiene-acrylonitrile rubber and polyvinyl chloride as main materials, together with auxiliary materials such as fire retardant, plasticizer, foaming agent and filler, through production processes as weighing stock, pre-smelting, mixing, extrusion, foaming and cutting and packaging. By taking 1m3 rubber-plastic sponge as the functional unit, this paper quantitatively obtains that the impact of the product on primary energy demand, greenhouse effect, acidification potential, photochemical ozone formation potential and respirable inorganics is 2,100MJ/m3, 74.9kg CO2 equivalent/m3, 0.356kg SO2 equivalent/m3, 0.244kg NMVOC/m3 and 0.0642kg PM2.5 equivalent/m3 respectively. This paper provides reference for enterprise's cleaner production and consumer's green material selection by making life cycle assessment for rubber-plastic insulation material, quantifying the environmental load of the product, identifying the environment hot spots in product life cycle and illustrating the environment compatibility of product.


Author(s):  
Minjung Kwak ◽  
Louis Kim ◽  
Obaid Sarvana ◽  
Harrison M. Kim ◽  
Peter Finamore ◽  
...  

This paper presents a comprehensive life cycle assessment (LCA) study of heavy duty off-road equipment. The machine studied here is a typical piece of diesel construction machinery equipped with the iT4 (interim Tier 4) certified diesel engine. Two life cycle impact assessment methods, Eco-Indicator 99 and IPCC 2007, are used to calculate the environmental impact and global warming potential associated with the machine’s life cycle, from material extraction to end-of-life recycling and disposal. Due to fuel consumption and emissions, machine utilization during the usage phase is expected to account for most of the total environmental impact. However, the impact from usage can vary greatly, depending on how customers use the machine. To take into account various machine usage patterns, this LCA study performs two sensitivity analyses, varying the load factor and varying the fuel consumption rate, respectively.


2021 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 21-35
Author(s):  
Mária Réka Antal ◽  
Levente Dénes ◽  
Zsigmond András Vas ◽  
András Polgár

Edgebanding affects both the visual appearance and edge protection of wood-based panels. In order for edgebanding to provide the desired protection, it must adhere strongly to the entire surface of the panel edges and maintain this adhesion throughout the life of the product. The present research compares conventional and so-called zero-joint edgebandings in terms of water and steam resistance, and examines the environmental impacts of edgebanding technologies using Life Cycle Assessment (LCA). In-line with our hypothesis, our test results showed that corners are the critical points of edgebanded furniture fronts, especially when exposed to moisture. Due to high variations in measurements, there is no significant difference between the two edgebanding methods at the beginning. However, differences become more significant after longer treatment times. These differences amount to two quality categories after 6 hours and three quality categories after 12 and 24 hours. The edgebanded fronts exposed to water for less than 30 minutes experience no significant deteriorations with any of the edgebanding methods. In the case of steam resistance, zero-joint edgebanding provides better protection, especially after the second and third treatment cycle. We can state that the surplus costs of zero-joint technology are 1.45 times greater than costs associated with conventional technology. Both show the considerable costs of edging materials, chipboard, and electrical energy. The applied environmental life cycle assessment (LCA) method corresponds to the requirements of ISO 14040:2006 and ISO 14044:2006 standards. We built up the environmental inventory and the life cycle model of the manufacturing technology using the GaBi Professional LCA software. In the impact assessment, we analysed the specific environmental impact categories of the differing production processes by technology according to the operation order of the manufacturing technology. In relation to traditional and the zero-joint edging technologies, according to all impact assessment methods, the life-cycle contribution rate was uniformly 47% traditional – 53% zero-joint by impact category. The higher indicator values of the zero-joint method are due to larger edge material consumption and higher energy demand. Zero-joint technology appears to avoid the application of conventional hot melt adhesives, but replacing these adhesives does not necessarily result in better environmental indicators. Nevertheless, zero-joint egdebanding does not just improve aesthetic appearance but also exceeds the durability provided by conventional edgebanding technology.


Agronomy ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (9) ◽  
pp. 1753
Author(s):  
Giulia Maesano ◽  
Gaetano Chinnici ◽  
Giacomo Falcone ◽  
Claudio Bellia ◽  
Maria Raimondo ◽  
...  

This paper aims to achieve an economic feasibility and life cycle assessment of three different olive cultivation systems in the Mediterranean area through the joint use of economic and environmental indicators, in order to identify the key elements to optimize their economic performance and a lower environmental impact. Three different management systems of olive cultivation were analysed by distinguishing Treatment 1—Fully Irrigated, Treatment 2—Partially Irrigated, and Treatment 3—Non-Irrigated, which were conducted through different levels of irrigation strategies. The three scenarios were examined using a Life Cycle Assessment methodology to assess the environmental impacts, and the impact in terms of water footprint was investigated using the Water Scarcity Index approach. The economic sustainability evaluation of olive cultivation was carried out through economic indicators, taking into account all of the cost and revenue factors of the olive cultivation in each management system. The results showed, overall, a suitable level of profitability of different scenarios, except for the Partially Irrigated treatment, as the investment costs of the irrigation system are not economically sustainable with regard to the revenue obtained. Furthermore, the findings highlighted the importance of irrigation management strategies to decrease agricultural practice costs and the negative environmental impact of olive production.


Author(s):  
Duc Tuan Dong ◽  
Wei Cai

Life-cycle assessment has been widely applied in many industry sectors for years and there are some applications of this method in the shipping sector. Fuel consumption and material consumption are considered as crucial factors in the life cycle of ship. This study uses the life-cycle assessment method to show the effects of fuel consumption reduction and light displacement tonnage on the environmental performance of ships. This is done by comparing the environmental impacts of 25 investigated scenarios with different fuel consumption and light displacement tonnage. CML2001 methodology is used to evaluate the impact assessment and the results are calculated using GaBi software. The results show that fuel consumption reduction could cut down the environmental impacts. However, some scenarios are not environmentally beneficial due to the increase in light displacement tonnage. The effects of fuel consumption and light displacement tonnage on 12 CML2001 environmental indicators are different. It is recommended that the life-cycle assessment method should be used to fully assess the environmental impacts of ships before applying any techniques in order to achieve the environmental benefits.


2019 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 577-587 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kiara S. Winans ◽  
Ilan Macadam-Somer ◽  
Alissa Kendall ◽  
Roland Geyer ◽  
Elias Marvinney

Abstract Purpose Plant-based alternatives to dairy milk have grown in popularity over the last decade. Almond milk comprises the largest share of plant-based milk in the US market and, as with so many food products, stakeholders in the supply chain are increasingly interested in understanding the environmental impacts of its production, particularly its carbon footprint and water consumption. This study undertakes a life cycle assessment (LCA) of a California unsweetened almond milk. Methods The scope of this LCA includes the production of almond milk in primary packaging at the factory gate. California produces all US almonds, which are grown under irrigated conditions. Spatially resolved modeling of almond cultivation and primary data collection from one almond milk supply chain were used to develop the LCA model. While the environmental indicators of greatest interest are global warming potential (GWP) and freshwater consumption (FWC), additional impact categories from US EPA’s TRACI assessment method are also calculated. Co-products are accounted for using economic allocation, but mass-based allocation and displacement are also tested to understand the effect of co-product allocation choices on results. Results and discussion The GWP and FWC of one 48 oz. (1.42 L) bottle of unsweetened almond milk are 0.71 kg CO2e and 175 kg of water. A total of 0.39 kg CO2e (or 55%) of the GWP is attributable to the almond milk, with the remainder attributable to packaging. Almond cultivation alone is responsible for 95% of the FWC (167 kg H2O), because of irrigation water demand. Total primary energy consumption (TPE) is estimated at 14.8 MJ. The 48 oz. (1.42 L) PET bottle containing the almond milk is the single largest contributor to TPE (42%) and GWP (35%). Using recycled PET instead of virgin PET for the bottle considerably reduces all impact indicators except for eutrophication potential. Conclusions For the supply chain studied here, packaging choices provide the most immediate opportunities for reducing impacts related to GWP and TPE, but would not result in a significant reduction in FWC because irrigation water for almond cultivation is the dominant consumer. To provide context for interpretation, average US dairy milk appears to have about 4.5 times the GWP and 1.8 times the FWC of the studied almond milk on a volumetric basis.


2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 75-86
Author(s):  
Heng YANG ◽  
Dexin AN ◽  
Carmen GAIDAU ◽  
Jinwei ZHANG ◽  
Jin ZHOU

Pollution has become a serious problem in leather industry, however, current method to evaluate its environmental effect usually used data from literature review, those data generated while leather manufacturing were rarely collected and analyzed. Thereby, the aim of this study was to evaluate the environmental effect of manufacturing process of chrome tanned cowhide upper leather by applying the Life Cycle Assessment protocols. Following the guidance of ISO 14010, we first combined data obtained from field study and empirical review; and then these data were input into eFootprint for calculation. Results, including four environmental indicators (global warming potential [GWP], primary energy demand [PED], water utility [WU] and acidification [AP]), show that producing 1 kg of cowhide upper leather releases 7.040 kg of CO2 eq, consumes 106.793 MJ of energy and 89.144 kg of water and emits 0.058 kg of SO2 eq. Sensitivity analysis of inventory data demonstrated that chrome tanning and retanning processes accounted for more than 40% of PED, AP and GWP, whereas the beamhouse was more than 78% of WU. Therefore, we could optimise the tanning process by using alternative materials or technologies in the critical sections to achieve cleaner production and sustainable leather manufacturing.


Foods ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 10 (4) ◽  
pp. 873
Author(s):  
Francisco Javier Flor-Montalvo ◽  
Agustín Sánchez-Toledo Ledesma ◽  
Eduardo Martínez Cámara ◽  
Emilio Jiménez-Macías ◽  
Jorge Luis García-Alcaraz ◽  
...  

Natural stoppers are a magnificent closure for the production of aging wines and unique wines, whose application is limited by the availability of raw materials and more specifically of cork sheets of different thickness and quality. The growing demand for quality wine bottle closures leads to the search for alternative stopper production. The two-piece stopper is an alternative since it uses non-usable plates in a conventional way for the production of quality caps. The present study has analyzed the impact of the manufacture of these two-piece stoppers using different methodologies and for different dimensions by developing an LCA (Life Cycle Assessment), concluding that the process phases of the plate, its boiling, and its stabilization, are the phases with the greatest impact. Likewise, it is detected that the impacts in all phases are relatively similar (for one kg of net cork produced), although the volumetric difference between these stoppers represents a significant difference in impacts for each unit produced.


Sign in / Sign up

Export Citation Format

Share Document