Delineator for Separated Bicycle Lanes at Sidewalk Level

2020 ◽  
Vol 2674 (7) ◽  
pp. 398-409
Author(s):  
Billie Louise (Beezy) Bentzen ◽  
Alan C. Scott ◽  
Linda Myers
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Correct Identification ◽  
Sponsored Research ◽  
Mobility Impairments ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
White Cane ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

The City and County of San Francisco sponsored research to identify a delineator for separated bicycle lanes at sidewalk level that is at least as detectable as truncated-dome detectable warning surface (DWS) by pedestrians with visual impairments, and that is not a barrier to pedestrians with mobility impairments. Tested as potential delineators were a 12-in. wide continuous raised trapezoid (0.75 in. high), and 12- and 24-in. wide installations of relatively wide flat-top bars (FTBs) and of a “corduroy” surface of narrower bars spaced more closely together (both 0.2 in. high). Thirty-one visually-impaired participants detected all five surfaces in addition to DWS, a total of six times each, from 90° and 25° approaches, with mean detection accuracies better than 90% for all surfaces (no significant differences). The long white cane intruded into the cycle track significantly less frequently with 24-in. wide surfaces. In a counterbalanced manner, participants also briefly stepped onto each surface eight times, each time identifying it as “domes,”“bars,” or “trapezoid.” They identified the trapezoid significantly better (mean rate of correct identification = 98.8%) than all other surfaces. A majority of participants with vision disabilities preferred the trapezoid. Thirty participants with a variety of mobility impairments, using a variety of aids, crossed each surface four times with little significant difference from the DWS in effort, instability, and discomfort or pain. No surface was found to be a barrier to crossing. The trapezoidal surface was recommended as the delineator, although the 24-in. FTBs also performed very well.

Self-Esteem and Empathy in Sighted and Visually Impaired Preadolescents

2005 ◽  
Vol 99 (5) ◽  
pp. 276-285 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nora Griffin-Shirley ◽  
Sandra L. Nes
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Self Esteem ◽  
Significant Difference

This article reports on a study of self-esteem and empathy among 71 students with visual impairments and 88 sighted students. No significant difference was found between the two groups of students in their levels of self-esteem, empathy toward others, and bonding with pets.

The Effect of the Color of a Long Cane Used by Individuals who Are Visually Impaired on the Yielding Behavior of Drivers

2017 ◽  
Vol 111 (5) ◽  
pp. 401-410
Author(s):  
Eugene A. Bourquin ◽  
Robert Wall Emerson ◽  
Dona Sauerburger ◽  
Janet Barlow
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Low Vision ◽  
Visual Impairments ◽  
Substantial Effect ◽  
Traffic Signal ◽  
Driver Response ◽  
Yielding Behavior ◽  
White Cane ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Cane Technique

Introduction A new market trend offers long canes for individuals with visual impairments in a variety of colors; however, the impact of these colors is unknown to orientation and mobility (O&M) specialists and individuals who are blind or who have low vision. The authors examined the impact of cane color on drivers’ yielding behaviors; also, cane display effectiveness was assessed. Methods At traffic signal–controlled intersections, drivers’ yielding responses (yield–no yield and seconds to crosswalk) were recorded by two raters when a pedestrian presented one of two conditions (display and flagging) with four differently colored long canes (white, black, yellow, and green). Results In trials where the pedestrian used a flagging cane technique, the white cane achieved 290% more yielding than the green cane, 100% more yielding than the yellow cane, and 40% more yielding than the black. Statistical differences were found between the white-with-red cane and the yellow and green canes. The measure of drivers’ latency for moving forward was not statistically different between trials in which a pedestrian displayed a white cane at the crosswalk and trials in which no pedestrians were present. Discussion Cane color appears to have a substantial effect on drivers’ yielding responses. The results also indicate only a slight driver response to a highly visible cane display, confirming the results of previous studies that recommended more potent pedestrian movements to mitigate the threat from turning vehicles. Implications for practitioners O&M specialists and cane travelers need to consider the options for cane color when using a cane to cross streets. A white cane, flagged at the onset of the walk signal, can achieve more desirable responses from drivers than can the long canes of other colors. More effective cane behaviors exhibited by pedestrians who are visually impaired should always be considered by O&M instructors in order to influence drivers.

Examination of a Guidance Robot for Visually Impaired People

2017 ◽  
Vol 29 (4) ◽  
pp. 720-727 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kazuteru Tobita ◽  
◽  
Katsuyuki Sagayama ◽  
Hironori Ogawa
Keyword(s):  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Rank Test ◽  
Rehabilitation Hospital ◽  
Visually Impaired People ◽  
Signed Rank ◽  
Impaired People ◽  
Signed Rank Test ◽  
White Cane ◽  
Visually Impaired Persons ◽  
Better Than

We are developing the robot in order to guide visually impaired persons in large hospitals. This paper describes the structure of the robot and the results of a demonstration examination in Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital, Japan. The robot navigates to the destination while steering, depending on the force with which the user pushes on the robot. The success rate for reaching a destination with the robot was higher than with a white cane in the testing at Kanagawa Rehabilitation Hospital. We evaluated the traveling time and the participant questionnaire as an endpoint by Wilcoxon signed-rank test. Though there is no advantage in traveling time between use of the white cane and the robot, according to the scores of the participants questionnaire, it was shown that traveling with the robot was better than traveling with the white cane for the participants.

scholarly journals Optimum distance for voice navigation in walking support system for visually impaired

2018 ◽  
Vol 169 ◽  
pp. 01031
Author(s):  
Akinari Ohfuji ◽  
Yoshihiro Taniura ◽  
Dai Hanawa ◽  
Kimio Oguchi
Keyword(s):  
Information And Communication Technologies ◽  
Visually Impaired ◽  
Turning Point ◽  
Walking Speed ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Normal Vision ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Information And Communication ◽  
The Subject ◽  
White Cane

Voice navigation with information and communication technologies allows the visually impaired (VI) to grasp the current situation promptly. While instruction prior to the action e.g. turning a corner, seems to be effective, the optimum lead distance remains unclear. This paper verifies experimentally the optimum lead distance to support VI while walking. In the experiment, each subject (normal vision) walked while wearing an eye mask to simulate VI, holding a white cane, and received voice guidance. After each trial, the subject scored the lead distance in terms of acceptability. 28 young healthy males/females participated. Results showed the highest score was for 3 m while the lowest was for 5 m. Distance range with score over 3 (average) was 2 to 4 m. No clear significant difference was observed in terms of subject height. As walking speed was around 0.55 m/s, 1 m was deemed insufficient. 5 m or more seemed to be too long as subjects failed to predict accurately how far they had moved. This experiment verified that VI voice navigation turn instructions are effective if given more than 1m and less than 4 m before the turning point.

scholarly journals Perbedaan Ketidakwajaran Skor Berdasarkan Teori Respon Butir ditinjau dari Model Penskoran Jawaban Siswa SMP se Kota Palangka Raya

2016 ◽  
Vol 16 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-39
Author(s):  
Sugiharto Sugiharto
Keyword(s):  
High Schools ◽  
Item Response ◽  
Junior High ◽  
Junior High Schools ◽  
Test Items ◽  
Correct Score ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The City ◽  
Better Than

This study aims to know about the difference of unfair score based on item response theory referred to the model of students� answers scoring of Junior High Schools throughout the city of Palangka Raya. The samples were taken from 17 state and private Junior High Schools throughout the city of Palangka Raya. Furthermore, the students� answers were corrected by using scoring models, namely punishment score and correct score. Before doing the test to take the data, the data had to be validated first, both in the content and the empirical data. From the 40 test items, they have obtained 30 valid items. To obtain the proportion of fair score, it was used the estimation using BILOG-MG program. Furthermore, the data were analyzed with the different proportions (Z) of the two groups. The results of the data analysis showed that Zcount is -2.806, while Ztable is -1.65 so Zcount rank outside the receipt area of H0. It shows that the students with the scoring models of punishment score encompass the score that more than the scoring models of the correct score with a significant difference in the proportion. It can be concluded that the students who were corrected by using scoring models of punishment score have a fair index better than the fair index of the students were corrected by using scoring models of correct score.

‘Imagined San Francisco’: Unpacking Urban Regime Theory through Interactive Cartography

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 126-143
Author(s):  
Ocean Howell
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Political Power ◽  
Regime Theory ◽  
Commercial Development ◽  
Urban Regime Theory ◽  
Digital Mapping ◽  
Urban Regime ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
The City ◽  
Interactive Cartography

American urban historians have begun to understand that digital mapping provides a potentially powerful tool to describe political power. There are now important projects that map change in the American city along a number of dimensions, including zoning, suburbanization, commercial development, transportation infrastructure, and especially segregation. Most projects use their visual sources to illustrate the material consequences of the policies of powerful agencies and dominant planning ‘regimes.’ As useful as these projects are, they often inadvertently imbue their visualizations with an aura of inevitability, and thereby present political power as a kind of static substance–possess this and you can remake the city to serve your interests. A new project called ‘Imagined San Francisco’ is motivated by a desire to expand upon this approach, treating visual material not only to illustrate outcomes, but also to interrogate historical processes, and using maps, plans, drawings, and photographs not only to show what did happen, but also what might have happened. By enabling users to layer a series of historical urban plans–with a special emphasis on unrealized plans–‘Imagined San Francisco’ presents the city not only as a series of material changes, but also as a contingent process and a battleground for political power.

Transplantation of coral fragment, Acropora formosa (Scleractinia)

2014 ◽  
pp. 1
Author(s):  
Hanny Tioho ◽  
Maykel A.J Karauwan
Keyword(s):  
Fragment Size ◽  
Observation Time ◽  
Minimum Size ◽  
Average Growth Rate ◽  
Average Growth ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Acropora Formosa ◽  
Survival And Growth ◽  
One Way Anova ◽  
Better Than

The minimum size of coral transplants, Acropora formosa, was assessed to support their survival and growth. For this, 150 coral fragments of different sizes (5, 10, 15 cm) were transplanted close to the donor colony. Their survivorship and growth were observed for 12 months. At the end of the observation time, 90% of 15 cm-transplanted coral fragments survived, while the others (10cm and 5 cm) did 86% and 82% respectively. The average growth rate of 5 cm-coral fragments was 0.860 cm/month, while 10 and 15 cm-fragments were 0.984 cm/month and 1.108 cm/month respectively. One-way ANOVA showed that there was significant difference (p<0.05) among the three (5, 10, 15 cm) transplant initial sizes in which the longest fragment size tended to survive longer than the smaller one.  However, the smaller transplants grew better than the bigger one, 10.318 cm/year (206%) for 5 cm-transplant, 11.803 cm/year (118%) for 10 cm-transplant, and 13.299 cm/year (89%) for 15 cm-transplant, respectively. Ukuran minimal fragmen karang Acropora formosa yang ditransplantasi diduga untuk mendukung ketahanan hidup dan pertumbuhannya. Untuk itu, 150 fragmen karang ditransplantasi ke lokasi yang berdekatan dengan koloni induknya.  Ketahanan hidup dan pertumbuhan semua fragmen karang yang ditransplantasi diamati selama 12 bulan.  Pada akhir pengamatan, 90% dari fragmen karang berukuran 15 cm yang ditransplantasi dapat bertahan hidup, sedangkan yang lainnya (ukuran 10 cm dan 5 cm) masing-masing sebesar 86% dan 82%.  Rata-rata laju pertumbuhan fragmen karang dengan ukuran awal 5 cm adalah 0,860 cm/bulan, sedangkan ukuran fragmen 10 dan 15 cm masing-masing adalah 0,984 cm/bulan and 1,108 cm/bulan. ANOVA satu arah menunjukkan adanya perbedaan yang nyata (p<0.05) antara ketiga ukuran fragmen yang berbeda, di mana ukuran fragmen karang yang lebih panjang cenderung mempunyai ketahanan hidup yang lebih baik. Namun demikian, ukuran transplant yang lebih kecil memiliki pertumbuhan lebih baik dibandingkan dengan ukuran yang lebih besar, yakni10,318 cm/tahun (206%) untuk transplant berukuran 5 cm, 11,803 cm/tahun (118%) untuk 10 cm, dan 13,299 cm/tahun (89%) untuk ukuran 15 cm.

Isolation of an Anti-fatigue Preparation from Cellulase-treated Maca by Hydroalcoholic Extraction

2017 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 93-98
Author(s):  
Zheng Yue ◽  
Zhang Wen-Cheng ◽  
Wu Ze-Yu ◽  
Fu Chuan-Xiang ◽  
Gao Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Positive Control ◽  
Glycogen Storage ◽  
Hepatic Glycogen ◽  
Time To Exhaustion ◽  
High Dose ◽  
Hydroalcoholic Extract ◽  
Swimming Time ◽  
Significant Difference ◽  
Pre Treatment ◽  
Better Than

The purpose of this study was to evaluate the anti-fatigue activity of maca hydroalcoholic extract (ME), which mainly contains macamides and polysaccharides. ME was prepared by circumfluence extraction with enzymatic pre-treatment. Anti-fatigue activity of ME was investigated in weight-loaded forced swimming mice, with pure macamides and commercially available maca tablet as positive control. Compared with normal group, pure macamides treatment group could prolong the swimming time to exhaustion, but there was no statistically significant difference (P > 0.05); while ME (middle-dose and high-dose groups) could effectively prolong the swimming durations (P < 0.05). Supplementation with pure macamides significantly decreased blood lactic acid (BLA), whereas ME significantly increased hepatic glycogen (HG), decreased BLA, and blood urea nitrogen (BUN) compared with those in normal control (P < 0.05). The results suggested that the anti-fatigue effect of ME was better than that of pure macamides, which can be explained by the increase of glycogen storage and the reduction of metabolites accumulation.

San Francisco's Vision for the Future: An Integrated Urban Wastewater Management Plan

2009 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jonathan W. Loiacono ◽  
Chu-Fei H. Ho ◽  
Natalie V. Sierra ◽  
Domènec Jolis ◽  
Carolyn Chiu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
San Francisco ◽  
Planning Process ◽  
Rainwater Harvesting ◽  
Control Plant ◽  
Management Plan ◽  
Urban Setting ◽  
Wastewater Management ◽  
Urban Watershed ◽  
Aging Infrastructure ◽  
The City

The City and County of San Francisco (“City”) embarked upon a 30-year master planning process in part prompted by public concerns related to the neighbourhood impacts of the Southeast Water Pollution Control Plant (SEP). The Sewer System Master Plan, as it is called, developed a long term Integrated Urban Watershed Management Plan for the City's treatment plants and collection system. This paper focuses on the planning framework and public input to the process, particularly as it relates to proposed changes to the SEP. The resulting improvements address issues of replacing aging infrastructure, eliminating odor emissions, and visually screening the treatment plants that are situated within an urban setting. The recommended project addresses the needed repair of the existing infrastructure; and proposes that the City move towards an integrated urban watershed approach, initially through localized rainwater harvesting and opportunistic water reclamation.

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