Trends in Vitamin B12 Supply and Prevalence of Inadequate Intake in Africa: Regional and Country-Specific Estimates

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110433
Author(s):  
Samson Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Country Specific

Background: In Africa, little is known about the epidemiological significance of vitamin B12 deficiency. Objective: To analyze regional and country-specific trends (1990-2017) in vitamin B12 supply in Africa and estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. Methods: National food balance data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization for 45 African countries were used. Per capita food supplies for 95 commodities were transformed into B12 contents (µg/capita/day) assuming no fortification and B12 density was determined per 1000 kcal. Estimated Average Requirement cut point method was used for estimating the prevalence of inadequate intake. Results: Over the period, the mean per capita B12 supply in Africa significantly increased by 12.7% from 2.02 to 2.27 µg/capita/day (z = 5.27, P < .001). However, the B12 density remained below the reference goal of 0.8 µg/1000 kcal. In 2017, the B12 supplies (µg/capita/day) in Northern (3.52), Central (3.15), and Southern Africa (2.99) were considerably higher than Western (2.10) and Eastern Africa (1.36) regions. The supply in upper-middle- or high-income countries (3.21) was also substantially higher than low- (1.58) and low-middle-income (2.58) countries. In 2017, the B12 supplies ranged from 5.95 in Mauritius to 0.66 in Ethiopia. Similarly, the nutrient density extended from 1.88 in Gambia to 0.28 in Ethiopia. In Africa, the estimated prevalence of inadequate intake declined from 48.1% in 1990 to 29.9% in 2007 and resurged to 40.6% in 2017. In 2017, the prevalence of inadequate intake was nearly universal (>90%) in 4 countries and exceeded 50% in 8 more countries. Conclusion: Many African countries have major deficits in vitamin B12 supply.

scholarly journals The Influence of Global Trade in National Food Systems: A Dynamic Network Analysis, 1986–2013 (OR16-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Sarti ◽  
Murilo Silvestrini
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study was to assess the evolution in international food trade relationships among countries during the period from 1986 until 2013, according to income groups, in order to analyze the contribution of global commerce to nutrition patterns in diverse populations worldwide. Methods Longitudinal study based on the analysis of food trade among countries, using datasets publicly available from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The information on food items imported from each country to another partner country were converted into calories per capita per year, considering only edible parts, allowing the aggregation of annual food trade flows for identification of contributions from international food systems to each country, categorized according to income level classification of the World Bank. The dataset was organized in pairs of countries linked by food commerce to build the graph of food trade network for each year and to provide information on the dynamics of the network during the period analyzed, considering that countries were nodes and food trade connections were edges. Results The dynamics of the global trade indicates intense growth in calories obtained from commerce among countries (from ∼1124 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼2826 kcal in 2013), especially in low (+142.6%) and lower-middle income countries (+277.9%). However, major part of the calories traded among countries were concentrated among high income countries (from ∼2260 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼4651 kcal in 2013). The evolution of international food trade network showed increase in graph density (from 0.164 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), and degree (from 25,365 in 1986 to 56,503 in 2013); nevertheless, there was relatively stable modularity (from 0.254 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), indicating intensification of calories traded among countries in the period, within similar patterns of commercial networks. Conclusions Information on networks connections along the period analyzed allowed indicating the role of global commerce on food situation of countries worldwide. There was increasing influence of global trade in national food systems during the last three decades; though inequalities remain regarding contributions from countries in different income levels. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

scholarly journals Food security and agricultural markets:

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (8) ◽  
pp. 359-366
Author(s):  
Maria Vitória Fabbio Carrocini ◽  
Vinícius Eduardo Ferrari ◽  
Paulo Ricardo Silva Oliveira
Keyword(s):  
Food Insecurity ◽  
Food Prices ◽  
Food Price ◽  
Price Shocks ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Domestic Prices ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Sub Saharan

According to the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), the food price crises in 2007-2008 and 2011-2012 led to increases in the number of undernourished people worldwide. In this study, we address the issue of food insecurity by analyzing the main causes behind the food price shocks in the 2000s. Moreover, we also investigate whether the sub-Saharan countries are most vulnerable to these shocks, as often pointed out by specialized literature. To this end, we analyzed the correlation between the maize domestic prices—the most cultivated and consumed grain in this region—and the daily kilocalories consumption in African countries. Results show that the poorest nations, i.e. the ones with per capita income below $ 1,400, suffer most from food prices crisis. Most African countries have advanced in addressing food insecurity issues. However, in some nations, the maize price shock in 2007‒2008 was a throwback in this progress, causing daily kilocalorie consumption to fall by half in relation to levels of early-2000s.

Water-Reform Strategies in Iran's Agricultural Sector

2004 ◽  
Vol 3 (3) ◽  
pp. 327-346 ◽  
Author(s):  
Morteza Haghiri ◽  
Mohammad Karimkoshteh
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Sector ◽  
Specific Problem ◽  
Agriculture Sector ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Reform Strategies ◽  
Following Instructions ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Pros And Cons ◽  
Water Reform ◽  
Country Specific

AbstractProviding sufficient water for various uses, in particular the agriculture sector, is one of the important problems that Iran faces. Following instructions of the UN Food and Agriculture Organization, Iran started considering its waterreform strategies to avoid water crises. No unique solutions can be drawn from other nations' experience since water crisis is a country-specific problem. Water-reform strategies are important, particularly when the multioriented purpose of sustainability in Iran's agricultural sector is of interest as well. The pros and cons of water-reform strategies are discussed in this paper.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

scholarly journals Scarce Water Resources and Cereal Import Dependency: The Role of Integrated Water Resources Management

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1750
Author(s):  
Bente Castro Campos ◽  
Yanjun Ren ◽  
Jens-Peter Loy
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Predictor Model ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Water Scarce

This study globally analyzes the nonlinear relationship between cereal import dependency and total renewable water resources per capita by testing for potential thresholds in water resources. Data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and consider the years of 2002, 2007, and 2012. The results show evident ceiling effects with a threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year) in the multiple predictor model. Above this value, the total renewable water resources per capita no longer have a considerable effect on cereal import dependency. Importantly, we found that if integrated water resource management improves, cereal import dependency will increase for countries with total renewable water resources per capita between 1588 m3/(capita/year) and 5000 m3/(capita/year), but not for countries below or equal to the threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year). Water-scarce countries above the threshold use cereal imports as a coping strategy to save limited national water resources. This strategy might be suggested to extremely water-scarce countries below the threshold to increase their water use efficiency. Global solidarity of grain exporters with water-scarce countries is required to guarantee their food security, while water-scarce countries need to overcome their skepticism of foreign dominance through food imports.

Miriam Makeba

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Omotayo Jolaosho
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Civil Rights ◽  
Civil Rights Movement ◽  
The United States ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Return Home ◽  
Apartheid Regime

Miriam Makeba (March 4, 1932–November 9, 2008) was among the first to popularize African music on a global scale. Nelson Mandela named her South Africa’s first lady of song; she was also nicknamed Mama Africa. Makeba has been credited with inaugurating the “world music” movement, a designation that she did not like as it marginalized music from a so-called Third World. Already renowned in her native South Africa as a sophisticated and highly sought-after performer in her own right, Makeba’s arrival in the United States in 1959 transformed that country’s music scene. She was a contemporary of Nina Simone and Odetta, with the three women credited for a resurgence of folk music in the United States as they drew songs of everyday life onto the concert stage. South Africa’s apartheid government revoked Makeba’s passport in 1960, when she sought to return home to bury her mother. She was a vocal critic of apartheid in exile, appearing before the United Nations (UN) on at least four occasions (including twice as a delegate of Guinea) to urge sanctions against the apartheid regime and mobilize support for Black South Africans caught under apartheid’s yoke. She supported US civil rights movement organizations and activists, and through her activism embedded US struggles for civil rights within a continuum of African liberation struggles, including anti-apartheid and anti-colonial liberation movements on the continent. She was a cultural ambassador who bore witness to the independence of many African countries through song, with countries for which her performances contributed to the ushering in of independent regimes including Kenya, Tanzania, and Mozambique. She was the only performer at the inaugural conference of the Organization for African Unity. As South Africa’s apartheid government began transitioning power, Makeba was able to return home in 1992 for a brief visit and subsequently decided to permanently return. Under South Africa’s democratically elected regime, Makeba was appointed an FAO (Food and Agriculture Organization) Goodwill ambassador for the UN. She continued performing in her later years, but in November 2008 she collapsed following a performance in Italy and died from cardiac arrest. Her legacy continues through the work of the ZM Makeba Foundation.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Food Supply from 1984 to 2009 and Degree of Dietary Westernization in Taiwan with Asian Countries and World Continents

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheau-Jane Peng ◽  
Cheng-Yao Lin ◽  
How-Ran Guo
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
America South ◽  
Per Capita

Objective. To compare quality, quantity, and trends of food supply from 1984 to 2009 and degree of food westernization in Taiwan with Asian countries and world continents by using food balance data.Methods. We compiled data from food balance sheets of Taiwan and Food and Agriculture Organization, including five continents and three most populated countries each in Eastern, Southern, and Southeastern Asia over the period 1984–2009. Quantity of food supply per capita was referenced to Taiwan food guides. The population-weighted means of food supply from Europe, North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand continents in terms of energy and nutrient distributions, animal/plant sources, and sugar/alcohol contribution were used as indicators of westernization. Trends of food supply per capita of six food groups were plotted, and linear regression was applied to evaluate food changes.Findings. Taiwan’s food supply provided sufficient quantity in food energy, with the lowest cereals/roots supply and rice to wheat ratio, but the highest meat and oil supplies per capita among the 10 studied Asian countries. Taiwan food supply showed the most westernization among these countries.Conclusion. Food supply of Taiwan, although currently sufficient, indicated some security problems and high tendency of diet westernization.

scholarly journals Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3466
Author(s):  
Clare Whitton ◽  
Diana Bogueva ◽  
Dora Marinova ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita

Growing prosperity, but also disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and consumer preferences are changing global meat consumption. We investigated the 2000–2019 trends in 35 countries monitored by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. We also tested relationships with Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Several countries appeared to be reaching peak consumption of some meats, and three (New Zealand, Canada, and Switzerland) have reached this. Poultry consumption increased over time in most countries, and beef and mutton/lamb consumption decreased in many. Using cluster analysis, we divided countries into two clusters: one in which increases in GDP per capita matched increases in meat consumption; and a second one of nine countries, for which there was no association between per capita change in GDP and meat consumption. There was evidence of a tipping point around USD 40,000 of GDP per capita, after which increases in economic well-being do not lead to increased meat consumption.

scholarly journals International Pesticide Operator Safety Meeting 2021: hand-held application scenarios in low- and middle-income countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Röver ◽  
Anugrah Shaw ◽  
Christian J. Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Operator Safety ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractAn international web meeting on the topic of operator safety for pesticide operators was held on 20–21 September 2021. The meeting provided an opportunity for experts from regulatory agencies, pesticide industry, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and other organizations to discuss operator safety in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The meeting focused on risk assessment and risk mitigation, the first steps to address operator safety. The key message at the meeting was the need for an operator exposure model that includes common hand-held scenarios used in LMIC and consistent personal protective equipment communication. The experts supported a transparent collaborative process that will enable us to build on the past efforts.

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