scholarly journals The Influence of Global Trade in National Food Systems: A Dynamic Network Analysis, 1986–2013 (OR16-04-19)

2019 ◽  
Vol 3 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Flavia Sarti ◽  
Murilo Silvestrini
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Dynamic Network ◽  
Global Trade ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food Trade ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Global Commerce ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita

Abstract Objectives The objective of the study was to assess the evolution in international food trade relationships among countries during the period from 1986 until 2013, according to income groups, in order to analyze the contribution of global commerce to nutrition patterns in diverse populations worldwide. Methods Longitudinal study based on the analysis of food trade among countries, using datasets publicly available from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO). The information on food items imported from each country to another partner country were converted into calories per capita per year, considering only edible parts, allowing the aggregation of annual food trade flows for identification of contributions from international food systems to each country, categorized according to income level classification of the World Bank. The dataset was organized in pairs of countries linked by food commerce to build the graph of food trade network for each year and to provide information on the dynamics of the network during the period analyzed, considering that countries were nodes and food trade connections were edges. Results The dynamics of the global trade indicates intense growth in calories obtained from commerce among countries (from ∼1124 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼2826 kcal in 2013), especially in low (+142.6%) and lower-middle income countries (+277.9%). However, major part of the calories traded among countries were concentrated among high income countries (from ∼2260 kcal per capita per day in 1986 to ∼4651 kcal in 2013). The evolution of international food trade network showed increase in graph density (from 0.164 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), and degree (from 25,365 in 1986 to 56,503 in 2013); nevertheless, there was relatively stable modularity (from 0.254 in 1986 to 0.325 in 2013), indicating intensification of calories traded among countries in the period, within similar patterns of commercial networks. Conclusions Information on networks connections along the period analyzed allowed indicating the role of global commerce on food situation of countries worldwide. There was increasing influence of global trade in national food systems during the last three decades; though inequalities remain regarding contributions from countries in different income levels. Funding Sources None. Supporting Tables, Images and/or Graphs

Trends in Vitamin B12 Supply and Prevalence of Inadequate Intake in Africa: Regional and Country-Specific Estimates

2021 ◽  
pp. 037957212110433
Author(s):  
Samson Gebremedhin
Keyword(s):  
Vitamin B12 ◽  
Vitamin B12 Deficiency ◽  
Eastern Africa ◽  
African Countries ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Nutrient Density ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Country Specific

Background: In Africa, little is known about the epidemiological significance of vitamin B12 deficiency. Objective: To analyze regional and country-specific trends (1990-2017) in vitamin B12 supply in Africa and estimate the prevalence of inadequate intake. Methods: National food balance data compiled by Food and Agriculture Organization for 45 African countries were used. Per capita food supplies for 95 commodities were transformed into B12 contents (µg/capita/day) assuming no fortification and B12 density was determined per 1000 kcal. Estimated Average Requirement cut point method was used for estimating the prevalence of inadequate intake. Results: Over the period, the mean per capita B12 supply in Africa significantly increased by 12.7% from 2.02 to 2.27 µg/capita/day (z = 5.27, P < .001). However, the B12 density remained below the reference goal of 0.8 µg/1000 kcal. In 2017, the B12 supplies (µg/capita/day) in Northern (3.52), Central (3.15), and Southern Africa (2.99) were considerably higher than Western (2.10) and Eastern Africa (1.36) regions. The supply in upper-middle- or high-income countries (3.21) was also substantially higher than low- (1.58) and low-middle-income (2.58) countries. In 2017, the B12 supplies ranged from 5.95 in Mauritius to 0.66 in Ethiopia. Similarly, the nutrient density extended from 1.88 in Gambia to 0.28 in Ethiopia. In Africa, the estimated prevalence of inadequate intake declined from 48.1% in 1990 to 29.9% in 2007 and resurged to 40.6% in 2017. In 2017, the prevalence of inadequate intake was nearly universal (>90%) in 4 countries and exceeded 50% in 8 more countries. Conclusion: Many African countries have major deficits in vitamin B12 supply.

Food and Agriculture Organization

1956 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 472-476 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Agricultural Production ◽  
World War ◽  
Technical Developments ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Legal Questions ◽  
The World ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
The Right

The eighth session of the Conference of the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) was held in Rome from November 4 through 25, 1955 under the chairmanship of the Right Honorable K. J. Holyoake (New Zealand). The Conference had accepted the proposals submitted by the FAO Council on the organization of the eighth session, and consequently established various commissions to deal with agenda items pertaining to program trends and policy questions in food and agriculture, constitutional and legal questions, and administrative and financial questions. During its discussion of the world food and agricultural situation, the Conference noted that world per capita agricultural production, which had decreased by ten to fifteen percent at the end of World War II, had regained its pre-war level in spite of an increase of nearly 25 percent in population. However, agricultural production had increased more rapidly in advanced countries than in economically under-developed ones, so that per capita production in Asia and Latin America was still below pre-war levels, while surpluses had built up in the more advanced countries. The Conference felt that this situation was due to a failure to expand effective demand for farm products as rapidly as technical developments made it possible to expand production. Although the Conference noted that surplus agricultural commodities had increased more slowly in 1954–1955 than in the two preceding years, it felt that this had been due at least as much to poor crops in some countries as to increased consumption or to a planned reduction of output.

scholarly journals Indicators of Complexity and Over-Complexification in Global Food Systems

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Philip A. Loring ◽  
Palash Sanyal
Keyword(s):  
Food Systems ◽  
Food System ◽  
Genetically Modified Crops ◽  
Developed Countries ◽  
Disruptive Technology ◽  
Least Developed Countries ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Agricultural Revolution ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Global Food

Global food systems have increased in complexity significantly since the mid-twentieth century, through such innovations as mechanization, irrigation, genetic modification, and the globalization of supply chains. While complexification can be an effective problem-solving strategy, over-complexification can cause environmental degradation and lead systems to become increasingly dependent on external subsidies and vulnerable to collapse. Here, we explore a wide array of evidence of complexification and over-complexification in contemporary global food systems, drawing on data from the Food and Agriculture Organization and elsewhere. We find that food systems in developed, emerging, and least developed countries have all followed a trajectory of complexification, but that return on investments for energy and other food system inputs have significantly declined—a key indicator of over-complexification. Food systems in developed countries are further along in the process of over-complexification than least developed and emerging countries. Recent agricultural developments, specifically the introduction of genetically modified crops, have not altered this trend or improved return on investments for inputs into food systems. Similarly, emerging innovations belonging to the “digital agricultural revolution” are likewise accompanied by energy demands that may further exacerbate over-complexification. To reverse over-complexification, we discuss strategies including innovation by subtraction, agroecology, and disruptive technology.

scholarly journals Scarce Water Resources and Cereal Import Dependency: The Role of Integrated Water Resources Management

Water ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (6) ◽  
pp. 1750
Author(s):  
Bente Castro Campos ◽  
Yanjun Ren ◽  
Jens-Peter Loy
Keyword(s):  
Water Resources ◽  
Water Resource Management ◽  
Integrated Water Resources Management ◽  
Considerable Effect ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita ◽  
Predictor Model ◽  
Food Imports ◽  
Water Scarce

This study globally analyzes the nonlinear relationship between cereal import dependency and total renewable water resources per capita by testing for potential thresholds in water resources. Data are from the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and consider the years of 2002, 2007, and 2012. The results show evident ceiling effects with a threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year) in the multiple predictor model. Above this value, the total renewable water resources per capita no longer have a considerable effect on cereal import dependency. Importantly, we found that if integrated water resource management improves, cereal import dependency will increase for countries with total renewable water resources per capita between 1588 m3/(capita/year) and 5000 m3/(capita/year), but not for countries below or equal to the threshold of 1588 m3/(capita/year). Water-scarce countries above the threshold use cereal imports as a coping strategy to save limited national water resources. This strategy might be suggested to extremely water-scarce countries below the threshold to increase their water use efficiency. Global solidarity of grain exporters with water-scarce countries is required to guarantee their food security, while water-scarce countries need to overcome their skepticism of foreign dominance through food imports.

scholarly journals Analysing the Structure of the Global Wheat Trade Network: An ERGM Approach

Agronomy ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (12) ◽  
pp. 1967
Author(s):  
Ester Gutiérrez-Moya ◽  
Sebastián Lozano ◽  
Belarmino Adenso-Díaz
Keyword(s):  
Land Surface ◽  
Geographical Location ◽  
Graph Model ◽  
Trade Network ◽  
Random Graph Model ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Exponential Random Graph ◽  
Inference Methods ◽  
The Relationship

This paper studies the relationship between wheat trading countries using both descriptive and statistical inference methods for complex networks. The global Wheat Trade Network (WTN) and its evolving topological characteristics is analysed for the periods 2009–2013 and 2014–2018, using the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO) data. The network characterisation measures in both periods are rather stable. There are some differences, however, in the magnitude of some measures (e.g., connectivity or disassortativity), and a higher degree of inequality in the distribution of the number of partners and the distribution of trade volume in the period 2014–2018. An Exponential Random Graph Model (ERGM) has been applied to identify significant determinants associated with the presence/absence of trade links between countries. The results indicate that wheat trade links are driven mainly by country openness, reciprocity (mutual importer-exporter relationship), whether the exporting country is US or Canada and the geographical location of importer and exporter. Other factors, such as the economic size of the importing country, if the importing country is US or Canada and the land surface of the exporting country also contribute less to capture interlinkages of WTN.

scholarly journals A Comparison of Food Supply from 1984 to 2009 and Degree of Dietary Westernization in Taiwan with Asian Countries and World Continents

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Cheau-Jane Peng ◽  
Cheng-Yao Lin ◽  
How-Ran Guo
Keyword(s):  
Food Supply ◽  
Food Groups ◽  
Asian Countries ◽  
High Tendency ◽  
Balance Sheets ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Weighted Means ◽  
America South ◽  
Per Capita

Objective. To compare quality, quantity, and trends of food supply from 1984 to 2009 and degree of food westernization in Taiwan with Asian countries and world continents by using food balance data.Methods. We compiled data from food balance sheets of Taiwan and Food and Agriculture Organization, including five continents and three most populated countries each in Eastern, Southern, and Southeastern Asia over the period 1984–2009. Quantity of food supply per capita was referenced to Taiwan food guides. The population-weighted means of food supply from Europe, North America, South America, and Australia and New Zealand continents in terms of energy and nutrient distributions, animal/plant sources, and sugar/alcohol contribution were used as indicators of westernization. Trends of food supply per capita of six food groups were plotted, and linear regression was applied to evaluate food changes.Findings. Taiwan’s food supply provided sufficient quantity in food energy, with the lowest cereals/roots supply and rice to wheat ratio, but the highest meat and oil supplies per capita among the 10 studied Asian countries. Taiwan food supply showed the most westernization among these countries.Conclusion. Food supply of Taiwan, although currently sufficient, indicated some security problems and high tendency of diet westernization.

scholarly journals Are We Approaching Peak Meat Consumption? Analysis of Meat Consumption from 2000 to 2019 in 35 Countries and Its Relationship to Gross Domestic Product

Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (12) ◽  
pp. 3466
Author(s):  
Clare Whitton ◽  
Diana Bogueva ◽  
Dora Marinova ◽  
Clive J. C. Phillips
Keyword(s):  
Gross Domestic Product ◽  
Consumer Preferences ◽  
Disease Outbreaks ◽  
Meat Consumption ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Gdp Per Capita ◽  
Domestic Product ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Per Capita

Growing prosperity, but also disease outbreaks, natural disasters, and consumer preferences are changing global meat consumption. We investigated the 2000–2019 trends in 35 countries monitored by the Food and Agriculture Organization and the Organisation for Economic Co-operation and Development. We also tested relationships with Gross Domestic Product (GDP). Several countries appeared to be reaching peak consumption of some meats, and three (New Zealand, Canada, and Switzerland) have reached this. Poultry consumption increased over time in most countries, and beef and mutton/lamb consumption decreased in many. Using cluster analysis, we divided countries into two clusters: one in which increases in GDP per capita matched increases in meat consumption; and a second one of nine countries, for which there was no association between per capita change in GDP and meat consumption. There was evidence of a tipping point around USD 40,000 of GDP per capita, after which increases in economic well-being do not lead to increased meat consumption.

scholarly journals International Pesticide Operator Safety Meeting 2021: hand-held application scenarios in low- and middle-income countries

2022 ◽  
Author(s):  
Markus Röver ◽  
Anugrah Shaw ◽  
Christian J. Kuster
Keyword(s):  
Risk Mitigation ◽  
Exposure Model ◽  
Regulatory Agencies ◽  
Middle Income ◽  
Middle Income Countries ◽  
The Past ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Operator Safety ◽  
Low And Middle Income

AbstractAn international web meeting on the topic of operator safety for pesticide operators was held on 20–21 September 2021. The meeting provided an opportunity for experts from regulatory agencies, pesticide industry, the Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO), and other organizations to discuss operator safety in low- and middle-income countries (LMIC). The meeting focused on risk assessment and risk mitigation, the first steps to address operator safety. The key message at the meeting was the need for an operator exposure model that includes common hand-held scenarios used in LMIC and consistent personal protective equipment communication. The experts supported a transparent collaborative process that will enable us to build on the past efforts.

scholarly journals The Future Challenges of Food and Agriculture: An Integrated Analysis of Trends and Solutions

2019 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 222 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ozgul Calicioglu ◽  
Alessandro Flammini ◽  
Stefania Bracco ◽  
Lorenzo Bellù ◽  
Ralph Sims
Keyword(s):  
Food Security ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Decision Makers ◽  
Integrated Analysis ◽  
World Population ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
The Future ◽  
Future Challenges ◽  
Agriculture And Food

The availability, access, utilization and stability of food supply over time are the four pillars of food security which support nutrition outcomes. Addressing the issues raised globally around these pillars remains a challenge. The Food and Agriculture Organization of the United Nations (FAO) 2017 report “The future of food and agriculture: trends and challenges” outlined the challenges which will have to be addressed in order for sustainable agricultural services to cost-effectively meet the growing food demand of the world population. In this study, we systematically analyzed the future challenges of the agriculture and food systems by focusing on (1) their root causes and trends; and (2) the interlinkages among the solutions proposed to address the challenges using social network analysis tools. It found that, if trends leading to extreme poverty are reversed, several other challenges will also be partially addressed and that climate change has the highest impact on the network of trends. Improving food security would have positive impacts on food access and utilization. The clear outline of the qualitative relationships among challenges presented and insights will help their prioritization by decision makers. However, additional in-depth quantitative analysis is necessary before measures identified to tackle the challenges could be effectively implemented.

scholarly journals City Region Food Systems: Building Resilience to COVID-19 and Other Shocks

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 1325
Author(s):  
Alison Blay-Palmer ◽  
Guido Santini ◽  
Jess Halliday ◽  
Roman Malec ◽  
Joy Carey ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Food Systems ◽  
Ad Hoc ◽  
Food System ◽  
City Region ◽  
Food And Agriculture ◽  
Food And Agriculture Organization ◽  
Entry Points ◽  
System Sustainability ◽  
United Nations Food

Using examples from the COVID-19 pandemic, this paper reviews the contribution a City Region Food Systems (CRFS) approach makes to regional sustainability and resilience for existing and future shocks including climate change. We include both explicit interventions under United Nations Food and Agriculture Organization (FAO-RUAF) led initiatives, as well as ad hoc efforts that engage with elements of the CRFS approach. To provide context, we begin with a literature review of the CRFS approach followed by an overview of the global food crisis, where we outline many of the challenges inherent to the industrial capital driven food system. Next, we elaborate three key entry points for the CRFS approach—multistakeholder engagement across urban rural spaces; the infrastructure needed to support more robust CRFS; system centered planning, and, the role of policy in enabling (or thwarting) food system sustainability. The pandemic raises questions and provides insights about how to foster more resilient food systems, and provides lessons for the future for the City Region Food System approach in the context of others shocks including climate change.

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