Capitalism in Green Disguise: The Political Economy of Organic Farming in the European Union

2018 ◽  
Vol 50 (4) ◽  
pp. 830-852
Author(s):  
Charalampos Konstantinidis
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Family Farm ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
High Prevalence ◽  
Large Farm

Following the post-1992 Common Agricultural Policy, organic farming has expanded rapidly in the European Union. This growth is often considered evidence of the success of a distinctive model of small-scale family-farm agriculture. However, I show that European organic farms display features (large farm size, low labor intensity, high prevalence of mechanization, and adoption of monocultures) that are characteristic of capitalist rather than peasant farms. These features raise doubts about whether European organic farming exemplifies repeasantization. JEL Classification: B50, O13, Q18

scholarly journals Concentration and Horizontal Integration in Milk Production

2004 ◽  
pp. 60-66 ◽  
Author(s):  
József Horváth
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Milk Production ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Private Enterprises ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Horizontal Integration ◽  
Agricultural Enterprises ◽  
Process Level

Agriculture in Hungary was characterised by the duality of large-scale farms (co-ops and state farms) and small-scale private enterprises until the beginning of the 1990s. Due to the privatisation and transformation of co-ops farm structure has significantly changed. The transformation of the structure is not considered to be a completed process. Level of concentration and integration on private farms are rising, new co-operation forms are appearing and new types of enterprises and producers’ groups are being formed.Concentration and integration have great importance in the dairy sector among agricultural enterprises. In recent years, milk production in the European Union has been characterised by concentration, leading to greater competitiveness. Today, most dairy producers belong to different kinds of producers’ organisations as concentrated demand may only be competitive by meeting concentrated supply. In Hungary, the problems of production have been the fragmentation and decrease of the average farm size while, at the same time, concentration has occurred in the processing sector. Establishing producers’ groups may be one of the solutions for improving competitiveness production.

scholarly journals Rolnictwo ekologiczne w Polsce i perspektywy jego rozwoju w kontekście PROW 2014–2020

2017 ◽  
pp. 115-126
Author(s):  
Marzena Trajer ◽  
Krystyna Krzyżanowska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Development Programme ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Rural Development Programme

The aim of the study was determination of the position of Polish organic farming comparing to organic farming in European Union, defining the regional locations of organic farming producers in Poland and identification of the financial support under the Rural Development Programme for 2014–2020. In the article the secondary data and the method of comparative analysis were used. Concerning the number of ecological farms, Poland had the sixth position in the European Union in 2015. The analysis shows that the largest number of applications for co-financing of organic production within framework for action „Organic farming” were implemented in the voivodeships with the largest number of organic farms in Poland: Zachodniopomorskie voivodeship, Warmińsko-mazurskie voivodeship and Podlaskie voivodeship.

scholarly journals THE IMPORTANCE OF ORGANIC FARMING IN THE CONTEXT OF SUSTAINABLE DEVELOPMENT OF RURAL AREAS IN POLAND

2018 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 39-47 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agnieszka Biernat-Jarka ◽  
Paulina Trębska
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Sustainable Development ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Food Quality ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Natural Conditions ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Central Statistical ◽  
Central Statistical Office

Organic farming is one of the basic elements of constant and sustainable development of rural areas. It is the highest form of protection of the natural environment in the field of agriculture. The aim of the article is to present the development of organic farming in Poland, which became particularly important after joining the European Union. Poland strives to increase this type of production, the more so because it has considerable predispositions and favourable conditions. Organic farming in Poland shows quite large regional variations, resulting largely from natural conditions. The largest number of organic farms in 2016 occurred in the Warmińsko-Mazurskie and Podlaskie Voivodeships, and the smallest in the Opolskie and Śląskie Voivodships. The analysis uses data from the Central Statistical Office (GUS) and the Main Inspectorate of Agricultural and Food Quality (GIJHARS).

scholarly journals ECONOMIC SITUATION OF ORGANIC FARMS IN POLAND ON THE BACKGROUND OF THE EUROPEAN UNION

2021 ◽  
Vol 367 (2) ◽  
pp. 101-118
Author(s):  
Arkadiusz Sadowski ◽  
Monika Wojcieszak-Zbierska ◽  
Jagoda Zmyślona
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Economic Situation ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms

Organic farming in Austria

1999 ◽  
Vol 14 (3) ◽  
pp. 137-143 ◽  
Author(s):  
Christian R. Vogl ◽  
Jürgen Hess
Keyword(s):  
Organic Farming ◽  
Meat Products ◽  
Brand Names ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
Organic Movement ◽  
Organic Products ◽  
Organic Farmers ◽  
Present Decade

AbstractDuring the present decade, Austria has experienced a dramatic increase in organic farming among those countries that comprise the European Union (EU). For example, in 1992, approximately 2,000 farms were practicing organic, ecological, or biodynamic farming methods. By 1997 the number of certified organic farms plus those in transition from conventional farming had increased 10-fold to some 20,000 farms. This represents almost 9% of the total farms in Austria and an area of 345,375 ha, or 10% of the total cultivated farmland. The largest concentration of organic farms is in regions with a high proportion of alpine grassland or pastures. Approximately 50% of the organic farms range in size from 5 to 15 ha. The strong organic movement in Austria can be attributed to a) government subsidies which provide incentives to organic farmers and b) widespread acceptance of organic products and their brand names by large food chains and supermarkets. More than 60% of organic farmers are affiliated with associations and organizations that provide advisory and support services in marketing activities. Certification of organic farms and food processors is conducted by seven monitoring bodies according to EU regulation No. 2092/91, which guarantees legallybinding standards of food safety and quality to EU consumers, and according to the Austrian Alimentari Codex. Since January 1998, all monitoring/certifying bodies in Austria must verify accreditation according to regulation European Norm 45011. The major supermarket chain offers a variety of organic dairy and meat products, as well as organic ice cream, pizza, vegetables, fruits, baby foods, and bread. The current domestic wholesale value of organic products marketed from Austrian farms is approximately 170 million US$ annually. Unfortunately, funding for support of scientific research and extension to enhance organic farming and marketing has not kept pace with the increasing number of organic farms and farmers. Additional funding is essential to ensure the sustainable development of the organic movement and the organic market.

Proposal for a more efficient subsidy system for organic farming: Potential use of the tax system within the European Union

2005 ◽  
Vol 20 (3) ◽  
pp. 148-154 ◽  
Author(s):  
Enno Bahrs
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Current System ◽  
Farming Systems ◽  
Performance Ratio ◽  
The European Union ◽  
High Turnover ◽  
Tax System ◽  
Short Supply ◽  
The Individual

AbstractAgricultural enterprises that are run on ecological principles receive, in some countries, higher levels of financial support from the European Union (EU) than other agricultural businesses. The aim is to provide an incentive for businesses to adopt organic farming systems, a change desired by both politicians and society. However, with a fixed system of support payments based on land area, increasing the proportion of farms being run organically leads directly to higher costs of subsidies for the EU and the individual countries. This becomes especially true if enterprises with large land areas, high turnover and high income are converted to organic farming methods. Because financial resources within the member states are in very short supply, a modification of the current system of subsidies would seem to be necessary in the near future. The aim of any new system should be to reduce profit windfalls without making a drastic reduction in the incentive effect of the current system. At the same time, businesses that can run along these lines on a sustainable basis should be especially supported. This requires an increased level of individual assessment of the potential of the subsidized enterprises in relation to their cost–performance ratio for organic agricultural production. In this connection, a partial change to profit-based tax systems can be used as an effective instrument for co-financing. The method used to calculate profits for tax purposes, which varies from state to state, can be used to assess the performance and success of the organic farmer. Tax-free allowances or reductions in tax rates could be used to provide a selective subsidy method. The ability to relate subsidies to performance, thereby reducing windfall profits, is not the only advantage of using the tax system for this purpose. Another advantage is the low transaction costs. Using the example of the offsetting of profits between time periods, it will be shown here that the tax system can be used as an additional instrument for subsidization. The existing methods of subsidy can only be supported in this way, not completely substituted.

FINACIAL FUNDS FROM EUROPEAN UNION FUNDS AS A CHANCE FOR THE DEVELOPMENT OF THE SECTOR OF ORGANIC FARMS IN POLAND

2017 ◽  
Vol XIX (2) ◽  
pp. 95-101
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Jezierska-Thöle ◽  
Mirosław Biczkowski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Organic Farming ◽  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Agricultural Land ◽  
Development Program ◽  
Organic Production ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Rural Development Program ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Theoretical Foundations

The aim of the work was to present and describe the development of organic farms in Poland and the impact of EU funds on the development of this sector. The possibilities of financing their development from the Rural Development Program funds in the period 2007-2013 functioning within the framework of the Union‘s Common Agricultural Policy were pointed out. The theoretical foundations and assumptions related to the functioning of the organic farming sector were also approximated. The results show that in the years 2002-2013 there was an increase in the number and area of organic farms. The greatest impact on the increase of the number and area of organic farms is the functioning of the RDPs in the years 2004-2006 and 2007-2013 and within it the subsidies for organic production. This confirms the very strong correlation between the number of farms and the amounts of subsidies paid to farms producing organic farming. It can be assumed that in the next few years the share of the area of ecological agricultural land may exceed 4-5%.

Disparity in the structure of certified organic farms in the European Union

2017 ◽  
Vol 62 (4) ◽  
pp. 34-48
Author(s):  
Lidia Luty
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Organic Farms ◽  
Eu Countries ◽  
Spatial Approach ◽  
Certified Organic ◽  
The Eu

The main objective of this article is to present the differences in the structures of certified organic farms in the European Union (EU) countries within 2005—2013, using dynamic and spatial approach. The method of vectors elimination was used in a study. The analysis showed that changes in the structure of organic farms in the EU countries were not always reflected in the structure of their areas. More significant changes occurred in the structure of farm number, in particular with regard to the countries which joined the European Union in 2004. In 2013 it was possible to distinguish five groups of EU countries that are similar to each other in terms of structure of number and six — in terms of the structure of area. In the majority of EU countries, organic farms covered the area over 10,0 ha.

scholarly journals Do Rural Policies Impact on Tourism Development in Italy? A Case Study of Agritourism

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vincenzo Giaccio ◽  
Luigi Mastronardi ◽  
Davide Marino ◽  
Agostino Giannelli ◽  
Alfonso Scardera
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
Farm Size ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Marginal Areas ◽  
Farm Accountancy Data Network ◽  
The Common ◽  
Programming Period ◽  
The Empirical Analysis

This paper investigates how and to what extent European and national policies, through the analysis of financial support derived from the Common Agricultural Policy (CAP) (First and Second Pillar) and national and local subsidies, have financed Italian agritourism. For this purpose, the authors have proposed a comparative analysis between Italian agritourism and farms without tourism activities, by stressing the distribution of public financial supports concerning the 2007-2013 programming period of the European Union (EU) for Rural Development. The empirical analysis is based on the Italian Farm Accountancy Data Network (FADN) dataset. The data were stratified by altimetry zone and farm size. Descriptive statistics and the Analysis of Variance (ANOVA) for each group were used. The main results show how the Second Pillar has mainly supported small and medium-sized farms with tourism activities and located in disadvantaged areas. This study could be useful to policymakers regarding evaluation of the mission for diversification in agriculture, represented here by the carrying out of tourist activities on farms and the contribution for the retention of small-scale farms in marginal areas.

scholarly journals Religious Diversity and The Challenge of Multiculturalism: Contrasting Indonesia and The European Union

2020 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 245
Author(s):  
Muhammad Wildan
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Religious Diversity ◽  
The State ◽  
Current Paper ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Common Phenomenon ◽  
The European Union ◽  
The World ◽  
Social Tensions ◽  
The Eu

As the profile of religions in the world is changing rapidly, religious diversity is becoming a more common phenomenon nowadays in almost every society. Indonesia and European Union (EU) are not an exception to be more diverse and plural societies. Although religious diversity gives such richness of culture in society, religions are known as vulnerable entities. Many social problems caused by religions brought about various conflicts and violent actions on a big scale and also numerous hostilities, discriminations, and hatred on a small scale. Many regulations have been issued to address such social tensions both in Indonesia and the EU. However, many conflicts, hostilities or discriminations are recurring in both Indonesia and EU states. Interestingly, in many cases, hostilities and discrimination even done by the apparatus of the state. The current paper is dedicated to explore how these countries deal with religious diversity and whether there are social tensions and discriminations occurred. Religion as a common phenomenon in the world should be seen more as a challenge for every country rather than a contentious threat.

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