Architecture on Paper : The Development and Function of Architectural Drawings in the Renaissance

Drawings and the practice of drawing take centre stage in an investigation of what ‘designed’ Renaissance architecture, and what led the medieval master builder to gradually develop the characteristic features of the modern architect. This article focuses on the languages of drawings that were employed and developed by Renaissance architects. Examining the variety of functions that different graphical languages had within design and building processes, the article draws upon a storied argument between two Florentine architects to illustrate the conceptual and social tensions epitomized by drawing. The final section examines architectural drawings as means of communication beyond the building site, calling particular attention to the printed drawings that became increasingly important in the sixteenth century.

On the Future of Pricing

Price is the most effective profit driver. In recent years we have seen a wave of innovations in pricing driven by technology. The internet, big data, and artificial intelligence enable the implementation of complex price structures, individualized pricing, ongoing time-based adjustments and performance-based pricing. Prices are increasingly expanding into areas such as the environment, traffic, social services and education. Pricing such services may be politically expedient but can lead to social tensions.

Risiko KDRT terhadap Anak sebagai Dampak Ketegangan Sosial Akibat Pandemi Covid-19

Various drastic and sudden changes caused by the COVID-19 pandemic have an impact on economic and social implications that affect various aspects of life, including life in the family. Increased social tensions arise in line with economic imbalances and self-isolation as a result of the pandemic, so that it has the potential to create ideal conditions involving Domestic Violence (KDRT) against children by parents. This study sought to monitor this potential by using a survey-based study to determine the relationship between parental experience (n=150) with increased social tension and risky behavior patterns towards children. The results obtained will be analyzed contextually with existing research, namely regarding the factors of Domestic Violence (KDRT) against children. The results obtained indicate a relationship between social tension and risky behavior of parents towards their children. Keywords: Pandemic, domestic violence, social tension Abstract: Berbagai perubahan drastis dan mendadak yang diakibatkan oleh pandemi COVID-19 berdampak pada implikasi ekonomi dan sosial yang mempengaruhi beragam aspek kehidupan, termasuk kehidupan dalam keluarga. Peningkatan ketegangan sosial muncul sejalan dengan adanya ketidakseimbangan ekonomi dan isolasi diri yang merupakan dampak dari pandemi, sehingga berpotensi untuk menciptakan kondisi ideal yang melibatkan Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) terhadap anak oleh orang tua. Penelitian ini berusaha mengawasi potensi terjadinya hal tersebut dengan menggunakan studi berbasis survei untuk menentukan hubungan antara pengalaman orang tua (n=150) dengan peningkatan ketegangan sosial dan pola perilaku beresiko terhadap anak. Hasil yang didapatkan akan dianalisis secara kontekstual dengan penelitian yang telah ada, yaitu mengenai faktor-faktor Kekerasan Dalam Rumah Tangga (KDRT) terhadap anak. Hasil temuan yang didapatkan menunjukkan adanya hubungan antara ketegangan sosial dan perilaku berisiko orang tua terhadap anak. Kata Kunci: Pandemi, KDRT, ketegangan sosial

Doctor or Monster? The Pink Tide and Its Aftermath

The recent evolution of capitalism has shifted the ground on which developmentalism stood as a civilizing utopia in Latin America, making the neodevelopmentalism that inspired different nuances of progressivism in the twenty-first century an idea “out of place.” Starting from this premise, the notions of progressivism as regression and containment as accelerating desocialization form the foundations of an interpretation of the Pink Tide that emphasizes the contradictions inherent in its own dynamics, which reinforced the neoliberal rationale. The attempt to govern social tensions through containment of the ongoing dissociative movement did not stop the regression of the structure of production and the intensification of a self-destructive social dynamic. Progressivism is revealed as a political rationale that is different from but not contradictory to its opponents in a reality in which capital governs as a totalizing extraparliamentary force. A evolução recente do capitalismo modificou as bases materiais que davam sentido ao desenvolvimentismo como utopia civilizatória na América Latina, tornando o neodesenvolvimentismo que inspirou diferentes nuances de progressismo no século XXI, uma ideia fora do lugar. A partir desta premissa, são discutidas as noções de progressismo como regressão e de contenção como aceleracion de dissocializacion, como alicerces de uma interpretação da onda progressista que enfatiza as contradições inerentes à sua própria dinâmica que reforçou a razão neoliberal. A pretensão de governar as tensões sociais por meio de políticas de contenção do movimento dissocializante em curso não evitou a regressão da estrutura produtiva e o aprofundamento de uma dinâmica social autofágica. O progressismo revela-se como uma racionalidade política diferente, mas não contraditória em relação aos seus opositores em uma realidade em que o capital se impõe como uma força extra-parlamentar totalizante.

PLURALISME PADA MASA BALI KUNO ABAD IX-XIV BERDASARKAN REKAMAN ARKEOLOGI

Pluralism is a diction that is used to express diversity, a reality that exists in this archipelago. It is an idea or view of life that recognizes and accepts the existence of pluralism or diversity in a community group. This plurality is represented by differences in terms of religions/beliefs, ethnicities, races, customs, languages, and cultures. Archaeological remains dating from the Hindu Buddhist era in Bali provide information on this diversity. Therefore, the aim of this study is to explain the diversity that is reflected in the archaeological records. The method used is observation, literature study, and qualitative analysis. Archaeological records dating from the IX to XIV century AD in Bali, both in the artifactual and textual indicate that Balinese people can live in harmony amidst differences. Different beliefs do not cause social tensions in society. Based on the existing archaeological records, Balinese people have shown diversity since the IX century AD. This diversity was maintained and nurtured by the rulers at that time so that tolerance was built between people of different religions/beliefs. Pluralisme merupakan diksi yang digunakan untuk menyatakan keberagaman, sebuah realita yang ada di bumi Nusantara ini. Pluralisme adalah suatu paham atau pandangan hidup yang mengakui dan menerima adanya kemajemukan atau keanekaragaman dalam suatu kelompok masyarakat. Kemajemukan tersebut direpresentasikan oleh adanya perbedaan dari sisi agama/ kepercayaan, suku, ras, adat istiadat, bahasa, dan budaya. Tinggalan arkeologi yang berasal dari masa Hindu Buddha di Bali memberikan informasi keberagaman tersebut. Oleh karena itu, tujuan penelitian ini adalah untuk menjelaskan kemajemukan yang yang tercermin pada rekaman tinggalan arkeologi tersebut. Metode yang digunakan adalah observasi, studi pustaka, serta analisis kualitatif. Rekaman arkeologi yang berasal dari abad IX-XIV di Bali, baik yang berupa artefaktual dan tekstual mengindikasikan bahwa masyarakat Bali dapat hidup secara harmonis di tengah-tengah perbedaan. Perbedaan keyakinan yang dianut tidak menimbulkan ketegangan sosial di masyarakat. Berdasarkan rekaman arkeologi yang ada, masyarakat Bali telah menunjukkan kemajemukan sejak abad IX. Keberagaman ini terus dipelihara dan dipupuk oleh para penguasa ketika itu sehingga terbangun toleransi di antara masyarakat yang berlainan agama/kepercayaannya.

Lithuania will try to fend off migrants from Belarus

Significance Only eight came in March. The numbers rose markedly after the West's angry reaction in May to Belarus's diversion of an international flight to detain an opposition activist. This supports the assumption that President Alexander Lukashenka is using refugee flows to harass Lithuania, a major supporter of the Belarusian opposition, and the EU. Impacts Lithuania’s handling of the migrant crisis will damage its image and prestige. The crisis could have some favourable social effects if the government increases social spending to ease social tensions. Lithuania will improve its infrastructure for handling migrant inflows. Insecurity, not ideology, will drive policy: Lithuania will not become like Hungary, trumpeting a traditional view of ‘Christian’ Europe.

A fo bont, bid ben: colonial and postcolonial ideologies in debates on renaming the Second Severn Crossing

This paper analyses political and media discourse surrounding the UK government’s decision to change the name of the Second Severn Crossing, a motorway bridge over the river between Wales and England, to the Prince of Wales Bridge in order to commemorate the 70th birthday of Prince Charles. This decision, taken without the prior consultation of Welsh citizens, caused a public uproar and resulted in disputes among politicians as well as in mainstream and social media. This article explores the case of renaming this landmark construction by relating it to the concepts of colonial and postcolonial ideologies, power and national identity. A thematic analysis of media discourse and a debate in the National Assembly for Wales demonstrates how attempts to manipulate the cultural and linguistic landscape reveal political and social tensions within Welsh society, bringing to the fore current issues concerning Welsh identity.

Insular Peninsularities: Geography, demography and local identity in Sydney’s Northern Beaches and Sutherland Shire

In recent years there has been consideration of some peninsular areas as ‘almost-islands’ (presqu'îles, in French usage). Assertion of such status has usually relied on spatial configuration and the nature of transport links and/or border issues between the areas in question and adjacent regions. Bodies of land that are connected to mainlands by narrow isthmuses have been particularly prone to characterisation as ‘almost-islands’ but, to date, factors such as the perceived insularity of particular peninsulas within larger metropolitan areas have not featured as prominently in discussions. This article emphasises the latter with regard to the types of insularity perceived within two areas of Australia’s largest city, Sydney: its Northern Beaches and Sutherland Shire. These areas have been referred to in local and metropolitan media as ‘insular peninsulas’, a term distinctive to Australian English Language usage. Both are also known for their attractive beaches and swimming and surfing opportunities, factors that have contributed to local territorialism and related social tensions. Consideration of these two areas contributes to more general discussions of insular peninsularity by emphasising nuanced gradations involving factors such as socio-cultural homogeneity, local identity and perceived territorial rights.

'By being out and outspoken, I contributed to the normalisation of homosexuality in the Netherlands': an interview with Evelien Eshuis, Dutch communist MP 1982-1986

The 1970s and 1980s are often characterised as sober and gloomy, a prolonged anti-climax to the swinging 1960s. The oil crisis of 1973 led to widespread unemployment in most industrialised countries, which was only exacerbated in the early 1980s by a worldwide economic crisis. In the Netherlands, people – especially youth – struggled to find employment, and class antagonisms, which had been largely absent in the 1960s, resurfaced. Despite these growing social tensions, the Dutch communist movement began to embrace single issues that were not necessarily rooted in class struggle. This new course, while condemned by some hardliners, opened up space for closer links between the Communistische Partij van Nederland ('Communist Party of the Netherlands'; CPN) and anti-racist, feminist and gay politics. In a parallel development, membership demographics changed significantly. Among new CPN members in the early 1970s there were just as many workers as there were artists, students and unemployed. In this interview, Eshuis looks back on her life and, in particular, her experiences in the CPN in the 1970s and 1980s.

The Amygdala Hijack

This chapter introduces the reader to the proven tenuous nature of reason when pitted against emotions. Contrary to what most of us believe, our human capacity for rational judgment is much (much!) shallower than we think, particularly in situations of conflict. The chapter will explain why social tensions can arise so easily and why murders, genocides, and mass killings can evolve so quickly in almost any situation. It looks at the tension between the parts of our brains that deal with our memories, pleasures, and fears and those that serve us through the use of analytic and logical reasoning. It also looks at how the balance between these varying parts of our brains can be different in different people and groups and how these differences can affect people’s perspective on contentious issues such as immigration, military spending, and patriotism.