scholarly journals Validation of the French Version of the Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale in a Sample of Hallucinating Patients with Schizophrenia

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (4) ◽  
pp. 237-244 ◽  
Author(s):  
Clément Dondé ◽  
Frédéric Haesebaert ◽  
Emmanuel Poulet ◽  
Marine Mondino ◽  
Jérôme Brunelin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Auditory Hallucination ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
French Version ◽  
Fine Grained ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
Item Scores

Objective: The aim of this study was to validate the French version of the 7-item Auditory Hallucination Rating Scale (AHRS) so as to facilitate fine-grained assessment of auditory hallucinations (AH) in native French-speaking patients with schizophrenia (SZ) in clinical settings and studies. Method: Patients ( N = 66) were diagnosed with SZ according to the Diagnostic and Statistical Manual of Mental Disorders. The French version of the AHRS was developed using a forward–backward translation procedure. Psychometric properties of the French version of the AHRS were tested including (i) construct validity with a confirmatory one-factor analysis, (ii) internal validity with Pearson correlations and Cronbach α coefficients, and (iii) external validity by correlations with the Scale for Assessment of Positive Symptoms (SAPS-H1), the Positive and Negative Syndrome Scale (PANSS-P3; concurrent), the PANSS-Negative subscale and age of subjects (divergent), and inter-rater intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). Results: (i) The confirmatory one-factor analysis found a root mean square error of approximation (RMSEA) = 0.00, 90% confidence interval = [0.000 to 0.011], and a comparative fit index = 0.994. (ii) Correlations between AHRS total score and individual items were mostly ≥0.4. Cronbach α coefficient was 0.61. (iii) Correlations with PANSS-P3 and SAPS-H1 were 0.42 and 0.53, respectively. In a subset of participants ( N = 16), ICC values were extremely high and significant for AHRS total and individual item scores (ICCs range 0.899 to 0.996) Conclusion: The French version of the AHRS is a psychometrically acceptable instrument for the evaluation of AH severity in French-speaking patients with SZ.

scholarly journals The 27-Item Coping Strategies Questionnaire — Revised: Confirmatory Factor Analysis, Reliability and Validity in Italian-Speaking Subjects with Chronic Pain

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 153-158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Monticone ◽  
Simona Ferrante ◽  
Ines Giorgi ◽  
Caterina Galandra ◽  
Barbara Rocca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Chronic Pain ◽  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analysis ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Numerical Rating Scale ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Depression Scale ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Epidemiological Studies ◽  
Confirmatory Factor

BACKGROUND: Increasing attention is being devoted to cognitive-behavioural measures to improve interventions for chronic pain.OBJECTIVE: To develop an Italian version of the Coping Strategies Questionnaire – Revised (CSQ-R), and to validate it in a study involving 345 Italian subjects with chronic pain.METHODS: The questionnaire was developed following international recommendations. The psychometric analyses included confirmatory factor analysis; reliability, assessed by internal consistency (Cronbach’s alpha) and test-retest reliability (intraclass correlation coefficients); and construct validity, assessed by calculating the correlations between the subscales of the CSQ-R and measures of pain (numerical rating scale), disability (Sickness Impact Profile – Roland Scale), depression (Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale) and coping (Chronic Pain Coping Inventory) (Pearson’s correlation).RESULTS: Confirmatory factor analysis revealed that the CSQ-R model had an acceptable data-model fit (comparative fit index and normed fit index ≤0.90, root mean square error of approximation ≥0.08). Cronbach’s alpha was satisfactory (CSQ-R 0.914 to 0.961), and the intraclass correlation coefficients were good/excellent (CSQ-R 0.850 to 0.918). As expected, the correlations with the numerical rating scale, Sickness Impact Profile – Roland Scale, Center for Epidemiological Studies – Depression Scale and Chronic Pain Coping Inventory highlighted the adaptive and maladaptive properties of most of the CSQ-R subscales.CONCLUSION: The CSQ-R was successfully translated into Italian. The translation proved to have good factorial structure, and its psychometric properties are similar to those of the original and other adapted versions. Its use is recommended for clinical and research purposes in Italy and abroad.

scholarly journals Promoting Health via mHealth Applications Using a French Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale: Adaptation and Validation Study (Preprint)

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ina Saliasi ◽  
Prescilla Martinon ◽  
Emily Darlington ◽  
Colette Smentek ◽  
Delphine Tardivo ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Health Care Professionals ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Health Concern ◽  
Scale Analysis ◽  
French Version ◽  
Mokken Scale Analysis

BACKGROUND In the recent decades, the number of apps promoting health behaviors and health-related strategies and interventions has increased alongside the number of smartphone users. Nevertheless, the validity process for measuring and reporting app quality remains unsatisfactory for health professionals and end users and represents a public health concern. The Mobile Application Rating Scale (MARS) is a tool validated and widely used in the scientific literature to evaluate and compare mHealth app functionalities. However, MARS is not adapted to the French culture nor to the language. OBJECTIVE This study aims to translate, adapt, and validate the equivalent French version of MARS (ie, MARS-F). METHODS The original MARS was first translated to French by two independent bilingual scientists, and their common version was blind back-translated twice by two native English speakers, culminating in a final well-established MARS-F. Its comprehensibility was then evaluated by 6 individuals (3 researchers and 3 nonacademics), and the final MARS-F version was created. Two bilingual raters independently completed the evaluation of 63 apps using MARS and MARS-F. Interrater reliability was assessed using intraclass correlation coefficients. In addition, internal consistency and validity of both scales were assessed. Mokken scale analysis was used to investigate the scalability of both MARS and MARS-F. RESULTS MARS-F had a good alignment with the original MARS, with properties comparable between the two scales. The correlation coefficients (<i>r</i>) between the corresponding dimensions of MARS and MARS-F ranged from 0.97 to 0.99. The internal consistencies of the MARS-F dimensions <i>engagement</i> (<i>ω</i>=0.79), <i>functionality</i> (<i>ω</i>=0.79), <i>esthetics</i> (<i>ω</i>=0.78), and <i>information quality</i> (<i>ω</i>=0.61) were acceptable and that for the overall MARS score (<i>ω</i>=0.86) was good. Mokken scale analysis revealed a strong scalability for MARS (Loevinger H=0.37) and a good scalability for MARS-F (H=0.35). CONCLUSIONS MARS-F is a valid tool, and it would serve as a crucial aid for researchers, health care professionals, public health authorities, and interested third parties, to assess the quality of mHealth apps in French-speaking countries.

Development of an Empathy Rating Scale for Young Children

Assessment ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107319112110386
Author(s):  
Eva R. Kimonis ◽  
Natasha Jain ◽  
Bryan Neo ◽  
Georgette E. Fleming ◽  
Nancy Briggs
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Early Childhood ◽  
Young Children ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Parent Report ◽  
Personal Distress ◽  
Confirmatory Factor ◽  
Empathy Scale ◽  
Item Scores ◽  
Amazon's Mechanical Turk

Empathy is critical to young children’s socioemotional development and deficient levels characterize a severe and pervasive type of Conduct Disorder (i.e., with limited prosocial emotions). With the emergence of novel, targeted early interventions to treat this psychopathology, the critical limitations of existing parent-report empathy measures reveal their unsuitability for assessing empathy levels and outcomes in young children. The present study aimed to develop a reliable and comprehensive parent-rated empathy scale for young children. This was accomplished by first generating a large list of empathy items sourced from both preexisting empathy measures and from statements made by parents during a clinical interview about their young child’s empathy. Second, this item set was refined using exploratory factor analysis of item scores from parents of children aged 2 to 8 years (56.6% male), recruited online using Amazon’s Mechanical Turk. A five-factor solution provided the best fit to the data: Attention to Others’ Emotions, Personal Distress (i.e., Emotional Contagion/Affective Empathy), Personal Distress–Fictional Characters, Prosocial Behavior, and Sympathy. Total and subscale scores on the new “Measure of Empathy in Early Childhood” (MEEC) were internally consistent. Finally, this five-factor structure was tested using confirmatory factor analysis and model fit was adequate. With further research into the validity of MEEC scores, this new rater-based empathy measure for young children may hold promise for assessing empathy in early childhood and advancing research into the origins of empathy and empathy-related disorders.

scholarly journals Interformat Reliability of Web-Based Parent-Rated Questionnaires for Assessing Neurodevelopmental Disorders Among Preschoolers: Cross-sectional Community Study

10.2196/20172 ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. e20172
Author(s):  
Masanori Tanaka ◽  
Manabu Saito ◽  
Michio Takahashi ◽  
Masaki Adachi ◽  
Kazuhiko Nakamura
Keyword(s):  
Neurodevelopmental Disorders ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Developmental Coordination Disorder ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Web Based ◽  
Developmental Health ◽  
The Web

Background Early detection and intervention for neurodevelopmental disorders are effective. Several types of paper questionnaires have been developed to assess these conditions in early childhood; however, the psychometric equivalence between the web-based and the paper versions of these questionnaires is unknown. Objective This study examined the interformat reliability of the web-based parent-rated version of the Autism Spectrum Screening Questionnaire (ASSQ), Attention-Deficit/Hyperactivity Disorder Rating Scale (ADHD-RS), Developmental Coordination Disorder Questionnaire 2007 (DCDQ), and Strengths and Difficulties Questionnaire (SDQ) among Japanese preschoolers in a community developmental health check-up setting. Methods A set of paper-based questionnaires were distributed for voluntary completion to parents of children aged 5 years. The package of the paper format questionnaires included the ASSQ, ADHD-RS, DCDQ, parent-reported SDQ (P-SDQ), and several additional demographic questions. Responses were received from 508 parents of children who agreed to participate in the study. After 3 months, 300 parents, who were among the initial responders, were randomly selected and asked to complete the web-based versions of these questionnaires. A total of 140 parents replied to the web-based format and were included as a final sample in this study. Results We obtained the McDonald ω coefficients for both the web-based and paper formats of the ASSQ (web-based: ω=.90; paper: ω=.86), ADHD-RS total and subscales (web-based: ω=.88-.94; paper: ω=.87-.93), DCDQ total and subscales (web-based: ω=.82-.94; paper: ω=.74-.92), and P-SDQ total and subscales (web-based: ω=.55-.81; paper: ω=.52-.80). The intraclass correlation coefficients between the web-based and paper formats were all significant at the 99.9% confidence level: ASSQ (r=0.66, P<.001); ADHD-RS total and subscales (r=0.66-0.74, P<.001); DCDQ total and subscales (r=0.66-0.71, P<.001); P-SDQ Total Difficulties and subscales (r=0.55-0.73, P<.001). There were no significant differences between the web-based and paper formats for total mean score of the ASSQ (P=.76), total (P=.12) and subscale (P=.11-.47) mean scores of DCDQ, and the P-SDQ Total Difficulties mean score (P=.20) and mean subscale scores (P=.28-.79). Although significant differences were found between the web-based and paper formats for mean ADHD-RS scores (total: t132=2.83, P=.005; Inattention subscale: t133=2.15, P=.03; Hyperactivity/Impulsivity subscale: t133=3.21, P=.002), the effect sizes were small (Cohen d=0.18-0.22). Conclusions These results suggest that the web-based versions of the ASSQ, ADHD-RS, DCDQ, and P-SDQ were equivalent, with the same level of internal consistency and intrarater reliability as the paper versions, indicating the applicability of the web-based versions of these questionnaires for assessing neurodevelopmental disorders.

scholarly journals The Arabic Version of the Mobile App Rating Scale: Development and Validation Study (Preprint)

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marco Bardus ◽  
Nathalie Awada ◽  
Lilian A Ghandour ◽  
Elie-Jacques Fares ◽  
Tarek Gherbal ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Weight Management ◽  
Information Quality ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Mobile App ◽  
Health Apps ◽  
Highly Correlated

BACKGROUND With thousands of health apps in app stores globally, it is crucial to systemically and thoroughly evaluate the quality of these apps due to their potential influence on health decisions and outcomes. The Mobile App Rating Scale (MARS) is the only currently available tool that provides a comprehensive, multidimensional evaluation of app quality, which has been used to compare medical apps from American and European app stores in various areas, available in English, Italian, Spanish, and German. However, this tool is not available in Arabic. OBJECTIVE This study aimed to translate and adapt MARS to Arabic and validate the tool with a sample of health apps aimed at managing or preventing obesity and associated disorders. METHODS We followed a well-established and defined “universalist” process of cross-cultural adaptation using a mixed methods approach. Early translations of the tool, accompanied by confirmation of the contents by two rounds of separate discussions, were included and culminated in a final version, which was then back-translated into English. Two trained researchers piloted the MARS in Arabic (MARS-Ar) with a sample of 10 weight management apps obtained from Google Play and the App Store. Interrater reliability was established using intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs). After reliability was ascertained, the two researchers independently evaluated a set of additional 56 apps. RESULTS MARS-Ar was highly aligned with the original English version. The ICCs for MARS-Ar (0.836, 95% CI 0.817-0.853) and MARS English (0.838, 95% CI 0.819-0.855) were good. The MARS-Ar subscales were highly correlated with the original counterparts (<i>P</i>&lt;.001). The lowest correlation was observed in the area of usability (<i>r</i>=0.685), followed by aesthetics (<i>r</i>=0.827), information quality (<i>r</i>=0.854), engagement (<i>r</i>=0.894), and total app quality (<i>r</i>=0.897). Subjective quality was also highly correlated (<i>r</i>=0.820). CONCLUSIONS MARS-Ar is a valid instrument to assess app quality among trained Arabic-speaking users of health and fitness apps. Researchers and public health professionals in the Arab world can use the overall MARS score and its subscales to reliably evaluate the quality of weight management apps. Further research is necessary to test the MARS-Ar on apps addressing various health issues, such as attention or anxiety prevention, or sexual and reproductive health.

scholarly journals Bolus Residue Scale: An Easy-to-Use and Reliable Videofluoroscopic Analysis Tool to Score Bolus Residue in Patients with Dysphagia

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathalie Rommel ◽  
Charlotte Borgers ◽  
Dirk Van Beckevoort ◽  
Ann Goeleven ◽  
Eddy Dejaeger ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Posterior Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
High Specificity ◽  
Analysis Tool ◽  
Pharyngeal Wall ◽  
Specificity And Sensitivity ◽  
Low Sensitivity ◽  
Sensitivity Specificity

Background. We aimed to validate an easy-to-use videofluoroscopic analysis tool, the bolus residue scale (BRS), for detection and classification of pharyngeal retention in the valleculae, piriform sinuses, and/or the posterior pharyngeal wall.Methods. 50 randomly selected videofluoroscopic images of 10 mL swallows (recorded in 18 dysphagia patients and 8 controls) were analyzed by 4 experts and 6 nonexpert observers. A score from 1 to 6 was assigned according to the number of structures affected by residue. Inter- and intrarater reliabilities were assessed by calculation of intraclass correlation coefficients (ICCs) for expert and nonexpert observers. Sensitivity, specificity, and interrater agreement were analyzed for different BRS levels.Results. Intrarater reproducibility was almost perfect for experts (mean ICC 0.972) and ranged from substantial to almost perfect for nonexperts (mean ICC 0.835). Interjudge agreement of the experts ranged from substantial to almost perfect (mean ICC 0.780), but interrater reliability of nonexperts ranged from substantial to good (mean 0.719). BRS shows for experts a high specificity and sensitivity and for nonexperts a low sensitivity and high specificity.Conclusions. The BRS is a simple, easy-to-carry-out, and accessible rating scale to locate pharyngeal retention on videofluoroscopic images with a good specificity and reproducibility for observers of different expertise levels.

Development and assessment of the inter-rater and intra-rater reproducibility of a self-administration version of the ALSFRS-R

2019 ◽  
Vol 91 (1) ◽  
pp. 75-81 ◽  
Author(s):  
Leonhard A Bakker ◽  
Carin D Schröder ◽  
Harold H G Tan ◽  
Simone M A G Vugts ◽  
Ruben P A van Eijk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Rating Scale ◽  
Clinical Care ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
The Self ◽  
Coefficient Alpha ◽  
Rater Agreement ◽  
Self Administration ◽  
Limits Of Agreement ◽  
Rater Reliability

ObjectiveThe Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis Functional Rating Scale-Revised (ALSFRS-R) is widely applied to assess disease severity and progression in patients with motor neuron disease (MND). The objective of the study is to assess the inter-rater and intra-rater reproducibility, i.e., the inter-rater and intra-rater reliability and agreement, of a self-administration version of the ALSFRS-R for use in apps, online platforms, clinical care and trials.MethodsThe self-administration version of the ALSFRS-R was developed based on both patient and expert feedback. To assess the inter-rater reproducibility, 59 patients with MND filled out the ALSFRS-R online and were subsequently assessed on the ALSFRS-R by three raters. To assess the intra-rater reproducibility, patients were invited on two occasions to complete the ALSFRS-R online. Reliability was assessed with intraclass correlation coefficients, agreement was assessed with Bland-Altman plots and paired samples t-tests, and internal consistency was examined with Cronbach’s coefficient alpha.ResultsThe self-administration version of the ALSFRS-R demonstrated excellent inter-rater and intra-rater reliability. The assessment of inter-rater agreement demonstrated small systematic differences between patients and raters and acceptable limits of agreement. The assessment of intra-rater agreement demonstrated no systematic changes between time points; limits of agreement were 4.3 points for the total score and ranged from 1.6 to 2.4 points for the domain scores. Coefficient alpha values were acceptable.DiscussionThe self-administration version of the ALSFRS-R demonstrates high reproducibility and can be used in apps and online portals for both individual comparisons, facilitating the management of clinical care and group comparisons in clinical trials.

Multilevel Exploratory Factor Analysis of the Feeling Word Checklist–24

Assessment ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 24 (7) ◽  
pp. 907-918 ◽  
Author(s):  
Karin Lindqvist ◽  
Fredrik Falkenström ◽  
Rolf Sandell ◽  
Rolf Holmqvist ◽  
Annika Ekeblad ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Therapeutic Relationship ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Emotional Reactions ◽  
Intraclass Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Therapeutic Interaction ◽  
Random Intercept ◽  
Different Levels

Emotional reactions are a vital part of the therapeutic relationship. The Feeling Word Checklist–24 (FWC-24) is an instrument asking the clinician (or the patient) to report to what degree he or she has experienced various feelings during a therapeutic interaction. The aim of this study was to assess the factor structure of the clinician-rated FWC-24 when taking dependencies in the data into account. The sample was deliberately heterogeneous and consisted of 4,443 ratings made by 101 psychotherapists working with different psychotherapy methods in relation to 191 patients of different ages, genders, and with different primary diagnoses. A random intercept-only model revealed large intraclass correlation coefficients at the therapist level, indicating that a multilevel analysis was warranted. A two-level exploratory factor analysis with therapists as the between level and patients plus sessions as the within level was conducted. The items from FWC-24 were found to be best represented by four factors on the between level and four factors on the within level. The factor structures were largely similar on the two levels and were labeled Engaged, Inadequate, Relaxed, and Moved. The different factors explained different amounts of variance on different levels, indicating that some factors are more therapist dependent and some more patient dependent.

scholarly journals The Brazilian version of the Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C): reliability and validity in dementia

2013 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 1503-1511 ◽  
Author(s):  
Florindo Stella ◽  
Orestes Vicente Forlenza ◽  
Jerson Laks ◽  
Larissa Pires de Andrade ◽  
Michelle A. Ljubetic Avendaño ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Concurrent Validity ◽  
Convergent Validity ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Symptoms ◽  
Intraclass Correlation ◽  
Reliability And Validity ◽  
Correlation Coefficients ◽  
Neuropsychiatric Inventory ◽  
Rater Reliability ◽  
Clinician Rating

ABSTRACTBackground:Patients with dementia may be unable to describe their symptoms, and caregivers frequently suffer emotional burden that can interfere with judgment of the patient's behavior. The Neuropsychiatric Inventory-Clinician rating scale (NPI-C) was therefore developed as a comprehensive and versatile instrument to assess and accurately measure neuropsychiatric symptoms (NPS) in dementia, thereby using information from caregiver and patient interviews, and any other relevant available data. The present study is a follow-up to the original, cross-national NPI-C validation, evaluating the reliability and concurrent validity of the NPI-C in quantifying psychopathological symptoms in dementia in a large Brazilian cohort.Methods:Two blinded raters evaluated 312 participants (156 patient-knowledgeable informant dyads) using the NPI-C for a total of 624 observations in five Brazilian centers. Inter-rater reliability was determined through intraclass correlation coefficients for the NPI-C domains and the traditional NPI. Convergent validity included correlations of specific domains of the NPI-C with the Brief Psychiatric Rating Scale (BPRS), the Cohen-Mansfield Agitation Index (CMAI), the Cornell Scale for Depression in Dementia (CSDD), and the Apathy Inventory (AI).Results:Inter-rater reliability was strong for all NPI-C domains. There were high correlations between NPI-C/delusions and BPRS, NPI-C/apathy-indifference with the AI, NPI-C/depression-dysphoria with the CSDD, NPI-C/agitation with the CMAI, and NPI-C/aggression with the CMAI. There was moderate correlation between the NPI-C/aberrant vocalizations and CMAI and the NPI-C/hallucinations with the BPRS.Conclusion:The NPI-C is a comprehensive tool that provides accurate measurement of NPS in dementia with high concurrent validity and inter-rater reliability in the Brazilian setting. In addition to universal assessment, the NPI-C can be completed by individual domains.

Exploratory Factor Analysis of the French Version of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C)

2017 ◽  
Vol 76 (3) ◽  
pp. 125-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Martine Bouvard ◽  
Jean-Luc Roulin
Keyword(s):  
Factor Analysis ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analysis ◽  
Factor Structure ◽  
Big Five ◽  
Goodness Of Fit ◽  
Internal Validity ◽  
Factor Analyses ◽  
Confirmatory Factor Analyses ◽  
French Version ◽  
Exploratory Factor Analyses

Abstract. This article examines the internal validity of the French version of the Big Five Questionnaire for Children (BFQ-C). We first performed confirmatory factor analyses (CFA) to determine the fit of the factor structure identified in previous research on the BFQ-C and then used exploratory factor analyses. A sample of 399 children (192 boys and 207 girls) recruited from elementary schools completed the BFQ-C in their classrooms. Participants were 8 to 12 years old with a mean age of 9.58 years (SD = 0.98). The results indicated poor goodness-of-fit statistics for the CFA solution. Exploratory factor analysis improved the model fit markedly over conventional CFA. The factor structure of the French version of the BFQ-C suggested reasonable fit for the five intercorrelated factors corresponding to the Big Five with the exploratory factor analyses, even if the fifth factor appeared to be more problematic than the other 4 factors.

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