The Intersection between Criminal Accusations, Victimization, and Mental Disorders: A Canadian Population-Based Study

Objective: Understand the relationship between criminal accusations, victimization, and mental disorders at a population level using administrative data from Manitoba, Canada. Method: Residents aged 18 to 64 between April 1, 2007, and March 31, 2012 ( N = 793,024) with hospital- and physician-diagnosed mental disorders were compared to those without. Overall and per-person rates of criminal accusations and reported victimization in the 2011/2012 fiscal year were examined. Relative risks were calculated, adjusting for age, sex, income, and presence of a substance use disorder. The overlap between diagnosed mental disorders, accusations, and victimization with a χ2 test of independence was studied. Results: Twenty-four percent ( n = 188,693) of the population had a mental disorder over the 5-year time frame. Four to fifteen percent of those with a mental disorder had a criminal accusation, compared to 2.4% of the referent group. Individuals with mental disorders, especially psychotic or personality disorders, were often living in low-income, urban neighborhoods. The adjusted relative risk of accusations and victimization remained 2 to 5 times higher in those with mental disorders compared to the referent group. Criminal accusations and victimization were most prevalent among individuals with a history of attempted suicide (15.2% had an accusation and 8.1% were victims). The risk of victimization in the same year as a criminal accusation was significantly increased among those with mental disorders compared to those without (χ2 = 211.8, P < 0.001). Conclusions: Individuals with mental disorders are at elevated risk of both criminal involvement and victimization. The identification of these multiply-stigmatized individuals may lead to better intervention and support.

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Risk factors for common mental disorders in women

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.bp.106.022558 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 189 (6) ◽

pp. 547-555 ◽

Cited By ~ 94

Author(s):

Vikram Patel ◽

Betty R. Kirkwood ◽

Sulochana Pednekar ◽

Helen Weiss ◽

David Mabey

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Low Income ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Psychological Symptom ◽

Population Based ◽

Physical Illness ◽

Chronic Physical Illness ◽

Incident Cases

BackgroundThe determinants of common mental disorders in women have not been described in longitudinal studies from a low-income country.MethodPopulation-based cohort study of 2494 women aged 18 to 50 years, in India. The Revised Clinical Interview Schedule was used for the detection of common mental disorders.ResultsThere were 39 incident cases of common mental disorder in 2166 participants eligible for analysis (12-month rate 1.8%, 95% CI 1.3–2.4%). The following baseline factors were independently associated with the risk for common mental disorder: poverty (low income and having difficulty making ends meet); being married as compared with being single; use of tobacco; experiencing abnormal vaginal discharge; reporting a chronic physical illness; and having higher psychological symptom scores at baseline.ConclusionsProgrammes to reduce the burden of common mental disorder in women should target poorer women, women with chronic physical illness and who have gynaecological symptoms, and women who use tobacco.

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Temporal order of cancers and mental disorders in an adult population

BJPsych Open ◽

10.1192/bjo.2018.5 ◽

2018 ◽

Vol 4 (3) ◽

pp. 95-105 ◽

Cited By ~ 2

Author(s):

David Cawthorpe ◽

Marc Kerba ◽

Aru Narendran ◽

Harleen Ghuttora ◽

Gabrielle Chartier ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Illness ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Temporal Order ◽

Adult Population ◽

Full Range ◽

Population Level ◽

Population Based ◽

Disease Mechanism ◽

Physician Billing

BackgroundPopulation-based examination of comorbidity is an emerging field of study.AimsThe purpose of the present population level study is to expand our understanding of how cancer and mental illness are temporally associated.MethodA sample of 83 648 056 physician billing records for 664 838 (56% female) unique individuals over the age of 18 was stratified on ages 19–49 years and 50+ years, with temporal order of mental disorder and cancer forming the basis of comparison.ResultsMental disorders preceded cancers for both genders within each age strata. The full range of cancers and mental disorders preceding or following each pivot ICD class are described in terms of frequency of diagnosis and duration in days, with specific examples illustrated.ConclusionsThe temporal comorbidity between specific cancers and mental disorders may be useful in screening or clinical planning and may represent indicators of disease mechanism that warrant further screening or investigation.Declaration of interestNone.

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Overtime working patterns and adverse events in work-related suicide cases: hierarchical cluster analysis of national compensation data in Japan (fiscal year 2015–2016)

International Archives of Occupational and Environmental Health ◽

10.1007/s00420-021-01760-5 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Yuki Nishimura ◽

Takashi Yamauchi ◽

Takeshi Sasaki ◽

Toru Yoshikawa ◽

Masaya Takahashi

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Adverse Events ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Working Hours ◽

Hierarchical Cluster ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Long Working Hours ◽

Interpersonal Conflicts ◽

Work Related

Abstract Background Although various work-related adverse events affect workers’ mental health, the association between long working hours and mental disorders remains unclear. We investigated the characteristics of overtime work and work-related adverse events among all cases of compensated work-related suicide in Japan to empirically reveal the context of the serious consequences. Methods We analysed all 167 cases of mental disorders resulting in suicide that were compensated in fiscal year 2015–2016. Hierarchical clustering was applied to the overtime working history. Work-related adverse events were also evaluated as the qualitative aspects of their jobs. Results More than half of the cases committed suicide within a month of developing a mental disorder. The Administrative and professional or engineering workers had a higher suicide rate. The clustering analysis revealed chronic long working hours (19%), gradual increase (27%), or rapid increase (25%) in working hours before the onset of a mental disorder. A group of cases with less overwork experienced more interpersonal conflicts. Conclusion This is the first study to employ a clustering technique to objectively reveal the actual working patterns behind suicide. The patterns of working overtime before the onset of mental disorders varied considerably among the cases. Taking the transition of working overtime into account may provide clearer insight into the relationship between long working hours and workers’ mental health. These results highlight the need for countermeasures especially for causes of chronic overworking, drastic increases in working hours, and interpersonal conflicts to prevent work-related suicide.

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Parental income as a marker for socioeconomic position during childhood and later risk of developing a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder examined across the full diagnostic spectrum: a national cohort study

BMC Medicine ◽

10.1186/s12916-020-01794-5 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Christian Hakulinen ◽

Pearl L. H. Mok ◽

Henriette Thisted Horsdal ◽

Carsten B. Pedersen ◽

Preben B. Mortensen ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Eating Disorders ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Low Income ◽

Secondary Care ◽

Income Quintile ◽

Socioeconomic Mobility ◽

Parental Income ◽

National Cohort ◽

Subsequent Risk

Abstract Background Links between parental socioeconomic position during childhood and subsequent risks of developing mental disorders have rarely been examined across the diagnostic spectrum. We conducted a comprehensive analysis of parental income level, including income mobility, during childhood and risks for developing mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care in young adulthood. Methods National cohort study of persons born in Denmark 1980–2000 (N = 1,051,265). Parental income was measured during birth year and at ages 5, 10 and 15. Follow-up began from 15th birthday until mental disorder diagnosis or 31 December 2016, whichever occurred first. Hazard ratios and cumulative incidence were estimated. Results A quarter (25.2%; 95% CI 24.8–25.6%) of children born in the lowest income quintile families will have a secondary care-diagnosed mental disorder by age 37, versus 13.5% (13.2–13.9%) of those born in the highest income quintile. Longer time spent living in low-income families was associated with higher risks of developing mental disorders. Associations were strongest for substance misuse and personality disorders and weaker for mood disorders and anxiety/somatoform disorders. An exception was eating disorders, with low parental income being associated with attenuated risk. For all diagnostic categories examined except for eating disorders, downward socioeconomic mobility was linked with higher subsequent risk and upward socioeconomic mobility with lower subsequent risk of developing mental disorders. Conclusions Except for eating disorders, low parental income during childhood is associated with subsequent increased risk of mental disorders diagnosed in secondary care across the diagnostic spectrum. Early interventions to mitigate the disadvantages linked with low income, and better opportunities for upward socioeconomic mobility could reduce social and mental health inequalities.

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Perceived burden of care and reported coping strategies and needs for family caregivers of people with mental disorders in Zimbabwe

African Journal of Disability ◽

10.4102/ajod.v5i1.209 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 5 (1) ◽

Cited By ~ 7

Author(s):

Bazondlile D. Marimbe ◽

Frances Cowan ◽

Lazarus Kajawu ◽

Florence Muchirahondo ◽

Crick Lund

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Coping Strategies ◽

Low Income ◽

Health Care Professionals ◽

Financial Burden ◽

Bipolar Affective Disorder ◽

Family Members ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Care Giving

Background: Mental health service resources are inadequate in low-income countries, and families are frequently expected to provide care for their relative with a mental disorder. However, research on the consequences of care giving has been limited in low-income countries, including Zimbabwe.Objective: The study explored the perceived impact of mental illness, reported coping strategies and reported needs of family members of persons diagnosed with bipolar affective disorder or schizophrenia attending a psychiatric hospital in Harare, Zimbabwe.Methods: A purposive sample of 31 family members participated in in-depth interviews and focus group discussions using standardized study guides. Participants were also screened for Common Mental Disorders (CMD) using the 14-item Shona Symptom questionnaire (SSQ). Qualitative data were analyzed thematically. Statistical Package for Social Sciences (SPSS version 16) was used for quantitative data analysis.Results: Caregivers experienced physical, psychological, emotional, social and financial burden associated with care giving. They used both emotion-focused and problem-focused coping strategies depending on the ill family members’ behaviours. Seeking spiritual assistance emerged as their most common way of coping. Twenty one (68%) of the caregivers were at risk of CMD and were referred to a psychiatrist for further management. Caregivers required support from health care professionals to help them cope better.Conclusion: Caregivers carry a substantial and frequently unrecognized burden of caring for a family member with mental disorder. Better support is needed from health professionals and social services to help them cope better. Further research is required to quantitatively measure caregiver burden and evaluate potential interventions in Zimbabwe.

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Poverty, psychological disorder and disability in primary care attenders in Goa, India

The British Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.1192/bjp.172.6.533 ◽

1998 ◽

Vol 172 (6) ◽

pp. 533-536 ◽

Cited By ~ 73

Author(s):

Vikram Patel ◽

Jerson Pereira ◽

Livia Countinho ◽

Romaldina Fernandes ◽

John Fernandes ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Low Income ◽

Common Mental Disorders ◽

Common Mental Disorder ◽

Female Gender ◽

Psychological Disorder ◽

Low Income Countries ◽

Health Clinic ◽

Primary Health

BackgroundThis study examined the association of common mental disorders in primary health clinic attenders with indicators of poverty and disability in Goa, India.MethodAdult attenders (n=303) in two primary health clinics were recruited.ResultsThere were 141 (46.5%) cases of common mental disorder. The following were associated with common mental disorder: female gender; inability to buy food due to lack of money; and being in debt. Cases scored significantly higher on all measures of disability. Primary health clinic staff recognised a third of the morbidity but used multiple oral drugs, injectable vitamins and benzodiazepines to treat common mental disorders.ConclusionsPoverty is closely associated with common mental disorder which in turn is associated with deprivation and despair. Primary mental health care priorities in low-income countries need to shift from psychotic disorders which often need specialist care to common mental disorders. Health policy and development agencies need to acknowledge the intimate association of female gender and poverty with these disorders.

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Sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders in Brazil: associations in a population-based study

Cadernos de Saúde Pública ◽

10.1590/s0102-311x2012001000005 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 28 (10) ◽

pp. 1854-1866 ◽

Cited By ~ 14

Author(s):

Anadergh Barbosa-Branco ◽

Ute Bültmann ◽

Ivan Steenstra

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Working Conditions ◽

Economic Activity ◽

Work Disability ◽

Population Based ◽

Sickness Benefit ◽

Population Based Study ◽

Work Related ◽

Over 40 Years

This study aims to determine the prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorders and their association with economic activity, sex, age, work-relatedness and income replacement using a population-based study of sickness benefit claims (> 15 days) due to mental disorders in Brazil carried out in 2008. The prevalence of mental disorders was 45.1 claims per 10,000 workers. Prevalence and duration of sickness benefit claims due to mental disorder were higher and longer in workers aged over 40 years. Prevalence of claims was 73% higher in women but duration of sickness benefit claims was longer in men. Prevalence rates for claims differed widely according to economic activity, with sewage, residential care and programming and broadcasting activities showing the highest rates. Claims were deemed to be work-related in 8.5% of cases with mental disorder showing low work-relatedness in Brazil. A wide variation of prevalence and duration between age, economic activity and work-relatedness was observed, suggesting that working conditions are a more important factor in mental disorder work disability than previously assumed.

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Comorbid mental disorders among clients in addiction treatment: The costs of care

The International Journal of Alcohol and Drug Research ◽

10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.183 ◽

2014 ◽

Vol 3 (4) ◽

pp. 297-304

Author(s):

Karen Urbanoski ◽

Jürgen Rehm ◽

Shannon Lange ◽

Svetlana Popova

Keyword(s):

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Residential Care ◽

Addiction Treatment ◽

Secondary Data ◽

System Level ◽

Fiscal Year ◽

Costs Of Care ◽

Treatment Information ◽

Comorbid Mental Disorders

Urbanoski, K., Rehm, J., Lange, S., & Popova, S. (2014). Comorbid mental disorders among clients in addiction treatment: The costs of care. The International Journal Of Alcohol And Drug Research, 3(4), 297-304. doi:http://dx.doi.org/10.7895/ijadr.v3i4.183Aims: To compare the volume and costs of services for clients with and without comorbid mental disorders in an addiction treatment system.Design: Secondary data analysis.Setting: Administrative data for the fiscal year 2010–2011 were abstracted from the Drug and Alcohol Treatment Information System (DATIS).Participants: Data represents all clients entering publicly funded services in Ontario in the fiscal year 2010–2011 (N = 41,953).Measures: Service costs were calculated using recent estimates of the cost per outpatient visit and day of residential care. Average numbers of visits/days per client, with and without mental disorders, were compared across gender and age subgroups.Findings: Overall, 22% of clients treated in 2010–2011 reported a past-year mental disorder. The costs of services for these clients were estimated to be between $18.5 and $40.3 million (in Canadian dollars), or 20% of the total service costs for the year. The largest difference in average volume of care was seen for residential treatment, where having a mental disorder was associated with seven fewer days of care. On average, during the period studied, among those without mental disorders, men spent 20 more days in residential care than did women.Conclusions: At the system-level in Ontario, clients with mental disorders did not account for a disproportionate amount of the total costs of care during the year. While these findings may signal a mismatch between the needs of clients with co-occurring disorders and their use of services, it is also possible that such clients receive additional care in other treatment sectors. Further study is warranted to explore potential unmet needs among clients with co-occurring disorders in addiction treatment.

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The cost of mental disorders: a systematic review

Epidemiology and Psychiatric Sciences ◽

10.1017/s204579602000075x ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 29 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

M. K. Christensen ◽

C. C. W. Lim ◽

S. Saha ◽

O. Plana-Ripoll ◽

D. Cannon ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Mental Disorders ◽

Mental Disorder ◽

Population Based ◽

Comprehensive Overview ◽

Middle Income ◽

Middle Income Countries ◽

Literature Searches ◽

The Cost ◽

Key Terms

Abstract Aims To identify and synthesise the literature on the cost of mental disorders. Methods Systematic literature searches were conducted in the databases PubMed, EMBASE, Web of Science, EconLit, NHS York Database and PsychInfo using key terms for cost and mental disorders. Searches were restricted to January 1980–May 2019. The inclusion criteria were: (1) cost-of-illness studies or cost-analyses; (2) diagnosis of at least one mental disorder; (3) study population based on the general population; (4) outcome in monetary units. The systematic review was preregistered on PROSPERO (ID: CRD42019127783). Results In total, 13 579 potential titles and abstracts were screened and 439 full-text articles were evaluated by two independent reviewers. Of these, 112 articles were included from the systematic searches and 31 additional articles from snowball searching, resulting in 143 included articles. Data were available from 48 countries and categorised according to nine mental disorder groups. The quality of the studies varied widely and there was a lack of studies from low- and middle-income countries and for certain types of mental disorders (e.g. intellectual disabilities and eating disorders). Our study showed that certain groups of mental disorders are more costly than others and that these rankings are relatively stable between countries. An interactive data visualisation site can be found here: https://nbepi.com/econ. Conclusions This is the first study to provide a comprehensive overview of the cost of mental disorders worldwide.

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Incidence and Risks of Subarachnoid Hemorrhage in China

Stroke ◽

10.1161/strokeaha.113.002599 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 44 (10) ◽

pp. 2891-2893 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Jingfen Zhang ◽

Guorong Liu ◽

Hisatomi Arima ◽

Yuechun Li ◽

Guojuan Cheng ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Subarachnoid Hemorrhage ◽

Relative Risk ◽

Low Income ◽

Population Attributable Risk ◽

Population Based ◽

Adjusted Relative Risk ◽

Multiple Variable ◽

Matched Case ◽

Population Attributable Risks ◽

Control Study

Background and Purpose— To determine incidence and risks of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China. Methods— A prospective, population-based, 1:2 matched case–control study in Baotou, Inner Mongolia (≈2 million population) in 2009–2011. Multiple variable models used to determine relative risk and population-attributable risks for exposures. Results— For a total of 226 patients (mean age, 59 years; 65% women; 434 controls), crude annual incidence (per 100 000) of subarachnoid hemorrhage was 6.2 (95% confidence intervals, 5.4–7.0); 4.3 (3.3–5.2) for men and 8.2 (6.9–9.6) for women. Compared with nonsmokers, adjusted relative risk of subarachnoid hemorrhage in current smokers was 2.31 (95% confidence interval, 1.31–4.09) but was 4.00 (1.62–9.89) in women. Population-attributable risk for smoking, hypertension, and low income were 18%, 36% and 59%, respectively. Conclusions— The incidence of subarachnoid hemorrhage in China is slightly lower than in Western countries and is related to smoking, hypertension, and poor socioeconomic status.

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