Identity and Power Use in Exchange Networks

2016 ◽  
Vol 60 (3) ◽  
pp. 510-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
Scott V. Savage ◽  
Jan E. Stets ◽  
Peter J. Burke ◽  
Zachary L. Sommer
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
High Power ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Reflected Appraisals ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Manipulated Feedback

We introduce a theoretical argument about how the fairness identity influences exchange behaviors in negotiated exchange networks. To test this argument, we use data from a laboratory experiment. Results demonstrate that by providing manipulated feedback that is inconsistent with the fairness identity standard ( actual appraisals), inequality changes in the direction that counteracts the feedback. In addition, when high power actors think their high power exchange partners view them as either more or less fair than how they see themselves ( reflected appraisals), inequality again changes in the direction that counteracts the nonverifying feedback. We discuss how considering both identity and exchange processes yields new insights into exploitative behavior in exchange.

How Social Influence Processes Generate Cohesion in Task Groups

2021 ◽  
pp. 019027252110398
Author(s):  
Scott V. Savage ◽  
David Melamed
Keyword(s):  
Social Influence ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Group Structure ◽  
The Other ◽  
Theoretical Argument ◽  
Social Categories ◽  
Task Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Over Time

We introduce a theoretical argument linking group structure to an individual’s cohesion in collectively oriented task groups. We posit that status, the distribution of opinions, and social categories indirectly shape perceptions of cohesion by making individuals working on an uncertain task more or less susceptible to the opinions of others. Specifically, these factors influence how likely one is to succumb to the opinions of others, which in turn influences one’s likelihood of viewing one’s actions as valid or consonant with the expectations of the other members of the group. As this process repeats over time, it accumulates to affect individuals’ expressions of cohesion with group members. Results from a laboratory experiment corroborate this process.

Resource Variation and the Development of Cohesion in Exchange Networks

2009 ◽  
Vol 74 (4) ◽  
pp. 551-572 ◽  
Author(s):  
David R. Schaefer
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Causal Model ◽  
Exchange Process ◽  
Structural Factors ◽  
Structural Power ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Material Goods ◽  
Resource Characteristics ◽  
Resource Variation

Social exchange theories have identified social structural factors and interaction processes that build cohesion through the everyday exchange of valued resources. However, the types of resources considered in previous research do not reflect the properties of many commonly exchanged resources, namely information, social support, and material goods. In this article, I identify two resource dimensions that underlie and affect exchange: (1) duplicability, that is, whether a resource's provider retains control of the resource after exchange and (2) transferability, that is, whether a resource's recipient can exchange the resource in another relation. I present a causal model to explain how these dimensions affect cohesion through the mediating effects of structural power, exchange frequency, and uncertainty. Notably, resource variation alters the source of structural power, making it necessary to specify when different power mechanisms will operate and their disparate effects on the other mediating factors. A laboratory experiment provides support for the causal model. Resource characteristics fundamentally shape both the exchange process and the outcomes actors experience.

Low-loss bidirectional buck-boost DC-DC converter

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
O.V. Nepomnyashchiy ◽  
I.E. Sazonov ◽  
A.P. Yablonskiy ◽  
V.N. Khaidukova
Keyword(s):  
Negative Impact ◽  
Parasitic Capacitance ◽  
Maximum Efficiency ◽  
Technical Solution ◽  
Reactive Elements ◽  
Power Semiconductor ◽  
Power Exchange ◽  
Zero Current ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Pulse Converter

For DC energy systems there is reversible buck/boost pulse converter (RPC) in the classic converter circuit. The maximum efficiency of the RPC without additional mechanisms to reduce the dynamic energy losses in the power semiconductor keys (PSK) during their commutation is about 92%. Improved efficiency is achieved by providing «soft switching» of the transistors RPC, i.e. in zero current/voltage switching. These methods require the introduction of supporting links in the RPC, which have a negative impact on the performance of reversible buck/boost pulse converter. Due to the increase in the number of components, this leads to degradation of mass-size characteristics of the product and decrease in its reliability. New RPC transistors control algorithm RPC provides an opportunity to use transistors at zero voltage without additional elements. Because of the relative novelty of this technical solution, the energy exchange processes in the reactive elements of power semiconductor devices (PSD) are poorly studied. By reason of insufficient studying of power exchange processes in reactive elements of converter, it seems important to study these processes and use the received results for recommendations about reversible buck/boost pulse converter designing. As a result of research it was found out that the recuperation of energy stored in parasitic capacitance of drain-source transistors acting as PSD. At designing of RPC the account of the revealed phenomenon of energy, recovery will allow additionally to raise its efficiency at the expense of decrease in losses of energy on PSK in shutdown state. For this purpose, it is necessary to use transistors with high value of parasitic capacitance of drain-source or include additional capacitors in parallel with PSK.

scholarly journals Historical Property Rights, Sociality, and the Emergence of Impersonal Exchange in Long-Distance Trade

2008 ◽  
Vol 98 (3) ◽  
pp. 1009-1039 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erik O Kimbrough ◽  
Vernon L Smith ◽  
Bart J Wilson
Keyword(s):  
Property Rights ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Exchange Economy ◽  
Past Experience ◽  
Long Distance ◽  
Exchange Networks ◽  
Commodity Production ◽  
History Of ◽  
Social Arrangements ◽  
Evolution Of Specialization

This laboratory experiment explores the extent to which impersonal exchange emerges from personal exchange with opportunities for long-distance trade. We design a three-commodity production and exchange economy in which agents in three geographically separated villages must develop multilateral exchange networks to import a good only available abroad. For treatments, we induce two distinct institutional histories to investigate how past experience with property rights affects the evolution of specialization and exchange. We find that a history of unenforced property rights hinders our subjects' ability to develop the requisite personal social arrangements to support specialization and effectively exploit impersonal long-distance trade. (JEL C90, D23, D51, P14)

Third-Party Characteristics and Intergroup Conflict Resolution

1980 ◽  
Vol 47 (2) ◽  
pp. 447-451 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Breaugh ◽  
Richard J. Klimoski ◽  
Mitchell B. Shapiro
Keyword(s):  
Conflict Resolution ◽  
Low Power ◽  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
High Power ◽  
Third Parties ◽  
Third Party ◽  
Intergroup Conflict ◽  
The Third ◽  
Main Effect ◽  
Party Characteristics

This laboratory experiment examined the differing effects of anticipating a mediator versus an arbitrator upon the negotiating behavior of group spokesmen who represented actual constituencies. In addition, the reputation (attractiveness) of the third party was also manipulated. It was hypothesized, based upon previous research, that representatives facing high-power third parties (arbitrators) would have more difficulty in negotiations. This, in fact, was found. Representatives facing a third party with arbitration power took more time to reach an agreement, used more bargaining dyads and had more deadlocks than did representatives who faced a low-power third party. Contrary to expectations, no main effect was found for third-party reputation. In concluding, the importance of replicating this study's findings was emphasized.

Leader Self-Concept and Self-Interested Behavior

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 40-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Barbara Wisse ◽  
Diana Rus
Keyword(s):  
Laboratory Experiment ◽  
Ethical Leadership ◽  
High Power ◽  
Research Interest ◽  
Self Concept ◽  
Organizational Leaders ◽  
Ethical Violations ◽  
Organizational Survey ◽  
Self Construal ◽  
Internal States

An abundance of ethical violations on the part of organizational leaders prompted the debate about the need for ethical leadership. Moreover, it spawned research interest in understanding the conditions that may prompt some leaders to pursue their own interests at the expense of their group, whereas others do not. This study explored whether the interplay between leader self-construal and leader power may explain this phenomenon. Across one laboratory experiment and one organizational survey, we showed that leader power interacted with leader self-construal in predicting leader self-serving behavior. Overall, our studies suggest that leader self-construal substantially shapes leader internal states and goals, and that the effects hereof on self-interested behavior are strengthened under conditions of high power.

Dynamic Modeling and Wear-Based Remaining Useful Life Prediction of High Power Clutch Systems

2005 ◽  
Vol 48 (2) ◽  
pp. 208-217 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthew Watson ◽  
Carl Byington ◽  
Douglas Edwards ◽  
Sanket Amin
Keyword(s):  
Dynamic Modeling ◽  
High Power ◽  
Life Prediction ◽  
Remaining Useful Life ◽  
Useful Life

Social exchange processes, health behaviour, and health behaviour change

2008 ◽  
Vol 16 (3) ◽  
pp. 131-134
Author(s):  
Urte Scholz ◽  
Rainer Hornung
Keyword(s):  
Social Exchange ◽  
Health Behaviour ◽  
Psychological Research ◽  
Smoking Behaviour ◽  
Self Report ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Main Research ◽  
Research Areas ◽  
Exchange Processes ◽  
Multi Method Approach

Abstract. The main research areas of the Social and Health Psychology group at the Department of Psychology at the University of Zurich, Switzerland, are introduced. Exemplarily, three currently ongoing projects are described. The project ”Dyadic exchange processes in couples facing dementia” examines social exchanges in couples with the husband suffering from dementia and is based on Equity Theory. This project applies a multi-method approach by combining self-report with observational data. The ”Swiss Tobacco Monitoring System” (TMS) is a representative survey on smoking behaviour in Switzerland. Besides its survey character, the Swiss TMS also allows for testing psychological research questions on smoking with a representative sample. The project, ”Theory-based planning interventions for changing nutrition behaviour in overweight individuals”, elaborates on the concept of planning. More specifically, it is tested whether there is a critical amount of repetitions of a planning intervention (e.g., three or nine times) in order to ensure long-term effects.

Less Power, Greater Conflict

2018 ◽  
Vol 49 (1) ◽  
pp. 47-62 ◽  
Author(s):  
Petra C. Schmid
Keyword(s):  
Low Power ◽  
High Power ◽  
Goal Pursuit ◽  
Goal Conflict ◽  
Personal Goals ◽  
Multiple Goals ◽  
Objective Performance ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Way

Abstract. Power facilitates goal pursuit, but how does power affect the way people respond to conflict between their multiple goals? Our results showed that higher trait power was associated with reduced experience of conflict in scenarios describing multiple goals (Study 1) and between personal goals (Study 2). Moreover, manipulated low power increased individuals’ experience of goal conflict relative to high power and a control condition (Studies 3 and 4), with the consequence that they planned to invest less into the pursuit of their goals in the future. With its focus on multiple goals and individuals’ experiences during goal pursuit rather than objective performance, the present research uses new angles to examine power effects on goal pursuit.

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