Identification of management strategies and generation factors for spent lead acid battery recovery plant wastes in Turkey

2018 ◽  
Vol 37 (3) ◽  
pp. 199-209 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sarp Çelebi ◽  
Ülkü Yetiş ◽  
Kahraman Ünlü
Keyword(s):  
Middle Eastern ◽  
Management Strategies ◽  
Stable State ◽  
Recovery Process ◽  
Wash Water ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Effective Manner ◽  
Hazardous Waste Landfills ◽  
Lead Acid

The recovery of spent or waste lead acid batteries is important both for the management of lead input to the environment and to meet the lead demand of the market in a more energy and cost effective manner than primary production. As an important producer of lead acid batteries for the Middle Eastern and Eastern European market, Turkey seems to meet 22%–52% of its total lead demand by waste lead acid battery recovery. In this study, the wastes from Turkish waste lead acid battery recovery plants are identified and management strategies that are both technically sufficient and economically feasible for each of these wastes are complied. Furthermore, ranges of the amount of each waste generated per mass of final lead produced in these plants are estimated. Some of the most significantly generated wastes are lead containing dusts, wash water treatment sludges and slags from smelting furnaces with generation rates between 5–250, 1–150 and 5–100 kg t−1 of product lead, respectively. Many of these can be fed back to the recovery process inside the plants except a subset of slags that are called ‘final slag’ and have low (5%–6%) lead content. Final slags can either be recovered for the production of cement, road-filling materials or abrasives proven that they are in a non-leachable, stable state or should be stored at hazardous waste landfills. For improved environmental performance, newly emerging techniques that eliminate the generation of such slags are also discussed and suggested.

Change in the Properties of a Lead-acid Battery Depending on the Cycling Speed and the Ambient Temperature

2021 ◽  
Vol 105 (1) ◽  
pp. 119-134
Author(s):  
Jana Zimáková ◽  
Petr Baca ◽  
Martin Langer ◽  
Tomáš Binar
Keyword(s):  
Ambient Temperature ◽  
High Temperatures ◽  
Room Temperature ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Ambient Temperatures ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Temperature Dependences ◽  
Cycling Speed ◽  
Lead Acid

This work deals with lead-acid batteries, their properties and individual types that are available on the market. The temperature dependences of the battery parameters at different ambient temperatures and at different discharging and charging modes are measured. 6 batteries are tested at different charging currents, which provides information about their behavior both during discharge and at the time of charging. During the experiments, testing is not only performed at room temperature, but the batteries are also exposed to high temperatures up to 75 °C.

Numerical and Experimental Study of Lead-Acid Battery

2016 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vicente D. Munoz-Carpio ◽  
Jerry Mason ◽  
Ismail Celik ◽  
Francisco Elizalde-Blancas ◽  
Alejandro Alatorre-Ordaz
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Renewable Energy Sources ◽  
Operating Conditions ◽  
Constant Current ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Physical Processes ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Secondary Battery ◽  
Industrial Storage ◽  
Lead Acid

Lead-Acid battery was the earliest secondary battery to be developed. It is the battery that is most widely used in applications ranging from automotive to industrial storage. Nowadays it is often used to store energy from renewable energy sources. There is a growing interest to continue using Lead-Acid batteries in the energy systems due to the recyclability and the manufacturing infrastructure which is already in place. Due to this rising interest, there is also a need to improve the efficiency and extend the life cycle of Lead-Acid batteries. To achieve these objectives, it is necessary to gain a better understanding of the physics taking place within individual batteries. A physics based computational model can be used to simulate the mechanisms of the battery accurately and describe all the processes that are happening inside; including the interactions between the battery elements, based upon the physical processes that the model takes into account. In the present paper, we present a discharge/charge experimental study that has been carried out with small Lead-Acid batteries (with a capacity of 7 Ah). The experiments were performed with a constant current rate of 0.1C [A]1 for two different battery arrangements. An in-house zero dimensional model was developed to perform simulations of Lead-Acid batteries under different operating conditions. A validation analysis of the model was executed to confirm the accuracy of the results obtained by the model compared to the aforementioned experiments. Additional simulations of the battery were carried out under different current rates and geometry modifications in order to study how the performance of the battery may change under these conditions.

scholarly journals Exploring the Additive Effects of Aluminium and Potassium Sulfates in Enhancing the Charge Cycle of Lead Acid Batteries

2021 ◽  
pp. 11-19
Author(s):  
Chijioke Elijah Onu ◽  
Nnabundo Nwabunwane Musei ◽  
Philomena Kanwulia Igbokwe
Keyword(s):  
Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Potassium Sulfate ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Acid Electrolyte ◽  
Mixed Electrolyte ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Aluminium Sulfate ◽  
Dilute Sulfuric Acid ◽  
Sulfuric Acid Electrolyte ◽  
Lead Acid

The adoption of aluminium sulfate and potassium sulfate as electrolyte additives were investigated to determine the possibility of enhancing the charge cycle of 2V/ 20AH lead acid battery with reference to the conventional dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte. The duration and efficiency of lead acid batteries have been a challenge for industries over time due to weak electrolyte and insufficient charge cycle leading to sulfation. This has affected the long-term production output in manufacturing companies that depend on lead acid batteries as alternative power source. Hence there is need to explore the use of specific sulfate additives that can possibly address this gap. The electrolyte solutions were in three separate charge and discharge cycles involving dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte, dilute sulfuric acid-aluminium sulfate mixed electrolyte and dilute sulfuric acid-potassium sulfate mixed electrolyte for one hour each. The total voltage after 30 minutes charge cycle was 2.3V, 2.35V and 5.10V for dilute sulfuric acid, aluminium sulfate additive and potassium sulfate additive respectively. The cell efficiency for dilute sulfuric acid, aluminium sulfate additive and potassium sulfate additive electrolytes are 77%, 77% and 33% respectively. The electrolyte sulfate additives were of no positive impact to the conventional dilute sulfuric acid electrolyte of a typical lead acid battery due to the low difference in potentials between the terminals.

scholarly journals Parameters observation of restoration capacity of industrial lead acid battery using high current pulses

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 1596
Author(s):  
N. S. M. Ibrahim ◽  
Asmarashid Ponniran ◽  
R. A. Rahman ◽  
M. P. Martin ◽  
A. Yassin ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Discharge Capacity ◽  
Electrical Equipment ◽  
High Current ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Selective Method ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Current Pulses ◽  
Evaluation Test ◽  
Capacity Performance ◽  
Lead Acid

Batteries play an essential role on most of the electrical equipment and electrical engineering tools. However, one of the drawbacks of lead acid batteries is PbSO<sub>4</sub> accumulates on the battery plates, which significantly cause deterioration. Therefore, this study discusses the discharge capacity performance evaluation of the industrial lead acid battery. The selective method to improve the discharge capacity is using high current pulses method. This method is performed to restore the capacity of lead acid batteries that use a maximum direct current (DC) of up to 500 A produces instantaneous heat from 27°C to 48°C to dissolve the PbSO<sub>4</sub> on the plates. This study uses an 840 Ah, 36 V flooded lead acid batteries for a forklift for the evaluation test. Besides, this paper explores the behavior of critical formation parameters, such as the discharge capacity of the cells. From the experimental results, it can be concluded that the discharge capacity of the flooded lead acid battery can be increase by using high current pulses method. The comparative findings for the overall percentage of discharge capacity of the batteries improved from 68% to 99% after the restoration capacity.

scholarly journals Quality Control of Lead-Acid Battery according to Its Condition Test for UPS Supplier and Manufacturers

2014 ◽  
Vol 2014 ◽  
pp. 1-10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tsung-Chih Hsiao ◽  
Tzer-Long Chen ◽  
Chia-Hui Liu ◽  
Chih-Ming Lee ◽  
Hsin-Chun Yu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Quality Control ◽  
Effective Management ◽  
Human Beings ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Effective Utilization ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Petroleum Resources ◽  
And Storage ◽  
Lead Acid

The risk of insufficient petroleum resources has forced human beings to emphasize the acquisition and storage of energy. To avoid such situation, this study tends to explore the effective management of lead-acid batteries for effective utilization conforming to the industrial requirements.

Balancing for Lead-Acid Batteries of Electric Motorcycles

2015 ◽  
Vol 764-765 ◽  
pp. 491-495 ◽  
Author(s):  
Van Tsai Liu ◽  
Jhih Rong Chen
Keyword(s):  
Energy Balance ◽  
Circuit Design ◽  
Battery Life ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Matching Problems ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
In Series ◽  
Battery Module ◽  
Early Damage ◽  
Lead Acid

For high-power applications such as electric motorcycles, batteries in series to provide the required voltage is fairly common. The 48V is 12V connected four cells in series for lead-acid batteries of electric motorcycles. After charging and discharging of lead-acid batteries several times, the voltages are often imbalance. Without proper protection, may cause an excessive discharge of lead-acid batteries for early damage. Therefore, lead-acid battery module requires a simple balance circuit to improve battery life in order to avoid over-voltage or under-voltage condition occurs. Energy balance circuit to improve lead-acid battery module matching problems, make the safety and cycle life of lead-acid batteries to improve. This research intends to complete balanced circuit design of lead-acid batteries.

Current Distribution on the Electrode in 3-D Networks Lead-Acid Batteries

2011 ◽  
Vol 347-353 ◽  
pp. 3493-3496 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xu Dong Liu ◽  
Xiao Guo Bi ◽  
Wei Niu
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Circuit ◽  
Current Distribution ◽  
Three Dimension ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Equivalent Circuit Method ◽  
Lead Acid

The current distribution on the grid and plate in lead-acid batteries was determined mathematically by using the equivalent circuit method. The grids used in lead-acid batteries are the general lead grids and the 3-D networks grids, respectively. The calculated current distribution on the grid and plate of three-dimension networks lead-acid battery is more uniform than that of general lead-acid battery. To make the current distribution nearly uniform, extended current tabs located between two plate electrodes were proposed, and a sandwich networks plate was formed.

scholarly journals Vacuum decomposition thermodynamics and experiments of recycled lead carbonate from waste lead acid battery

2019 ◽  
pp. 165-165
Author(s):  
Bo Yong ◽  
Yang Tian ◽  
Bin Yang ◽  
Bao-Qiang Xu ◽  
Da-Chun Liu ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Vacuum Furnace ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Carbonate ◽  
Metallic Lead ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Novel Technology ◽  
Reaction Free Energy ◽  
Carbonate Decomposition ◽  
Vacuum Decomposition ◽  
Lead Acid

Lead acid batteries have been widely used in different fields, so abundant waste lead acid battery was generated. Waste lead acid battery is regarded as a toxic material due to the metallic lead and the lead paste compounds. Once lead and its compounds enter the human body and the environment, which will cause serious threats. At present, the waste lead acid batteries are mainly recovered in the form of metal lead, which has many problems. Thus, this paper put forward a novel technology to recycle waste lead acid battery. Vacuum thermal decomposition was employed to treat recycled lead carbonate from waste lead acid battery. Thermodynamics analysis and experiments were finished from the reaction free energy of lead carbonate decomposition and vacuum furnace. The results showed that the recycled lead carbonate began to be decomposed when the temperature reached 250?C. Above 340?C, most of intermediate PbCO3?2PbO were converted to red ?-PbO and then transformed to yellow ?-PbO when the temperature was raised further to 460?C. Furthermore, the study provided the fundamental data for the preparation of ?-PbO and ?-PbO in vacuum, which also demonstrated a new way for the reuse of spent lead acid battery resource and an outlook of sustainable production.

scholarly journals An empirical investigation of lead-acid battery desulfation using a high-frequency pulse desulfator

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (1) ◽  
pp. 44-52
Author(s):  
Anthony Chibuike Ohajianya ◽  
Emmanuel C. Mbamala ◽  
Chijioke M. Amakom ◽  
Chidi E. Akujor
Keyword(s):  
High Frequency ◽  
Photovoltaic System ◽  
Lead Acid Battery ◽  
Lead Acid Batteries ◽  
Percentage Improvement ◽  
Battery Bank ◽  
Acid Gel ◽  
Electronic Load ◽  
Frequency Pulse ◽  
Lead Acid

The major cause of deterioration in lead-acid batteries is sulfation. There are patents on the use of high-frequency pulse desulfators to desulfate lead-acid batteries. Also, many products available in the market worldwide claim to use this technique to effectively desulfate lead-acid batteries that deteriorate due to sulfation. But there are little or no systematic studies to evaluate the performance of these products to know whether they do what their manufacturers claim. This research, therefore, aims at empirically evaluating one of such products. Four fully charged 100 Ampere-hour Valve Regulated Lead-Acid Gel batteries were discharged with an electronic-load battery discharger to ascertain their capacities. Thereafter, a high-frequency pulse desulfator was connected to desulfate the battery bank consisting of the four batteries. The battery bank was connected to be charged at the same time by a photovoltaic system. The desulfation experiment lasted for ten weeks but the batteries were tested to know their capacities after two, six, and ten weeks. The results show that the desulfation device works in desulfating lead-acid batteries as there are different degrees of improvement on the capacity of all the batteries. The percentage improvement in the capacity of the batteries is 89.5%, 75.9%, 1.6% and 1.4%, for batteries 1, 2, 3 and 4, respectively.

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