Recycling policy and statistical model of end-of-life vehicles in China

2019 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 347-356 ◽  
Author(s):  
Linfeng Yu ◽  
Ming Chen ◽  
Bin Yang
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Future Trend ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Commercial Vehicles ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Recycling Policy

In China, the number of end-of-life vehicles (ELVs) has reached an era of exponential growth because of continuous vehicle sales. The Chinese government has guided trends in the ELV recycling industry by implementing various recycling policies and expects most ELVs to be legally treated by licensed companies. The effects of subsidy policies are remarkable, and it was found that the effective adjustment of the subsidy is beneficial in increasing the recovery rate of ELVs without additional financial burden. Just as objects have their own end-of-life laws, different vehicle types have different life distribution curves and they are slightly influenced by government policies, especially subsidy policies. The aim of the study is to establish the logistics distribution functions for the passenger vehicles and commercial vehicles on the basis of the service years of 220,000 ELVs from 2012 to 2016 in Shanghai, and use a statistical model to predict and analyze the future trend of the number of the ELVs in China. Forecasts show that the number of ELVs in China will surpass 10 million in 2023.

scholarly journals Recycling Potential of Plastic Resources from End-of-Life Passenger Vehicles in China

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (19) ◽  
pp. 10285
Author(s):  
Yang Li ◽  
Shiyu Huang ◽  
Yanhui Liu ◽  
Yiyi Ju
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Gompertz Model ◽  
Passenger Vehicle ◽  
Vehicle Ownership ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Healthy Development ◽  
Passenger Vehicles ◽  
Plastic Materials ◽  
Recycling Potential ◽  
Recyclable Resources

A rapid increase in the number of end-of-life (EoL) passenger vehicles has led to a large amount of waste plastics in China. However, the scale and efficiency of recycling resources from EoL vehicles still restricts the sustainable and healthy development of the automotive industry. The current behavior of automotive/recycling industry entities, as well as the strategy of waste management policymakers, may depend on the potential of total recyclable resources. To reveal such recycling potential of various plastic materials in EoL passenger vehicles, we predicted total EoL passenger vehicles in China from 2021 to 2030 (used the Weibull distribution) considering passenger vehicle ownership (estimated by the Gompertz model), quantified the demand for new passenger vehicles (estimated using its non-linear relationship with income level and passenger vehicle ownership), and assessed the recyclable plastics by categories and by provinces. The results show that (i) the annual average recycled plastic resources from EoL vehicles would exceed 2400 thousand t in 2030, more than 2.5 times in 2021, showing a great recycling potential; (ii) the differences among the three scenarios are relatively small, indicating that no matter the saturation level of passenger vehicles in China would be high or low, a rapid increase of recyclable plastic resources can be expected from 2021 to 2030; (iii) at the provincial level, a considerable gap between the potential of recycling plastic from EoL passenger vehicles and the regional processing capacity. Given such great potential and regional differences, the recycling policies should be applied in stages and consider the development level and recovery pressure in each region.

scholarly journals Caring precariously: An interpretive description of palliative care and welfare worker perspectives on end of life carers navigating social welfare

2020 ◽  
pp. 026921632096649
Author(s):  
Kristin Bindley ◽  
Joanne Lewis ◽  
Joanne Travaglia ◽  
Michelle DiGiacomo
Keyword(s):  
Palliative Care ◽  
Social Welfare ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Qualitative Interviews ◽  
Housing Assistance ◽  
Structural Determinants ◽  
Psychosocial Sequelae ◽  
Framework Approach ◽  
Informal Carers

Background: Caring at end-of-life is associated with financial burden, economic disadvantage, and psychosocial sequelae. Health and social welfare systems play a significant role in coordinating practical resources and support in this context. However, little is known about social policy and interactions with public institutions that shape experiences of informal carers with social welfare needs at end-of-life. Aim: To explore ways in which palliative care and welfare sector workers perceive and approach experiences and needs of the carers of people with life-limiting illnesses who receive government income support or housing assistance, in an area of recognised socioeconomic disadvantage. Design: An interpretive descriptive study employed in-depth, qualitative interviews to explore participants’ reflections on working with carers of someone with a life-limiting illness. Data were analysed using the framework approach. Setting/participants: Twenty-one workers employed within three public services in Western Sydney were recruited. Results: Workers articulated understandings of welfare policy and its consequences for carers at end-of-life, including precariousness in relation to financial and housing circumstances. Identified resources and barriers to the navigation of social welfare needs by carers were categorised as personal, interpersonal and structural. Conclusions: Caring at end-of-life while navigating welfare needs was seen to be associated with precariousness by participants, particularly for carers positioned in vulnerable social locations. Findings highlighted experiences of burdensome system navigation, inconsistent processes and inequity. Further exploration of structural determinants of experience is needed, including aspects of palliative care and welfare practice and investment in inter-agency infrastructure for supporting carers at end-of-life.

Estimating Quantum Statistical Parton Distribution Functions in proton by maximum entropy method

2018 ◽  
Vol 33 (30) ◽  
pp. 1850181
Author(s):  
Sozha Sohaily
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Maximum Entropy ◽  
Parton Distribution ◽  
Minimum Energy ◽  
Maximum Entropy Principle ◽  
Energy Scale ◽  
Entropy Method ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Parton Distribution Functions ◽  
Quantum Statistical

An attempt to extend simple Parton Distribution Functions based on the quantum statistical model to consider more active flavors is presented here. Considering partons as clusters, inspiring from the static picture of proton composed of three valence quarks, such a reasonable extension is surveyed to improve the results. Analytic expressions for the longitudinal Quantum Statistical Parton Distribution Functions are obtained by applying the maximum entropy principle beside theoretical proton sum rules. Furthermore, the main purpose of this study is to predict a minimum energy scale to probe the proton with a defined condition, theoretically. An interesting approach to determine the statistical variables exactly without fitting and fixing is employed and the consistency of computed distributions with the experimental observations gives a robust confirm of presented simple statistical model.

scholarly journals Hospital competition and the expenses for treatments of acute and non-acute common diseases: evidence from China

2019 ◽  
Vol 19 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Chenhui Deng ◽  
Jay Pan
Keyword(s):  
Service Provision ◽  
Elective Surgery ◽  
Financial Burden ◽  
Hospital Charges ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Hospital Competition ◽  
Total Hospital ◽  
Discharge Data ◽  
Total Hospital Charge ◽  
Common Diseases

Abstract Background Because there is heterogeneity in disease types, competition among hospitals could be influenced in various ways by service provision for diseases with different characteristics. Limited studies have focused on this matter. This study aims to evaluate and compare the relationships between hospital competition and the expenses of prostatectomies (elective surgery, representing treatments of non-acute common diseases) and appendectomies (emergency surgery, representing treatments of acute common diseases). Methods Multivariable log-linear models were constructed to determine the association between hospital competition and the expenses of prostatectomies and appendectomies. The fixed-radius Herfindahl-Hirschman Index was employed to measure hospital competition. Results We collected data on 13,958 inpatients from the hospital discharge data of Sichuan Province in China from September to December 2016. The data included 3578 prostatectomy patients and 10,380 appendectomy patients. The results showed that greater competition was associated with a lower total hospital charge for prostatectomy (p = 0.006) but a higher charge for appendectomy (p <  0.001). The subcategory analysis showed that greater competition was consistently associated with lower out-of-pocket (OOP) and higher reimbursement for both surgeries. Conclusions Greater competition was significantly associated with lower total hospital charges for prostatectomies, while the opposite was true for appendectomies. Furthermore, greater competition was consistently associated with lower OOP but higher reimbursement for both surgeries. This study provides new evidence concerning the heterogeneous roles of competition in service provision for non-acute and acute common diseases. The findings of this study indicate that the pro-competition policy is a viable option for the Chinese government to relieve patients’ financial burden (OOP). Our findings also provide references and insights for other countries facing similar challenges.

Evaluating the electric vehicle popularization trend in China after 2020 and its challenges in the recycling industry

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2095349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shuoyao Wang ◽  
Jeongsoo Yu
Keyword(s):  
Manganese Oxide ◽  
Lithium Ion Battery ◽  
Electric Vehicles ◽  
Environmental Effect ◽  
Lithium Ion ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Subsidy Policy ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Nickel Cobalt ◽  
The World

In recent years, China has started to develop electric vehicles (EVs) and has become the largest EV market in the world since 2015. Accordingly, the lithium-ion battery (LiB) industry has also been developing quickly in China. However, the Chinese government has decided to cancel the subsidy policy on EVs, which makes the EV market in China unpredictable in the future. Moreover, there will be a considerable number of end-of-life (EoL) EVs and waste LiBs generated in China. These wastes should be appropriately recycled to avoid resource waste or pollution problems. Nevertheless, the quantity and type of EoL EVs and waste LiBs has not been obtained. This research aims at unravelling the trend of EV sales and the volume and type of EoL EVs and waste LiBs in China. We found that it is fair to predict that EVs will increase as the Chinese government has planned even without the subsidy policy. Moreover, we estimated the number of EoL EVs and waste LiBs number based on their calendar lifespan and found that there will be 1.36 million EoL EVs and 11.36 million waste LiBs generated in China in 2030. Furthermore, most of these waste LiBs will be of the nickel cobalt manganese oxide type of ternary LiBs. However, due to the flow of second-hand vehicles from economically developed cities to less economically developed cities, only 400,000 EoL EVs and 3.4 million waste LiBs will be recycled through the formal recycling route. Such information is necessary when evaluating the environmental effect or profitability of the EoL EV and waste LiB recycling industry.

Investigating the effect of government subsidies on end-of-life vehicle recycling

2020 ◽  
pp. 0734242X2095389
Author(s):  
Zhang Yu ◽  
Ma Tianshan ◽  
Syed Abdul Rehman Khan
Keyword(s):  
End Of Life ◽  
Poor Quality ◽  
Vital Role ◽  
Chinese Government ◽  
Chinese Market ◽  
Quality Differentiation ◽  
Efficiency And Effectiveness ◽  
The Government ◽  
Vehicle Market

To have a deeper understanding of the Chinese market reaction for different subsidy policies made by the government, we establish a game model of the competition between legal recyclers and illegal recyclers with government involved. Further, we consider the quality differentiation of end-of-life vehicles in every player’s decision-making. With a numerical simulation, the researchers validated this study. Based on the results of this research, we found that compared with the strategy of subsidizing the legal recyclers, subsidizing the end-of-life vehicle owners is more effective, and the legal recyclers would get more business from end-of-life vehicle owners. The quality of end-of-life vehicles plays a vital role when the recyclers make decisions on their recycling behaviour. Moreover, the differential subsidy policy will probably be useless if most of the end-of-life vehicles in the market are in poor quality. So, the Chinese government should adjust its policies on end-of-life vehicle market development based on the quality distribution of end-of-life vehicles, and the quality management should be implemented in the end-of-life vehicle supply chain for the efficiency and effectiveness of subsidy policies.

A Fiber-Optic-Based Protocol for Manufacturing System Networks: Part II—Statistical Analysis

1992 ◽  
Vol 114 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-131 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. Ayyagari ◽  
A. Ray
Keyword(s):  
Statistical Model ◽  
Real Time ◽  
Conceptual Development ◽  
Fiber Optic ◽  
Discrete Event ◽  
Simulation Models ◽  
Distribution Functions ◽  
Computer Integrated Manufacturing ◽  
Event Simulation ◽  
Arrival Processes

Conceptual development, architecture, statistical and simulation models, and the results of test and verification of a fiber-optic-based protocol have been reported in a sequence of two papers. The protocol uses the unidirectional bus topology and is specifically designed for computer integrated manufacturing (CIM) networks. The architecture of the protocol is formulated in Part I [1]. In this second part, a statistical model of the proposed protocol is formulated for analyzing the network-induced delays and pertinent results of analysis and simulation are presented for different scenarios of network traffic. The major assumptions in formulating the statistical model are: (1) message arrival processes for real-time (RT) and non-real-time (NRT) modes are independent and Markov; and (2) message lengths follow independent general distributions with known statistical properties. The Laplace-Stieltjes transforms of probability distribution functions of queueing delays for RT and NRT messages have been derived. The analytical results for the first two moments of both RT and NRT queueing delays have been compared with those obtained from discrete event simulation.

scholarly journals A Gap Analysis of Ship-Recycling Practices in Indonesia

Recycling ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 6 (3) ◽  
pp. 48
Author(s):  
Sunaryo Sunaryo ◽  
Eko Djatmiko ◽  
Siti Fariya ◽  
Rafet Kurt ◽  
Sefer Gunbeyaz
Keyword(s):  
Economic Development ◽  
End Of Life ◽  
Gap Analysis ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Recycling Industry ◽  
Benchmark Study ◽  
Ship Breaking ◽  
Ship Recycling ◽  
Ship Repair ◽  
Environmentally Friendly Method

Ship recycling is gaining attention in Indonesia due to the increase in end-of-life ships and uneconomical nationally flagged ships, and is considered a prospective source of economic development and employment opportunity, and yet conceivably poses a threat to the health and safety of workers and the environment. There are international and national regulations that govern ship-recycling activities to ensure that the hazardous impacts of the industry are minimized. We investigated the disparity between current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia and the requirements of related international and national regulations, with the findings intended for use as a stepping stone to proposing a strategy to establish a green and sustainable ship-recycling industry. A benchmark study of the world’s leading ship-recycling countries was conducted, and a gap analysis was performed by comparing existing international and national regulations with current ship-breaking practices in Indonesia. We identified two types of ship-breaking practices in Indonesia: Conventional environmentally unfriendly ship-breaking method, conducted by most Indonesian ship-breaking yards, and a rather modern, more environmentally friendly method, conducted by ship-repair yards. However, neither of the practices met the requirements of the regulations, and improvements are therefore needed to make the ship-recycling industry more green and sustainable, and to gain international recognition.

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