Fire risk assessment of cypress wood coated with metal oxide and metal silicate flame retardant using cone calorimeter

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (6) ◽  
pp. 504-521
Author(s):  
Eui Jin ◽  
Yeong-Jin Chung
Keyword(s):  
Metal Oxide ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Silicon Compound ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Metal Silicate ◽  
Fire Scenarios

This study investigated the fire risk properties of cypress wood for the construction of interiors, especially focusing on heat and smoke hazard properties in fire scenarios. Fire risk characteristics were measured using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1). The external heat flux was maintained at 50 kW/m2. The flame retardants used were metal oxide and metal silicate; they were mixed with a water glass solution. Flame retardants and the silicon compound were dispersed in a concentration of 20 wt% versus 80 wt%, respectively, during 24 h using a magnetic stirrer. The fire performance indexes of the specimens increased by 3–16 times, compared with uncoated specimen and the fire growth index of the specimens increased by 70%–92%. The smoke performance index of the specimens increased by 9–66 times, compared with uncoated specimens. The smoke risk as shown by the smoke performance index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < Co3O4 < ZrSiO4 < cypress. The smoke growth index decreased from 93% to 98%, compared with uncoated wood. The smoke risk due to smoke growth index increased in the following order: SnO < mica < ZrSiO4≈ Co3O4 < cypress. The smoke intensity decreased from a minimum of 85% to a maximum of 99%, compared with uncoated wood. The concentration of CO gas generated after combustion was decreased by 24%–67%. They increased in the following order: mica ≈ ZrSiO4 < SnO < Co3O4 < cypress. A comprehensive assessment of fire performance shows that flame retardants decreased heat hazards, smoke hazards, and CO toxicity.

scholarly journals Rating Evaluation of Fire Risk Associated with Plastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (2) ◽  
pp. 9-15
Author(s):  
Ji Sun You ◽  
Yeong-jin Chung
Keyword(s):  
Performance Index ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced Plastic ◽  
Fiber Reinforced Plastic ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Reinforced Plastic

In this study, plastics such as glass fiber reinforced plastic (GFRP), polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC), polypropylene (PP), polyvinyl chloride (PVC) were selected, and the fire risk associated with them was investigated using a cone calorimeter, as per ISO 5660-1. These values were measured to comprehensively predict the fire risk by Chung’s equations- Ⅱ. Standard materials (PMMA) were used to standardize the fire hazard assessment, and the fire risk was classified and evaluated by new Chung’s equations-III and Chung’s equation-IV. The fire performance index-II of Chung’s equations-Ⅱ showed that PVC had the highest FPI-II of 32.04 s<sup>2</sup>/kW, whereas PS had the lowest FPI-Ⅱ of 0.07 s<sup>2</sup>/kW. From the viewpoint of FGI-Ⅱ, the lowest fire growth index-Ⅱ was 0.09 kW/s<sup>2</sup> for PVC, and the highest fire growth index-Ⅱ for PS was 3.41 kW/s<sup>2</sup>. The FPI-Ⅲ of Chung’s equations-Ⅲ had the lowest fire performance index-Ⅲ for PS (0.02) and highest fire performance index-Ⅲ for PVC (89). The FGI-Ⅲ had the highest fire growth index-Ⅲ of 20.1, and PS and PVC were found to be the safest materials with an FGI of 0.5. The FRI-Ⅳ of Chung’s equation-Ⅳ was in the following order: PS (100.5) ≫ PP (2.43) > PC (1.12) > PMMA (1.0) > FRP (0.19) > PVC (0.01). Therefore, it was concluded that the fire risk associated with PVC is lowest, whereas that associated with PS is highest.

scholarly journals Ecological Ammonium Thiocyanate-Modified Geopolymeric Coating for Flame-Retarding Plywood

Coatings ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (8) ◽  
pp. 479 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yachao Wang ◽  
Jiangping Zhao
Keyword(s):  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Ammonium Thiocyanate ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Fire Growth ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
Flame Resistance ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Thermal Gravimetry ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate

An ecological ammonium thiocyanate (NH4SCN)-modified geopolymeric coating was facilely prepared for flame-retarding plywood. The effect of NH4SCN on the flame resistance was preliminarily investigated using cone calorimeter (CC), scanning electron microscope (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD), and thermal gravimetry (TG). The results show that 1 wt.% NH4SCN as dopant is of paramount importance to generate a compact and continuous coating. The formation of a smooth, intact, and uniform-swelling siliceous layer during combustion facilitates enhanced fire resistance, evidenced by the increased fire performance index (FPI), reduced fire growth index (FGI), and 39.7% decreased value of peak heat release rate (pHRR), in comparison to those of the sample without NH4SCN. Because of the reducibility of O2-consuming NH4SCN, the compact shielding-layer containing carbonate and sulfate, as well as the release of NH3, the NH4SCN-modified geopolymeric coating exerts an enhancement on the flame-retardant efficiency.

scholarly journals Prediction of Smoke Risk Ratings in the Combustion of Some Wood and Plastics

2021 ◽  
Vol 35 (4) ◽  
pp. 15-23
Author(s):  
JiSun You ◽  
Yeong-Jin Chung
Keyword(s):  
Polymethyl Methacrylate ◽  
Hazard Assessment ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Fire Hazard ◽  
Risk Index ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Pinus Koraiensis ◽  
White Oak ◽  
Incomplete Form

In this study, pinus koraiensis (nut pine) and quercus aliena (white oak) and polyethylene (PE) and polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) were selected. And it was measured with a cone calorimeter in accordance with ISO 5660-1. With the measured values, it was intended to comprehensively predict the risk of smoke by Chung’s equations 1 (smoke performance index, SPI) and Chung’s equations 2 (smoke growth index, SGI). To standardize fire hazard assessment in case of fire by extending this, standard materials (PMMA) were used to classify the smoke risk by the Chung's equations-V (smoke performance index-V, SPI-V and smoke growth index-V, SGI-V) and Chung's equation-VI (smoke risk index-VI, SRI-VI) to evaluate it. The SPI-V was the lowest with nut pine of 0.73 and the highest PE was the highest with 37.22. In the SGI-V, PE was the material that produced the least smoke with the least amount of 0.03. Nut pine is expected to generate a large amount of smoke with the highest at 10.00. SRI-VI, it appeared in the order of PE (0.00) < PMMA (1.00) < white oak (1.44) << nut pine (13.70). Therefore, it was judged that PE had the lowest smoke risk and nut pine had the highest. In addition, it was found that the combustion of wood was done in an incomplete form than that of plastics.

scholarly journals Smoke Hazard Assessment of Cypress Wood Coated with Boron/Silicon Sol Compounds

2020 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-10
Author(s):  
Eui Jin ◽  
Yeong-Jin Chung
Keyword(s):  
Boric Acid ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Boronic Acid ◽  
Phenylboronic Acid ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Fire Intensity ◽  
Boronic Acid Derivatives ◽  
Silicon Sol ◽  
External Heat Flux

In this study, boron/silicon sol compounds were applied to wood for construction and durable materials, and fire risks were investigated in terms of smoke performance index (SPI), smoke growth index (SGI), and smoke intensity (SI). The compound was synthesized by reacting tetraethoxyorthosilicate with boric acid and boronic acid derivatives. Smoke characteristics were investigated using a cone calorimeter (ISO 5660-1) equipment for cypress wood. The fire intensity fixed the external heat flux at 50 kW/m<sup>2</sup>. The smoke performance index measured after the combustion reaction increased between 13.4% and 126.7% compared with cypress wood. The fire risk due to the smoke performance index decreased in the order of cypress, phenylboronic acid/silicon sol (PBA/Si), (2-methylpropyl) boronic acid/silicon sol (IBBA/Si), boric acid/silicon sol (BA/Si). The smoke growth index decreased between 12.0% and 57.5% compared to the base specimen. The risk of fire caused by the smoke growth index decreased in the order of cypress, PBA/Si, IBBA/Si, BA/Si. The fire risk due to smoke intensity decreased between 3.2% and 57.8%, and in the order of cypress, PBA/Si, IBBA/Si, BA/Si. CO<sub>peak</sub> concentrations ranged between 85 and 93 ppm, and decreased between 37% and 43% compared to the base specimen. A comprehensive assessment of the fire risk on smoke hazards decreased in the order of cypress, PBA/Si, IBBA/Si, BA/Si.

Combustion behavior and fire security of storage grains before and after mildew

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (4) ◽  
pp. 395-411
Author(s):  
Jingwen Wang ◽  
Heng Yu ◽  
Weijian Chen ◽  
Wei Cai ◽  
Liang Cheng ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Heat Release ◽  
Performance Index ◽  
Growth Index ◽  
Operational Taxonomic Unit ◽  
Heat Radiation ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Peak Heat Release Rate ◽  
Chemical Constitution ◽  
Before And After ◽  
Index Value

Storage grains before and after mildew are first subjected to thermal radiation experiments under different heat radiant flux conditions using a cone calorimeter. The chemical constitution, morphology, operational taxonomic unit analysis, and the degree of mildew of four disaggregated storage grains under the same proceeding conditions are studied. Normal grain and mildewed grain are significantly different in terms of the mounts and species of mold. The peak heat release rate and the total heat release of mildewed grains are higher than that of normal grains. Under different heat radiations, the fire performance index of mildewed grains tends to be lower than that of normal samples, while the fire growth index value is just the opposite. The higher the heat radiation, the less the effect of mold on the fire performance index difference. Besides, the reciprocal of the square root time of sample ignition has a linear relationship with the heat flux.

scholarly journals Fire-Safe Polymer Composites: Flame-Retardant Effect of Nanofillers

Polymers ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 540
Author(s):  
Yukyung Kim ◽  
Sanghyuck Lee ◽  
Hyeonseok Yoon
Keyword(s):  
Organic Matter ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Combustion Process ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Gaseous Species ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Temperature Conditions

Currently, polymers are competing with metals and ceramics to realize various material characteristics, including mechanical and electrical properties. However, most polymers consist of organic matter, making them vulnerable to flames and high-temperature conditions. In addition, the combustion of polymers consisting of different types of organic matter results in various gaseous hazards. Therefore, to minimize the fire damage, there has been a significant demand for developing polymers that are fire resistant or flame retardant. From this viewpoint, it is crucial to design and synthesize thermally stable polymers that are less likely to decompose into combustible gaseous species under high-temperature conditions. Flame retardants can also be introduced to further reinforce the fire performance of polymers. In this review, the combustion process of organic matter, types of flame retardants, and common flammability testing methods are reviewed. Furthermore, the latest research trends in the use of versatile nanofillers to enhance the fire performance of polymeric materials are discussed with an emphasis on their underlying action, advantages, and disadvantages.

Flame Retardant Epoxy Resins Containing Microcapsules

2011 ◽  
Vol 197-198 ◽  
pp. 1346-1349 ◽  
Author(s):  
Fa Chao Wu
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Cone Calorimeter ◽  
Epoxy Resins ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Melamine Resin ◽  
Element Analysis ◽  
Ul 94

Bis(2,6,7-trioxa-l-phosphabicyclo[2.2.2]octane-4-methanol) melaminium salt (Melabis) and microcapsules of Melabis with melamine resin shell as flame retardants (FR), respectively, were synthesized. Their structures were characterized by NMR, IR, SEM, TG and element analysis. 20% weight of microcapsules was doped into epoxy resins (EP) to get 28.5 % of LOI and UL 94 V-0. The heat and smoke release of EP containing microcapsules was valued by cone calorimeter.

Fire performance of brominated and halogen-free flame retardants in glass-fiber reinforced poly(butylene terephthalate)

2017 ◽  
Vol 42 (1) ◽  
pp. 18-27 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Suzanne ◽  
A. Ramani ◽  
S. Ukleja ◽  
M. McKee ◽  
J. Zhang ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Glass Fiber ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Performance ◽  
Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Butylene Terephthalate ◽  
Glass Fiber Reinforced ◽  
Halogen Free

scholarly journals Biodegradable Flame Retardants for Biodegradable Polymer

Biomolecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 1038
Author(s):  
Muhammad Maqsood ◽  
Gunnar Seide
Keyword(s):  
Renewable Resources ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Risk ◽  
Polymeric Materials ◽  
Good Choice ◽  
Airborne Particle ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Renewable Materials ◽  
Long Time ◽  
Significant Attention

To improve sustainability of polymers and to reduce carbon footprint, polymers from renewable resources are given significant attention due to the developing concern over environmental protection. The renewable materials are progressively used in many technical applications instead of short-term-use products. However, among other applications, the flame retardancy of such polymers needs to be improved for technical applications due to potential fire risk and their involvement in our daily life. To overcome this potential risk, various flame retardants (FRs) compounds based on conventional and non-conventional approaches such as inorganic FRs, nitrogen-based FRs, halogenated FRs and nanofillers were synthesized. However, most of the conventional FRs are non-biodegradable and if disposed in the landfill, microorganisms in the soil or water cannot degrade them. Hence, they remain in the environment for long time and may find their way not only in the food chain but can also easily attach to any airborne particle and can travel distances and may end up in freshwater, food products, ecosystems, or even can be inhaled if they are present in the air. Furthermore, it is not a good choice to use non-biodegradable FRs in biodegradable polymers such as polylactic acid (PLA). Therefore, the goal of this review paper is to promote the use of biodegradable and bio-based compounds for flame retardants used in polymeric materials.

scholarly journals Synthesis of Novel Polymeric Acrylate-Based Flame Retardants Containing Two Phosphorus Groups in Different Chemical Environments and Their Influence on the Flammability of Poly (Lactic Acid)

Polymers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (4) ◽  
pp. 778 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jacob Sag ◽  
Philipp Kukla ◽  
Daniela Goedderz ◽  
Hendrik Roch ◽  
Stephan Kabasci ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Flame Retardant ◽  
Mode Of Action ◽  
Flame Retardants ◽  
Fire Behavior ◽  
Heat Fluxes ◽  
Poly Lactic Acid ◽  
Cone Calorimetry ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Fire Scenarios ◽  
Physical Phenomena

Novel polymeric acrylate-based flame retardants (FR 1–4) containing two phosphorus groups in different chemical environments were synthesized in three steps and characterized via nuclear magnetic resonance (NMR) spectroscopy, thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), and mass spectrometry (MS). Polylactic acid (PLA) formulations with the synthesized compounds were investigated to evaluate the efficiency of these flame retardants and their mode of action by using TGA, UL94, and cone calorimetry. In order to compare the results a flame retardant polyester containing only one phosphorus group (ItaP) was also investigated in PLA regarding its flame inhibiting effect. Since the fire behavior depends not only on the mode of action of the flame retardants but also strongly on physical phenomena like melt dripping, the flame retardants were also incorporated into PLA with higher viscosity. In the UL94 vertical burning test setup, 10% of the novel flame retardants (FR 1–4) is sufficient to reach a V-0 rating in both PLA types, while a loading of 15% of ItaP is not enough to reach the same classification. Despite their different structure, TGA and cone calorimetry results confirmed a gas phase mechanism mainly responsible for the highly efficient flame retardancy for all compounds. Finally, cone calorimetry tests of the flame retardant PLA with two heat fluxes showed different flame inhibiting efficiencies for different fire scenarios.

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