Toxicity of Gases from Full-Scale Room Fires Involving Fire Retardant Contents

1995 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-42 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Morikawa ◽  
T. Okada ◽  
M. Kajiwara ◽  
Y. Sato ◽  
Y. Tsuda
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Room Fires ◽  
Corrugated Cardboard ◽  
Fire Experiments ◽  
Good Agreement

Fire experiments were conducted in a 2-story fire resistant house using one of the first floor rooms as the burn room with various fire retardant or non-fire retardant items. The toxicity of the fire effluents was determined both by chemical analysis and bioassay techniques. Plywood boards arranged as corner walls and crumpled newsprint in a corrugated cardboard box were used as fire initiators. HCN and CO were the two major toxicants. The HCl level was generally and unexpectedly low in terms of toxicity. There was no case where fires involving fire retardant materials were more dangerous in tox icity than those of non-fire retardant ones. Calculated incapacitation times were in roughly good agreement with the actual incapacitation times for rab bits when the toxicants were limited to HCN and CO.

scholarly journals Chemical analysis of NGC 6528: one of the most metal-rich bulge globular clusters

2018 ◽  
Vol 620 ◽  
pp. A96 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Muñoz ◽  
D. Geisler ◽  
S. Villanova ◽  
I. Saviane ◽  
C. C. Cortés ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Resolution ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Iron Content ◽  
Globular Clusters ◽  
Chemical Characterization ◽  
Heavy Elements ◽  
High Resolution Spectroscopy ◽  
Origin And Evolution ◽  
Red Giant ◽  
Good Agreement

Context. The bulge globular clusters (GCs) are key tracers of the bulge, a central and ancient component of our Galaxy. It is essential to understand their formation and evolution to study that of the bulge, as well as their relationship with the other Galactic GC systems (halo and disk GCs). High-resolution spectroscopy is a powerful tool for such studies, allowing us to obtain a detailed chemical characterization and kinematics of the clusters and to compare their chemical patterns with those of their halo and disk counterparts. Aims. Our main goals are to obtain detailed abundances for a sample of seven red giant members of NGC 6528 in order to characterize their chemical composition and study the relationship of this GC with the bulge, and with other bulge, halo, and disk GCs. Moreover, we analyze this cluster’s behavior associated with the multiple-populations phenomenon. Methods. We obtained the stellar parameters and chemical abundances of light elements (Na, Al), iron-peak elements (V, Cr, Mn, Fe, Co, Ni, Cu), α-elements (O, Mg, Si, Ca, Ti) and heavy elements (Zr, Ba, Eu) in seven red giant members of NGC 6528 using high-resolution spectroscopy from FLAMES-UVES. Results. In six stars of our sample we obtained a mean iron content of [Fe/H] = − 0.14 ± 0.03 dex, in good agreement with other studies. We found no significant internal iron spread. We detected one candidate variable star, which was excluded from the mean in iron content, and derived a metallicity in this star of [Fe/H] = − 0.55 ± 0.04 dex. Moreover, we found no extended O-Na anticorrelation but instead only an intrinsic Na spread. In addition, NGC 6528 does not exhibit a Mg-Al anticorrelation, and no significant spread in either Mg or Al. The α and iron-peak elements show good agreement with the bulge field star trend. The heavy elements are slightly dominated by the r-process. The chemical analysis suggests an origin and evolution similar to that of typical old Galactic bulge field stars. Finally, we find remarkable agreement in the chemical patterns of NGC 6528 and another bulge GC, NGC 6553, suggesting a similar origin and evolution.

scholarly journals Suggestion of estimation method of smoke generation rate by CFD simulation and fire experiments in full-scale tunnels

2014 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. JFST0018-JFST0018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Miho SEIKE ◽  
Yasuhito EJIRI ◽  
Nobuyoshi KAWABATA ◽  
Masato HASEGAWA
Keyword(s):  
Cfd Simulation ◽  
Estimation Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Generation Rate ◽  
Smoke Generation ◽  
Fire Experiments

Examination of the Transferability of CTOA From Small-Scale DWTT to Full-Scale Pipe Geometries Using a Cohesive Zone Model

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Chris Bassindale ◽  
Xin Wang ◽  
William R. Tyson ◽  
Su Xu
Keyword(s):  
Finite Element ◽  
Cohesive Zone ◽  
Cohesive Zone Model ◽  
Element Model ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Opening Angle ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Zone Model ◽  
Pipe Model ◽  
Good Agreement

Abstract In this work, the cohesive zone model (CZM) was used to examine the transferability of the crack tip opening angle (CTOA) from small-scale to full-scale geometries. The pipe steel STPG370 was modeled. A drop-weight tear test (DWTT) model and pipe model were studied using the finite element code ABAQUS 2017x. The cohesive zone model was used to simulate crack propagation in 3D. The CZM parameters were calibrated based on matching the surface CTOA measured from a DWTT finite element model to the surface CTOA measured from the experimental DWTT specimen. The mid-thickness CTOA of the DWTT model was in good agreement with the experimental value determined from E3039 and the University of Tokyo group’s load-displacement data. The CZM parameters were then applied to the pipe model. The internal pressure distribution and decay during the pipe fracture process was modeled using the experimental data and implemented through a user-subroutine (VDLOAD). The mid-thickness CTOA from the DWTT model was similar to the mid-thickness CTOA from the pipe model. The average surface CTOA of the pipe model was in good agreement with the average experimental value. The results give confidence in the transferability of the CTOA between small-scale specimens and full-scale pipe.

STUDY ON RETROFIT EFFECTS FOR HORIZONTAL PLANE OF TRADITIONAL WOODEN HOUSES BASED ON FULL-SCALE TEST

2016 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
Author(s):  
Mitsuhiro Miyamoto ◽  
Haruka Okuhiro
Keyword(s):  
Horizontal Plane ◽  
Pushover Analysis ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Horizontal Shear ◽  
Full Scale Test ◽  
Analysis Model ◽  
Scale Test ◽  
Full Scale Tests ◽  
Static Pushover Analysis ◽  
Good Agreement

In the present study, few studies have focused on the horizontal plane of traditional wooden houses in Japan. This study aims to examine the retrofit effects for the horizontal plane of traditional wooden houses based on full-scale tests. The first part of this paper is devoted to the experimental study performed to determine the structural behavior and characteristics of full-scale roof specimens. A horizontal shear test was conducted to obtain the fracture mode and relationship between the applied load and deformation angle. The second part deals with a static pushover analysis of the full-scale roof specimens. The results between the experimental test and the static pushover analysis are presented and discussed. The analysis model used for the static pushover analysis is proposed; the results were in good agreement with the tests.

Hydrodynamic Verification on the Motion Characteristics of FPSO Based on the Full Scale Measurement Data Features of Current and Wind

2010 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wenhua Zhao ◽  
Jianmin Yang ◽  
Zhiqiang Hu ◽  
Yuefeng Wei
Keyword(s):  
Time Domain ◽  
Measurement Data ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Motion Prediction ◽  
Mooring System ◽  
Wind Force ◽  
Sea State ◽  
Hydrodynamic Analysis ◽  
Motion Characteristics ◽  
Good Agreement

FPSO is subjected to complex sea loads during its service life. Series of coupled hydrodynamic analysis in time domain for FPSO and its mooring system have been conducted within the recent ten years. Among these analyses, the coefficients of wind force and current force for FPSO hull were calculated by the empirical formulae mostly. It is known that these coefficients are of great importance in the motion predictions of the FPSO in the analysis. The verification of the feasibility of these formulae is necessary. In this paper, the feasibility and the accuracy of these empirical formulae are verified through the comparison between the results of hydrodynamic analysis and those of full scale measurement data. A full scale measurement project sponsored by CNOOC for Nanhai Fenjin, an FPSO operating in South China Sea, has been carrying out by Shanghai Jiao Tong University since Oct 2007. Large amount of valuable data of the six-degree motions for the FPSO has been obtained. To do the comparison, a typical serious sea state is selected out to be the objective course. In the course, the response spectrums for heave, roll and pitch motions are calculated based on the measurement data. Besides, a series of coupled hydrodynamic analysis for the FPSO are conducted, using the code DeepC. The response spectrums of the motions for heave, roll and pitch in the same sea state are also obtained through the spectrum analysis. Using these motion spectrums, comparisons between the results of hydrodynamic analysis and those of full scale measurement are fulfilled. With the comparisons, the feasibility of the empirical formulae of the coefficients for wind force and current force are verified. The correction coefficients are added to the empirical formulae and new hydrodynamic analysis based on the new formulae are conducted. It is shown that the new analysis results are in good agreement with those of the full scale measurement, which validated the practicability and feasibility of the modified formulae on the motion prediction of FPSO.

Effects of Radiation on Temperature Measurement in a Fire Environment

1997 ◽  
Vol 15 (6) ◽  
pp. 443-461 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mingchun Luo
Keyword(s):  
Measured Temperature ◽  
Gas Temperature ◽  
Building Fire ◽  
Fire Environment ◽  
Upper Level ◽  
Effects Of Radiation ◽  
Thermo Couple ◽  
Fire Experiments ◽  
Good Agreement ◽  
Radiation Error

Thermocouples have been widely used to measure temperature in research and industry. For the purpose of building fire experiments, the thermo couple has been and will be a major instrument to obtain the temperature field of the fire environment, and hence to quantify the intensity of building fire. It has been found that the radiation error significantly affects the measured tempera ture using thermocouples. However, this issue has not been carefully investigated in the area of building fire research. A suction pyrometer was designed and applied to a series of fire experiments in a full-scale experimental building-fire facility to avoid the effect of radiation on the measured temperature. It was found that the reading from a bare thermocou ple could be more than 100°C higher than the gas temperature obtained from the suction pyrometer during the flaming fire stage and more than 200°C higher dur ing the flashover stage. For a steady-state fire environment obtained from a propane gas burner fire, the radiation error was negligible in the hot upper level near the ceiling. However, the thermocouple significantly overestimated the gas temperature by more than 80°C in the cool lower level near the floor because of the radiation error. The tem perature predicted by the computational fluid dynamics model, CESARE-CFD fire model, was in good agreement with the measured temperature after the ra diation correction in the lower level and deviated slightly in the upper level.

scholarly journals Calibration of Capacitance Diaphragm Gauges with 1333 Pa full scale by Direct Comparison to Resonant Silicon Gauge and Static Expansion System

ACTA IMEKO ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hajime Yoshida ◽  
E. Komatsu ◽  
K. Arai ◽  
M. Kojima ◽  
H. Akimichi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Expansion Method ◽  
Full Scale ◽  
Lower Pressure ◽  
Pressure Balance ◽  
Sensor Head ◽  
Thermal Transpiration ◽  
Calibration Methods ◽  
Expansion System ◽  
Good Agreement

<p>Two capacitance diaphragm gauges (CDGs) with 1333 Pa full scale, with a heated sensor head and an unheated one, respectively, were calibrated by three different methods; direct comparison to a resonant silicon gauge calibrated by a pressure balance, direct comparison to a CDG with 133 Pa full scale calibrated by a static expansion method, and the static expansion method. The calibration results of the three calibration methods show good agreement within their claimed uncertainties. Calibrated higher pressure points of CDGs by the pressure balance and lower pressure ones by the static expansion system are linearly interpolated within the calibrated uncertainty. Here, compensation of the thermal transpiration effect is important when a CDG is used with a heated sensor head.</p>

scholarly journals Surface tension of liquid Ti with adsorbed oxygen and a simple associate model for its prediction

2020 ◽  
Vol 49 (1-2) ◽  
pp. 89-105 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. BRILLO ◽  
J. WESSING ◽  
H. KOBATAKE ◽  
H. FUKUYAMA
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Surface Tension ◽  
Simple Model ◽  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Mole Fraction ◽  
Tio2 Powder ◽  
Bulk Oxygen ◽  
Electromagnetically Levitated ◽  
Oxygen Mole Fraction ◽  
Good Agreement

Surface tensions of electromagnetically levitated liquid Ti-samples were measured under the influence of oxygen. For this purpose, Ti-O samples were prepared by adding different amounts of TiO2 powder to pure Ti. The surface tension was found to strongly depend on the bulk oxygen mole fraction determined by chemical analysis. The results could be described by a simple model presented in the present work. In this model the Butler equation is applied and the formation of TiO2 – associates are taken into account. Non-ideal interactions ΔH≠0 between titanium and the associates also need to be taken into account. Good agreement with the experimental data is evident and also with a different model developed earlier by us.

The Siena meteorite: Mineralogy and Chemistry

1969 ◽  
Vol 37 (285) ◽  
pp. 34-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
B. Baldanza ◽  
G. R. Levi-Donati ◽  
H. B. Wiik
Keyword(s):  
Chemical Analysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
Mineralogical Composition ◽  
Ordinary Chondrite ◽  
Optical Data ◽  
Electron Probe Analysis ◽  
Microscopical Analysis ◽  
Probe Analysis ◽  
Composition And Structure ◽  
Good Agreement

SummaryThe principal data are collected about the fall and the distribution of the fragments of the Siena, Italy, meteorite (11·6°E., 43·1°N.). A complete individual, weighing 110·55 g, is described in some detail. Crust morphology, mineralogical composition, and structure were studied. Optical data were established by microscopical analysis and both thin and polished sections were observed. Compared with available electron-probe analysis they are found in good agreement. The chemical analysis is Fe 12·93, Ni 1·39, Co 0·09, FeS 5·46, SiO2 37·10, TiO2 0·14, Al2O3, 3·91 FeO 11·46, MnO 0·35, MgO 23·81, CaO 1·63, Na2O 0·90, K2O 0·16, P2O5 0·44, H2O+ 0·10, H2O− 0·00, Cr2O3 0·56, total 100·43. Siena is an ordinary chondrite, with relatively ambiguous characteristics and evident features of recrystallization and metamorphism.

scholarly journals Liquid-Crystal and Fire-Retardant Properties of New Hexasubstituted Cyclotriphosphazene Compounds with Two Schiff Base Linking Units

Molecules ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 25 (9) ◽  
pp. 2122 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zuhair Jamain ◽  
Melati Khairuddean ◽  
Tay Guan-Seng
Keyword(s):  
Schiff Base ◽  
Liquid Crystal ◽  
Polyester Resin ◽  
Fire Retardant ◽  
Terminal Group ◽  
Scanning Calorimetry ◽  
Limiting Oxygen Index ◽  
Crystal Properties ◽  
Fire Retardant Properties ◽  
Good Agreement

A series of new hexasubstituted cyclotriphosphazene compounds (4a–j) consisting of two Schiff base linking units and different terminal substituents was successfully synthesized and characterized. The structures of these compounds were confirmed using Fourier Transform Infra-Red (FTIR), Nuclear Magnetic Resonance (NMR), and CHN elemental analysis. Polarized optical microscopy (POM) was used to determine their liquid-crystal behavior, which was then further confirmed using differential scanning calorimetry (DSC). Compounds 4a–i with heptyl, nonyl, decyl, dodecyl, tetradecyl, hydroxy, 4-carboxyphenyl, chloro, and nitro terminal ends, respectively, showed the liquid-crystal properties, whereas compound 4j with the amino group was found to be non-mesogenic. The attachment of an electron-donating group in 4j eventually give a non-mesogenic product. The study of the fire-retardant properties of these compounds was done using the limiting oxygen index (LOI). In this study, polyester resin (PE) was used as a matrix for moulding, and the LOI value of pure PE was 22.53%. The LOI value increased to 24.71% when PE was incorporated with 1 wt.% of hexachlorocyclotriphosphazene (HCCP), thus indicating that HCCP has a good fire-retardant properties. The result showed that all the compounds have good agreement in their LOI values. Compound 4i with a nitro terminal group gave the highest LOI value of 28.37%.

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