Psychopathic Traits and the Cheater–Hawk Hypothesis

2016 ◽  
Vol 34 (15) ◽  
pp. 3229-3251 ◽  
Author(s):  
Angela Book ◽  
Tabitha Methot-Jones ◽  
Julie Blais ◽  
Ashley Hosker-Field ◽  
Anthony Volk ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Life History Strategy ◽  
Psychopathic Traits ◽  
Direct Test ◽  
Single Factor ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Maximum Likelihood Factor Analysis ◽  
Single Strategy ◽  
Positive Correlations

The present study was a direct test of the cheater–hawk hypothesis which argues that psychopathy is related to two potentially adaptive interpersonal strategies: cheating and aggression. As expected, the measures of cheater and hawk behaviors comprised a single factor, according to a maximum-likelihood factor analysis. As hypothesized, psychopathic traits exhibited large positive correlations with measures of both cheater (entitlement, exploitiveness, and short-term mating orientation) and hawk (vengeance and aggression) behaviors. Furthermore, psychopathic traits were associated with the tendency of using individualistic and competitive tactics in an altruism game and being less likely to act in a prosocial manner. Finally, scores on the combined–cheater hawk variable were significantly correlated with psychopathic traits. As hypothesized, individuals scoring high on Factor 1 of psychopathy were more likely to utilize behaviors and strategies associated with the cheater–hawk designation, whether or not they scored high on Factor 2 of psychopathy. In general, the findings support the conceptualization that psychopathy represents a fast life-history strategy characterized by seeking personal gain over others, including exploitiveness (cheater), aggression (hawk), and risk taking. Results also indicate that cheater and hawk behaviors are part of a single strategy more often employed by those higher on psychopathic traits. Implications for treatment success are discussed.

The Link Between Verbal Short-Term Memory and Anomia Treatment Gains

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 (3) ◽  
pp. 1039-1052
Author(s):  
Reva M. Zimmerman ◽  
JoAnn P. Silkes ◽  
Diane L. Kendall ◽  
Irene Minkina
Keyword(s):  
Short Term Memory ◽  
Controlled Trial ◽  
Treatment Success ◽  
Linear Regression Models ◽  
Language Performance ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Term Memory ◽  
Treatment Gains ◽  
Post Hoc

Purpose A significant relationship between verbal short-term memory (STM) and language performance in people with aphasia has been found across studies. However, very few studies have examined the predictive value of verbal STM in treatment outcomes. This study aims to determine if verbal STM can be used as a predictor of treatment success. Method Retrospective data from 25 people with aphasia in a larger randomized controlled trial of phonomotor treatment were analyzed. Digit and word spans from immediately pretreatment were run in multiple linear regression models to determine whether they predict magnitude of change from pre- to posttreatment and follow-up naming accuracy. Pretreatment, immediately posttreatment, and 3 months posttreatment digit and word span scores were compared to determine if they changed following a novel treatment approach. Results Verbal STM, as measured by digit and word spans, did not predict magnitude of change in naming accuracy from pre- to posttreatment nor from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment. Furthermore, digit and word spans did not change from pre- to posttreatment or from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment in the overall analysis. A post hoc analysis revealed that only the less impaired group showed significant changes in word span scores from pretreatment to 3 months posttreatment. Discussion The results suggest that digit and word spans do not predict treatment gains. In a less severe subsample of participants, digit and word span scores can change following phonomotor treatment; however, the overall results suggest that span scores may not change significantly. The implications of these findings are discussed within the broader purview of theoretical and empirical associations between aphasic language and verbal STM processing.

scholarly journals Early Confirmation of Mycoplasma pneumoniae Infection by Two Short-Term Serologic IgM Examination

Diagnostics ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 353
Author(s):  
Ha Eun Jeon ◽  
Hyun Mi Kang ◽  
Eun Ae Yang ◽  
Hye Young Han ◽  
Seung Beom Han ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae ◽  
Early Stage ◽  
Immunoglobulin M ◽  
Enzyme Linked Immunosorbent Assay ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Serologic Tests ◽  
Polymerase Chain ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
Patient Selection Bias ◽  
Mycoplasma Pneumoniae Infection

The aim of the present study is to re-evaluate the clinical application of two-times serologic immunoglobulin M (IgM) tests using microparticle agglutination assay (MAA), an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA), and polymerase chain reaction (PCR) assay in diagnosing Mycoplasma pneumoniae (MP) infection. A retrospective analysis of 62 children with MP pneumonia during a recent epidemic (2019–2020) was conducted. The MAA and ELISA immunoglobulin M (IgM) and IgG measurements were conducted twice at admission and around discharge, and MP PCR once at presentation. Diagnostic rates in each test were calculated at presentation and at discharge. The seroconverters were 39% (24/62) of patients tested by MAA and 29% (18/62) by ELISA. At presentation, the diagnostic positive rates of MAA, ELISA, and PCR tests were 61%, 71%, and 52%, respectively. After the second examination, the rates were 100% in both serologic tests. There were positive correlations between the titers of MAA and the IgM values of ELISA. The single serologic IgM or PCR tests had limitations to select patients infected with MP in the early stage. The short-term, paired IgM serologic tests during hospitalization can reduce patient-selection bias in MP infection studies.

Efficacy of the READY-Girls Program on General Risk-Taking Behaviors, Condom Use, and Sexually Transmitted Infections Among Young Adolescent Females With Type 1 Diabetes

2016 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 712-720 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Thurheimer ◽  
Susan M. Sereika ◽  
Sandra Founds ◽  
Julie Downs ◽  
Denise Charron-Prochownik
Keyword(s):  
Condom Use ◽  
Birth Control ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Adolescent Females ◽  
Sexually Active ◽  
Preconception Counseling ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sexually Transmitted ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

Purpose The purpose of this study is to examine the short-term efficacy (3 months) of early diabetes-specific READY-Girls preconception counseling (RGPC) on more general risk-taking behaviors, condom use, and sexually transmitted infections (STIs) among adolescent females with type 1 diabetes. Methods Secondary analysis was performed with data pooled from 2 independent randomized controlled trials to evaluate the short-term impact of RGPC. The pooled sample had 136 participants (mean age, 16.9 years; range, 13-19 years) and compared those who received the RGPC (n = 76) with a control group who received standard care (n = 60). Both groups self-reported on demographic characteristics, risk-taking behaviors (eg, substance use and unsafe sex), birth control, and STIs. Results No effect of RGPC emerged on risk-taking behaviors, condom use, and STIs. Only 25% (n = 36) of the adolescents were sexually active at baseline, and 29% (n = 39) were sexually active at 3 months. Their overall mean age of sexual debut was 15.4 years, with more than half reporting an episode of unprotected sex. Condoms were the most frequent type of birth control used by both groups at both time points. By 3 months, only 4 participants had been diagnosed with an STI. Over time, subjects in both groups became more sexually active and used more condoms. Conclusion RGPC did not appear to directly affect general risk-taking behaviors or STIs, since it focuses on diabetes and reproductive health issues. Condom use did increase over time in both groups. More information on risk-taking behaviors and STIs should be included in diabetes-specific preconception counseling programs, including RGPC.

scholarly journals Reading comprehension on the last grades of cicles I and II of elementary school

CoDAS ◽  
2014 ◽  
Vol 26 (4) ◽  
pp. 276-285
Author(s):  
Eliane Mi Chang ◽  
Clara Regina Brandão de Avila
Keyword(s):  
Working Memory ◽  
Elementary School ◽  
Reading Comprehension ◽  
Research Groups ◽  
Control Groups ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Good Readers ◽  
Spearman Coefficient ◽  
Positive Correlations ◽  
And Control

PURPOSE: To characterize students' performance in Cycle I and II of the Elementary School (EF), in decoding, reading comprehension and underlying skills of reading, and investigate correlations between these variables, in the absence and presence of reading comprehension deficits, identified by their teachers.METHODS: 125 students from ES were grouped according to Cycle and presence or absence of reading comprehension impairments. Two Control (good readers from both Cycles) and two Research groups (poor readers from both Cycles) were established. Assessment involved: fluency and reading comprehension; oral comprehension; working and short-term phonological memory; grammar closure. It was compared (Mann-Whitney test): in intragroup study, both Control and Research groups; in intergroup study, Control and Research from different cycles, and Control I and Research II. Spearman coefficient investigated correlations.RESULTS: Analyzing reading comprehension, we observed better performance of Control Groups in all tasks in comparison to the respective Research Groups, and better performance of Control II in comparison to Control I. Research Groups had similar results in most tests. Positive correlations have been observed between most of the variables.CONCLUSION: Students without reading comprehension impairments showed better performance in reading in both Cycles. Working memory and oral comprehension did not differentiate students with and without complaints in Cycle I, differently from what was observed in Cycle II. Research II presented similar or better performance than Research I and similar or worse performance than Control I. Underlying skills showed different profiles of correlation with reading comprehension capacity, according to the group.

scholarly journals Low interest rates and executive risk-taking incentives: Evidence from the United States

2020 ◽  
pp. 234094442092771
Author(s):  
Paula Castro ◽  
Maria T Tascon ◽  
Francisco J Castaño ◽  
Borja Amor-Tapia
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Interest Rates ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
The United States ◽  
Jel Classification ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Monetary Policies ◽  
Stock Return Volatility ◽  
Low Interest Rates ◽  
Institutional Shareholders

This article contributes to the literature by indicating how certain monetary policies impact the compensation incentives of US managers to adopt riskier business policies. Specifically, based on the agency problems between shareholders and managers and between shareholders and creditors, a research framework is developed to identify the influence of low interest rates on managers’ risk-taking incentives proxied by the sensitivity of executive compensation to stock return volatility (Vega). We examine 1,293 firms in the United States between 2000 and 2016, and the results indicate that low interest rates increase the managers’ short-term risk-taking incentives and that those incentives contribute to the risk effectively taken by the firm. Our results are robust to the use of alternative monetary proxies and to the presence of passive versus active institutional shareholders. JEL CLASSIFICATION E41; E43; E51; M12; M52

Sexual Consumption in the Time of AIDS: A Study of Prostitute Patronage in Thailand

1998 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 197-214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Russell W. Belk ◽  
Per Østergaard ◽  
Ronald Groves
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Information Processing ◽  
Cultural Values ◽  
Risk Taking ◽  
Sex Roles ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Consumer Information ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Limited Effectiveness ◽  
Risk Taking Behaviors

On the basis of short-term, qualitative fieldwork, the authors provide a culturally embedded portrait of AIDS knowledge, attitudes, and risk-taking behaviors in prostitute patronage by students and tourists in the most heavily HIV-infected region of Thailand. The authors find that the mix of cultural values, rituals, sex roles, and emotions in this Thai context challenge the underlying assumptions of belief-based Western models of behavior. This may help explain the limited effectiveness of prior research and prevention efforts in stopping the spread of HIV and AIDS. Although the findings are preliminary, they pose provocative challenges to consumer information processing models and existing public policy efforts in this milieu of sex and death.

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