scholarly journals The Influence of the Opposite Sex on Hypothetical Aggressive Inclinations

2017 ◽  
Vol 35 (23-24) ◽  
pp. 5889-5904
Author(s):  
Kira Mason ◽  
Christopher P. Barlett ◽  
Alex L. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Attractive Female

Previous research has supported the hypothesis that the presence of a potential mate influences social behavior; however, there is a paucity of work that has extended this to the study of aggression. Thus, the current research had participants ( N = 1,035) view a picture of an attractive or unattractive member of the opposite sex. Participants then imagined themselves in front of the imagined person in a social setting in which they were provoked or not before completing an assessment of aggressive intentions. Results from the 2 (sex of participant) × 2 (attractiveness of the picture) × 2 (provocation or not) analysis of variance showed that males viewing an image of an attractive female had higher aggressive intentions when provoked than males viewing a nonattractive female; however, these effects were not found for female participants.

Social experience influences preferences in black ducks and mallards

1989 ◽  
Vol 67 (6) ◽  
pp. 1434-1438 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lynn M. Brodsky ◽  
C. Davison Ankney ◽  
Darrell G. Dennis
Keyword(s):  
Social Preferences ◽  
Anas Platyrhynchos ◽  
Social Experience ◽  
The Other ◽  
Captive Population ◽  
Male And Female ◽  
Potential Mate ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

The influence of social experience on the preferences for a potential mate in a captive population of black ducks, Anas rubripes, and mallards, Anas platyrhynchos, was examined. Birds were reared from hatching with conspecifics (i.e., female black ducks with male black ducks, female mallards with male mallards), or were cross-fostered with the other species (i.e., female black ducks with male mallards, female mallards with male black ducks). Preferences of individuals were tested in a chamber containing caged black ducks and mallards of the opposite sex. In over 90% (100/109) of the trials, males and females preferred the species that they were raised with since hatching, whether they were of the same species or not. These results demonstrate that social experience influences the social preferences of male and female black ducks and mallards.

A Rating Scale of Intimate Disclosure between Late Adolescents and Their Friends

1978 ◽  
Vol 42 (3) ◽  
pp. 815-820 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dennis S. Klos ◽  
Diane F. Loomis
Keyword(s):  
College Students ◽  
Middle Class ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Rating Scale ◽  
Target Person ◽  
Late Adolescents ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Williams College ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
High Level

Subjects were asked to recall actual intimate conversations with closest same-sex friend and closest opposite-sex friend and reconstruct the dialogue. Responses were used to form a reliable example-anchored scale. The criteria for rating were the topic of disclosure, the feeling-content and spontaneity of disclosure, and the receptivity of the target person. The sample was 128 Williams College students, evenly divided by sex, half freshmen and half seniors, Caucasian, and middle-class. An analysis of variance showed significant differences in level of intimate disclosure: freshman males to males, low; freshman males to females and senior males to males, moderate; senior males to females and females of either age to friends of either sex, high. Level of intimate disclosure was independent of the tendency to give socially desirable responses on the Marlowe-Crowne Scale. Using objective ratings as a standard, it was concluded that self-ratings of intimate disclosure are inflated and often inaccurate.

scholarly journals Sex- and context-dependent effects of acute isolation on vocal and non-vocal social behaviors in mice

PLoS ONE ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 16 (9) ◽  
pp. e0255640
Author(s):  
Xin Zhao ◽  
Patryk Ziobro ◽  
Nicole M. Pranic ◽  
Samantha Chu ◽  
Samantha Rabinovich ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Social Interactions ◽  
Social Isolation ◽  
Social Behaviors ◽  
Social Motivation ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Female Mice ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Brain And Behavior

Humans are extraordinarily social, and social isolation has profound effects on our behavior, ranging from increased social motivation following short periods of social isolation to increased anti-social behaviors following long-term social isolation. Mice are frequently used as a model to understand how social isolation impacts the brain and behavior. While the effects of chronic social isolation on mouse social behavior have been well studied, much less is known about how acute isolation impacts mouse social behavior and whether these effects vary according to the sex of the mouse and the behavioral context of the social encounter. To address these questions, we characterized the effects of acute (3-day) social isolation on the vocal and non-vocal social behaviors of male and female mice during same-sex and opposite-sex social interactions. Our experiments uncovered pronounced effects of acute isolation on social interactions between female mice, while revealing more subtle effects on the social behaviors of male mice during same-sex and opposite-sex interactions. Our findings advance the study of same-sex interactions between female mice as an attractive paradigm to investigate neural mechanisms through which acute isolation enhances social motivation and promotes social behavior.

scholarly journals How does individual variation in sociality influence fitness in prairie voles?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne C. Sabol ◽  
Connor T. Lambert ◽  
Brian Keane ◽  
Nancy G. Solomon ◽  
Ben Dantzer
Keyword(s):  
Social Network ◽  
Social Behavior ◽  
Individual Variation ◽  
Mating Success ◽  
Social Connections ◽  
Prairie Voles ◽  
Network Analyses ◽  
Fitness Consequences ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Social Network Analyses

AbstractComparative studies aid in our understanding of specific conditions favoring the initial evolution of different types of social behaviors, yet there is much unexplained intraspecific variation in the expression of social behavior that comparative studies have not yet addressed. The proximate causes of this individual variation in social behavior within a species have been examined in some species but its fitness consequences have been less frequently investigated. In this study, we quantified the fitness consequences of variation in the sociality of prairie voles (Microtus ochrogaster). We characterized sociality of voles in semi-natural enclosures using an automated behavioral tracking system paired with social network analyses to quantify the degree of spatial and temporal co-occurrence of different voles. We then assessed the relationship between sociality with mating success (number of different conspecifics with which an individual produced offspring) and reproductive success (total number of offspring surviving to first capture). We measured the number of social connections each individual had with all voles and only with opposite-sex voles by calculating unweighted degree through social network analyses. Both female and male voles varied in the number of social connections they had with all conspecifics and with opposite-sex conspecifics. Voles with an intermediate number of social connections with voles of both sexes had higher mating success overall. In our analyses that considered all social connections with voles of both sexes, voles with an intermediate number of social connections produced more offspring. Males with a very high or low number of social connections also had the lowest average body mass. Overall, our results suggest some limit on the fitness benefits of sociality. Although there was substantial individual-variation in our measure of vole social behavior, intermediate levels of social connections may be most favorable.

Changes in Person Perception as a Function of Dress

1969 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 191-194 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paul N. Hamid
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Person Perception ◽  
Female Students ◽  
Opposite Sex

8 photographs of adolescents under 4 conditions of dress were rated by 30 male and 30 female students on 10 concepts. An analysis of variance showed extreme responding in rating the opposite sex, but the major proportion of variance was attributable to this effect in interaction with dress condition.

Women Holy in Body and Spirit: The Social Setting of 1 Corinthians 7

1990 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 161-181 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret Y. MacDonald
Keyword(s):  
Social Setting ◽  
1 Corinthians ◽  
Men And Women ◽  
The Social ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Males And Females

In an elegant discussion of the roles of women in the Pauline congregations, Wayne Meeks has drawn attention to Paul's apparently deliberate attempt to make parallel statements about the respective obligations of males and females in 1 Cor 7 and in 1 Cor 11. 2–16. In the same study, Meeks makes a second observation about 1 Cor 11. 2–16: ‘If the passage places most emphasis on the female, that must be because in Corinth it is the charismatic women who are donning the attire of the opposite sex’. There is indeed a fairly wide consensus that the problem underlying the instructions about head attire in 1 Cor 11 is with women. Is there a connection between the antics of the women of 1 Cor 11 and Paul's exhortations in 1 Cor 7? Are we to conclude that 1 Cor 7 also responds to a situation instigated by females? Or, does the fact that the parallelism in 1 Cor 7 is even more extensive than in 1 Cor 11 imply that, in his discussion of marriage and celibacy, Paul was equally concerned with the practices of men and women?

scholarly journals Sex and Physiological Cycles Affect the Automatic Perception of Attractive Opposite-Sex Faces: A Visual Mismatch Negativity Study

2018 ◽  
Vol 16 (4) ◽  
pp. 147470491881214 ◽  
Author(s):  
Shu Zhang ◽  
Hailing Wang ◽  
Qingke Guo
Keyword(s):  
Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Time Course ◽  
Event Related Potentials ◽  
Facial Attractiveness ◽  
Delayed Response ◽  
Visual Mismatch Negativity ◽  
Related Potentials ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
Ovulatory Period ◽  
Attractive Female

Facial attractiveness plays important roles in social interaction. Electrophysiological and neuroimaging studies found several brain areas to be differentially responsive to attractive relative to unattractive faces. However, little is known about the time course of the information processing, especially under the unattended condition. Based on a “cross-modal delayed response” paradigm, the present study aimed to explore the automatic mechanism of facial attractiveness processing of females with different physiological cycles and males, respectively, through recording the event-related potentials in response to (un)attractive opposite-sex faces by two experiments. The attractiveness-related visual mismatch negativity (attractiveness vMMN) in posterior scalp distribution was recorded in both the experiments, which indicated that attractive faces could be processed automatically. And high-attractive opposite-sex faces can elicit larger vMMN in males than females in menstrual period in Study 1, but similar as females in ovulatory period in Study 2. Furthermore, by comparison, the latency of attractiveness vMMN in females with the ovulatory period was the longest. These results indicated as follows: (1) Males were more sensitive to attractive female faces, (2) females in ovulatory period were also attracted by the attractive male faces, (3) the long vMMN latency in females during ovulatory period suggested a special reproductive motivation to avoid being tainted by genes, which takes priority over the breeding motivation.

Employee Gender, Gender Similarity, and Supervisor-Subordinate Cross-Evaluations

1983 ◽  
Vol 8 (2) ◽  
pp. 174-184 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nina Gupta ◽  
G. Douglas Jenkins ◽  
Terry A. Beehr
Keyword(s):  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
The Other ◽  
Same Sex ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Supervisor Ratings ◽  
Opposite Sex ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The One ◽  
Gender Similarity ◽  
The Relationship

This article examines the relationship between employee gender and gender similarity on the one hand and supervisor-subordinate cross-evaluations and subordinate rewards on the other, using a sample of 651 employees from five midwestern organizations. Data were obtained through structured interviews, supervisor ratings of subordinates, and employee personnel records. Two-way analysis of variance results indicated that (a) evaluations of women are more positive than evaluations of men and (b) opposite-sex evaluations tend to be higher than same-sex evaluations, but (c) men subordinates receive more promotions, and same-sex subordinates more pay increases, than do women subordinates and opposite-sex subordinates respectively.

scholarly journals Behaviors associated with cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability to ethanol test due to feeding restriction

2016 ◽  
Vol 46 (9) ◽  
pp. 1662-1667
Author(s):  
Marcelo Tempel Stumpf ◽  
Vivian Fischer ◽  
Giovani Jacob Kolling ◽  
Alessandra Ventura da Silva ◽  
Maria Edi Rocha Ribeiro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Analysis Of Variance ◽  
Feed Restriction ◽  
Lactating Cows ◽  
Visual Identification ◽  
Period 2 ◽  
Full Diet ◽  
Stress Levels

ABSTRACT: The experiment was carried out to identify changes in the behaviorr of lactating cows induced by severe feeding restriction and further refeeding that could serve as facilitators for the visual identification of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability. Twelve cows were separated into two groups: Control: full diet supply; Restriction: 50% of the full diet. Feed restriction lasted seven days (Period 1), with posterior supply of full diet for seven days (Period 2) for all treatments. Behavior was observed on the first and fifth days in each period from 08h40 to 19h00. Ingestive and social behavior were monitored. Cortisol assessed stress levels. Analysis of variance and multifactorial statistical analyzes were performed. Adequate feed supply reduced stress, improved animals' welfare and milk stability to the ethanol test. Elevation in the incidence of behavior related with hunger, frustration and discomfort is an indicator of cows more prone to produce milk with reduced stability.

scholarly journals ECRANISATION STUDY OF SOCIAL SETTING OF ME, AND EARL, AND THE DYING GIRL

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-12
Author(s):  
Regina Ayu Harna Shindy ◽  
Romel Noverino
Keyword(s):  
Social Behavior ◽  
Qualitative Study ◽  
Motion Pictures ◽  
Social Aspects ◽  
Social Setting ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Objective Data ◽  
Written Text ◽  
Socially Constructed ◽  
The Social

Ecranisation is transformation of written text in a novel into motion pictures in film. In so doing, the transformation undergoes three kinds of characteristics which become the main analysis in ecranization study, namely reduction, addition, and variation of change. This article discusses the results of a study on how the three processes in terms of social setting have contributed to the alteration of storyline. Objective data were collected through purposive sampling in this qualitative study from the novel and its film of Me and Earl and the Dying Girl. The results show that the storyline in the film is socially constructed differently from its origin in the novel. It was found that the social behavior and the characterization in the film are not depicted in the same way as in the novel. As the novel is the benchmark for identifying any changes of social setting in the film, it is implied that the transformation has failed in taking into various social aspects as inherent element of storyline in the novel.

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