The Association Between Trauma Centrality and Posttraumatic Stress Among Syrian Refugees: The Impact of Cognitive Distortions and Trauma-Coping Self-Efficacy

While research suggests that the war in Syria has led to a drastic re-evaluation of oneself and elevated psychiatric symptoms among Syrian refugees, little is known whether these psychological reactions might be influenced by maladaptive beliefs about oneself and the world and their ability to cope with the effect of the trauma. This study aimed to provide further evidence on the association between trauma centrality, posttraumatic stress, and psychiatric comorbidity, and examine whether cognitive distortions and trauma-coping self-efficacy would mediate the impact of trauma centrality on distress among Syrian refugees residing in Sweden. Four-hundred seventy-five Syrian refugees completed a demographic page, the Harvard Trauma Questionnaire, General Health Questionnaire-28, Centrality of Event Scale, Cognitive Distortion Scales, and trauma-coping self-efficacy. Results showed that trauma centrality was significantly correlated with posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) and psychiatric comorbidity after adjusting the effects of trauma exposure characteristics. Cognitive distortions mediated the impact of trauma centrality on the two distress outcomes; trauma-coping self-efficacy did not but was negatively correlated with outcomes. To conclude, the war in Syria changed self-perception, outlook on life, and identity among Syrian refugees. These changes were related to increased psychological symptoms especially for those who had distorted beliefs about themselves and the world. Refugees’ belief in the lack of ability to cope with the effect of the trauma impacted psychological distress independently of changes in self-perception.

Childbirth and Posttraumatic Stress Responses

European Journal of Psychological Assessment ◽

10.1027/1015-5759.22.4.259 ◽

2006 ◽

Vol 22 (4) ◽

pp. 259-267 ◽

Cited By ~ 40

Author(s):

Eelco Olde ◽

Rolf J. Kleber ◽

Onno van der Hart ◽

Victor J.M. Pop

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Stress Responses ◽

Rating Scales ◽

Rating Scale ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Traumatic Experience ◽

Event Scale ◽

Self Rating ◽

Childbirth has been identified as a possible traumatic experience, leading to traumatic stress responses and even to the development of posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD). The current study investigated the psychometric properties of the Dutch version of the Impact of Event Scale-Revised (IES-R) in a group of women who recently gave birth (N = 435). In addition, a comparison was made between the original IES and the IES-R. The scale showed high internal consistency (α = 0.88). Using confirmatory factor analysis no support was found for a three-factor structure of an intrusion, an avoidance, and a hyperarousal factor. Goodness of fit was only reasonable, even after fitting one intrusion item on the hyperarousal scale. The IES-R correlated significantly with scores on depression and anxiety self-rating scales, as well as with scores on a self-rating scale of posttraumatic stress disorder. Although the IES-R can be used for studying posttraumatic stress reactions in women who recently gave birth, the original IES proved to be a better instrument compared to the IES-R. It is concluded that adding the hyperarousal scale to the IES-R did not make the scale stronger.

UTILITY OF THE IMPACT OF EVENT SCALE IN SCREENING FOR POSTTRAUMATIC STRESS DISORDER

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.97.5.297-308 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 97 (5) ◽

pp. 297 ◽

Cited By ~ 4

Author(s):

ANKE B. WITTEVEEN

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Measuring Entrepreneurial Self-efficacy: A Comprehensive Scale

Journal of Entrepreneurship and Innovation in Emerging Economies ◽

10.1177/23939575211019605 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 239395752110196

Author(s):

Neha Taneja Chawla ◽

Hitesh Bhatia

Keyword(s):

Impact Assessment ◽

Statistical Methods ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Reliability And Validity ◽

Entrepreneurship Education ◽

Education Programs ◽

Entrepreneurial Behaviour ◽

Indian Context ◽

The World ◽

With the increasing popularity of entrepreneurship education programs across the world, the impact assessment of such programs has gathered considerable interest of the researchers. Growing number of studies are including entrepreneurial self-efficacy (ESE) as a key predictor of future entrepreneurial behaviour and hence the scale for measuring ESE is central to majority of studies pertaining to entrepreneurship education and entrepreneurial behaviour. This study attempts to refine the existing instruments for measuring ESE by extensively reviewing the notable scales of ESE in literature and develops a comprehensive scale of ESE relevant in the Indian context. The additional components are added to the existing scales through expert discussions with the academicians as well as entrepreneurs. The scale is further verified for its reliability and validity by using appropriate statistical methods.

Symptoms of Acute Posttraumatic Stress Disorder After Intensive Care

American Journal of Critical Care ◽

10.4037/ajcc2008.17.6.534 ◽

2008 ◽

Vol 17 (6) ◽

pp. 534-543 ◽

Cited By ~ 19

Author(s):

Karen Wallen ◽

Wendy Chaboyer ◽

Lukman Thalib ◽

Debra K. Creedy

Keyword(s):

Intensive Care ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Independent Predictor ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

Inclusion Criteria ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Background Admission to intensive care is often a sudden and unexpected event precipitated by a life-threatening condition, 2 determinants thought to influence the development of posttraumatic stress disorder. Objectives To identify the frequency of acute symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder and to describe factors predictive of these symptoms in patients 1 month after discharge from intensive care. Methods In this prospective cohort study, all patients meeting the inclusion criteria during the study period were invited to participate. Participants completed the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, and demographic and clinical data were accessed from an intensive care unit database. Results During a 9-month period, 114 of 137 patients who met the inclusion criteria consented to participate in the study, and 100 (88%) completed it. The mean total score on the Impact of Event Scale-Revised was 17.8 (SD, 13.4; possible range, 0–88). A total of 13 participants (13%) scored higher than the cutoff score for clinical posttraumatic stress disorder. Neither sex nor length of stay was predictive of acute symptoms of post-traumatic stress disorder. In multivariate analysis, the only independent predictor of symptoms was age. Patients younger than 65 years were 5.6 times (95% confidence interval, 1.17–26.89) more likely than those 65 years and older to report symptoms. Conclusion The rate of symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder 1 month after discharge from intensive care was relatively low. Consistent with findings of previous research, being younger than 65 years was the only independent predictor of symptoms.

Perceived Self-efficacy during an Emergency Situation Reduces Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms

The Spanish Journal of Psychology ◽

10.1017/sjp.2013.56 ◽

2013 ◽

Vol 16 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Elisa Saccinto ◽

Lola Vallès ◽

Ed Hilterman ◽

Malin Roiha ◽

Luca Pietrantoni ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Traumatic Event ◽

Emergency Situation ◽

Female Gender ◽

Protective Role ◽

Posttraumatic Stress Symptoms ◽

Emergency Situations ◽

Stress Symptoms ◽

AbstractThis study investigates if perceived self-efficacy during an emergency situation has a protective role in the development of posttraumatic stress symptoms among Italian and Spanish survivors of several emergency situations. We explored the impact of self-efficacy in a multiple regression model including other predictors of posttraumatic stress symptoms, such as emergency prevention knowledge; trust in emergency services; risk perception of becoming a victim of an emergency situation; and conscious and active behaviors in comparison with no conscious and no active behavior during the emergency. We carried out a retrospective study recruiting 214 participants who reported their experience as victims of one specific emergency event. Results showed that survivors who perceived themselves as more self-efficacious during the traumatic event had less posttraumatic stress symptoms. In contrast, female gender, more self-threat perception and higher trauma severity were associated with more symptoms. Findings contribute to better understand human behavior in emergency situations and evidence the protective role of perceived self-efficacy beliefs among survivors of emergency situations.

Association between posttraumatic stress and acceptance of social changes: Findings from a general population study and proposal of a new concept

International Journal of Social Psychiatry ◽

10.1177/0020764016687788 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 63 (2) ◽

pp. 126-131 ◽

Cited By ~ 5

Author(s):

Evaldas Kazlauskas ◽

Paulina Zelviene

Keyword(s):

General Population ◽

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Social Factors ◽

Stress Disorder ◽

Population Sample ◽

Social Changes ◽

Event Scale ◽

General Population Study ◽

Background: There is a growing understanding of the importance of the social factors of posttraumatic stress disorder. Aims: This study expands research on association between posttraumatic stress and social factors by introducing the measure of the acceptance of social changes and evaluating possible links between posttraumatic stress disorder symptoms and acceptance of social changes. Methods: A general population sample ( n = 778) aged from 18 to 89 years ( M = 40.2) from Lithuania participated in our study, of whom 68% reported exposure to traumatic events. Posttraumatic stress reactions were measured with the Impact of Event Scale – Revised (IES-R), and acceptance of social changes was measured with the Acceptance of Social Changes Instrument (SOCHI) developed by the authors of this study. Results: About 8% of the participants had a potential posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) diagnosis. Acceptance of social changes was negatively associated with posttraumatic stress. PTSD was related to lower acceptance of social changes ( d = .61). Structural equation model (SEM) revealed the mediating role of PTSD for acceptance of social changes following trauma exposure. Conclusion: Findings of our study indicate that the acceptance of social changes might be an important psychosocial factor of PTSD.

Norwegian Adolescents' Reactions to Distant Warfare

Behavioural and Cognitive Psychotherapy ◽

10.1017/s1352465805002353 ◽

2005 ◽

Vol 33 (4) ◽

pp. 443-457 ◽

Cited By ~ 6

Author(s):

Atle Dyregrov ◽

Magne Raundalen

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Clinical Experience ◽

Iraq War ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Adolescents And Adults ◽

The Media ◽

Kosovo War ◽

A total of 1695 Norwegian adolescents answered a questionnaire concerning how they perceived and reacted to the threat of war during the 1999 Kosovo war and the 2003 Iraq war. Based on previous research and clinical experience the following hypotheses were formed: a) The Kosovo war, being in closer proximity to Norway, will result in more reactions than the Iraq war; b) There will be more communication between adolescents and adults following the Iraq war than following the Kosovo war, due to education by psychologists via the media in the intervening period; c) Girls will evidence more reactions than boys, in line with previous work; d) Adolescents who score above cut-off on the Impact of Event Scale will report less communication with friends and parents, in line with psychosocial theories of posttraumatic stress and previous empirical findings. The first three hypotheses were generally supported, but findings regarding hypothesis (d) were mixed. It is believed that a more open communicative climate has developed in families and schools following increased attention by professionals and media to the coverage of wars and disasters in the media. Mild reactions to the two wars suggest adolescent resilience. Professionals can play an important role in disseminating information on how such events can be handled by parents, professionals and society at large.

Italians’ Dietary Habits During the COVID-19 Lockdown: Results of the #PRESTOinsieme Study

Current Developments in Nutrition ◽

10.1093/cdn/nzab029_034 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 5 (Supplement_2) ◽

pp. 233-233

Author(s):

Giulia Lorenzoni ◽

Marco Silano ◽

Danila Azzolina ◽

Silvia Gallipoli ◽

Solidea Baldas ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Emotional Eating ◽

Dietary Habits ◽

Depression Scale ◽

Well Being ◽

P Value ◽

Depression Symptoms ◽

Psychological Well Being ◽

Event Scale ◽

Abstract Objectives To assess dietary habits and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy, one of the European countries most severely affected by the first wave of the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods The #PRESTOinsieme project is a web-based survey open to people over 16 years of age that started on the 20th of March 2020 in Italy. Survey respondents underwent a set of validated questionnaires to assess dietary habits and psychological well-being (depression and posttraumatic stress, using the Center for Epidemiologic Studies Depression Scale and the Impact of Event Scale-Revised, respectively) during the lockdown. Results Survey respondents were 5008, with a median age of 38 years. The female gender was the most prevalent (63%). Dietary habits were found to be associated with psychological well-being. People suffering from moderate/severe depression symptoms and posttraumatic stress were found to have more frequently foods high in fat and sugars compared to people with no/mild depressive and posttraumatic stress symptoms (P-value 0.008). Furthermore, subjects with most severe depressive symptoms ate less frequently fruits (P-value < 0.001), vegetables (P-value 0.013), dried fruits (P-value < 0.001), and milk-based products. Conclusions Present results showed a strict relationship between dietary habits and psychological well-being during the COVID-19 lockdown in Italy. Such a relationship could be interpreted as emotional eating, which has been frequently reported during the lockdown, showing that depressed people are more prone to emotional eating habits. Present results claim the need to develop public programs of psychological support for the community during the lockdown and public health strategies targeting diet. Funding Sources N/A

The Effect of Mobile Instant Messaging versus Face-to-Face Counseling on the Primiparous Mothers’ Breastfeeding Self-efficacy: A Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

10.21203/rs.3.rs-17299/v1 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Manoosh Mehrabi ◽

Shoale Zarei ◽

Leila Bazrafkan ◽

Ali Reza Safarpour

Keyword(s):

Randomized Controlled Trial ◽

Self Efficacy ◽

Instant Messaging ◽

Controlled Trial ◽

World Health ◽

Face To Face ◽

Randomized Controlled ◽

The World ◽

The Impact ◽

Pilot Randomized Controlled Trial

Abstract Background Increasing breastfeeding rates around the world is one of the most important goals of the World Health Organization. Self-efficacy is a modifying and predictive factor for initiation and continuation of breastfeeding. This study was conducted to investigate the impact of mobile-based education and regular delivery of designed messages on breastfeeding self-efficacy in primiparous mothers. Methods This study was a double blind pilot randomized controlled trial, in which a hundred and twenty primiparous breastfeeding mothers were randomly allocated into two groups using permuted block randomization. The standard method conseling arm received routine counseling interventions and the intervention arm received a mobile instant messaging program in addition to the usual counseling. The main objective of this study was to compare self-efficacy in face-to-face counseling group and mobile instant messaging group. Self-efficacy levels were compared in the two groups before and after the study procedures. Results In this study, 60 mothers were studied in each group, and then the collected data were analyzed. The mean post-test scores in the intervention group (60.40 ± 4.92) and the control group (50.10 ± 7.60) were compared in the main analysis. The results indicated a statistically significant difference (p <0.001). Given the amount of effect size ( d= 0.99; 95% CI=1.19-2.02 ) it appears that there is a high level correlation between the applied intervention and level of self-efficacy among the study participants, especially those with higher levels of education. Secondary findings of the study involved evaluating the effects of education, occupation, family income, lactation duration and spouse support for breastfeeding self-efficacy. Except for the maternal education level, which had a significant relationship with the level of breastfeeding self-efficacy (p= 0.02), the other factors did not show any correlation with self-efficacy in breastfeeding. Conclusion The pilot study provided valuable information for feasibility assessment of randomized controlled trials in future studies with larger sample sizes and more participant diversity.

The EMDR Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents: Brief Report of an Application in a Human Massacre Situation

Journal of EMDR Practice and Research ◽

10.1891/1933-3196.5.4.156 ◽

2011 ◽

Vol 5 (4) ◽

pp. 156-165 ◽

Cited By ~ 17

Author(s):

Ignacio Jarero ◽

Susana Uribe

Keyword(s):

Posttraumatic Stress ◽

Critical Incidents ◽

Attorney General ◽

Self Report ◽

Natural Setting ◽

Ptsd Symptoms ◽

Impact Of Event Scale ◽

Event Scale ◽

Delayed Treatment ◽

This ongoing field study was conducted subsequent to the discovery of clandestine graves with 218 bodies recovered in the Mexican state of Durango in April 2011. A preliminary psychometric assessment was conducted with the 60 State Attorney General employees who were working with the corpses to establish a triage criterion and provide baseline measures. The Impact of Event Scale (IES) and the short posttraumatic stress disorder (PTSD) rating interview were administered, and the 32 individuals whose scores indicated moderate-to-severe posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms were treated with the eye movement desensitization and reprocessing (EMDR) Protocol for Recent Critical Incidents (EMDR-PRECI). Participants were assigned to two groups: immediate treatment (severe scores) and waitlist/delayed treatment (moderate scores). Each individual client session lasted between 90 and 120 minutes. Results showed that one session of EMDR-PRECI produced significant improvement on self-report measures of posttraumatic stress and PTSD symptoms for both the immediate treatment and waitlist/delayed treatment groups. This study provides preliminary evidence in support of the protocol’s efficacy in a natural setting of a human massacre situation to a group of traumatized adults working under extreme stressors. More controlled research is recommended to evaluate further the protocol’s efficacy.