Gender Equality and Sentencing Outcomes: An Examination of State Courts

2019 ◽  
Vol 31 (5) ◽  
pp. 673-695
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Nowacki
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Gender Equality ◽  
State Courts ◽  
State Court ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽  
County Level ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Court Processing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

The current study examined whether measures of structural gender equality conditioned the effects of defendant gender on incarceration decisions. Using data from the State Court Processing Statistics (SCPS) database, multilevel logistic regression was used to examine the relationship between both case- and county-level variables on incarceration decisions on a sample of defendants sentenced in state courts. Results indicated that women were less likely to be sentenced to prison than men, but there was no gender difference for jail and noncustodial sentences; however, the structural gender equality measures exerted only slight influences over sentencing outcomes.

scholarly journals THE MODE CHOICES AND COMMUTING STRESS: EMPIRICAL EVIDENCE FROM JAKARTA AND DENPASAR

2019 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 68
Author(s):  
Ismatulloh Rosida ◽  
Dyah Wulan Sari ◽  
Amelia Dertta Irjayanti
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Public Transport ◽  
Regression Models ◽  
Toll Roads ◽  
Multiple Logistic Regression ◽  
Logistic Regression Models ◽  
High Impedance ◽  
Logistic Regressions ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Jabodetabek and Sarbagita have the highest worker commuter population in Indonesia. However, Jabodetabek has various and larger coverage of public transport than Sarbagita. This study also analyzes the relationship between the usage of specific transport modes and commuting stress. Multiple logistic regression models have been estimated using data of both Jabodetabek Commuter Survey and Sarbagita Commuter Survey. Using logistic regressions, the results show that mode choices, gender, and travel time have a significant effect on commuting stress. The analysis also indicates that both in high impedance and low impedance metropolitans, car commuting is perceived to be more stressful than non-car commuting. In a condition of restricted mode choices, commuters who use cars have a greater probability of commuting stress. Furthermore, the findings of this study imply limitation of car usage and as an evaluation of the policy of opening toll roads as a solution to urban congestion.

scholarly journals Socioeconomic disparities and the distribution of HIV in Cameroon: a multilevel logistic regression analysis

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zhongshang Yuan ◽  
Weiqiang Lin ◽  
Marlvin Anemey Tewara ◽  
Liu Yunxia ◽  
Helen Binang Barong ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Model ◽  
Socioeconomic Factors ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Regional Distribution ◽  
Socioeconomic Disparities ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽  
Multilevel Regression ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Background: There have been controversial debates on the relationship between socioeconomic status and the distribution of HIV in Cameroon. We aim to illustrate the vulnerability of socioeconomic disparities and the risk of getting HIV for public health interventions. Methods: Descriptive statistics was conducted to quantify the socioeconomic gradients of HIV. A Multilevel logistic regression model was used to study the relationship between socioeconomic factors and HIV. The effect of the factors was presented as odds ratios (OR), with 95% confidence intervals (CIs). P-value less than 0.05 was considered to be statistically significant. We further mapped HIV prevalence in ArcGIS to visualize the regional distribution of HIV.Results: HIV was significantly associated with age (p<0.001), sex (p<0.001) and varies significantly by geographic region (p<0.001), level of education (p=0.001), wealth status (p<0.001), religion (p=0.042), ethnicity (p<0.001) and residence (p=0.001). HIV positive participants were more likely to be women, people with higher educational level, live in urban areas, practice the protestant religious belief, belong to the ethnicity of Kako/Meka/Pygmy and distributed in the East, South, and Yaoundé regions. Age, sex, region, education level, and ethnicity were significantly associated with the odds of having HIV from the multilevel regression model. Conclusion: Our finding recommends for novel intervention programs that will target the various socioeconomic factors associated with the odds of having HIV for proper public health management of the disease in Cameroon.

Examining the Relationship between the Lethality Assessment/Domestic Violence High-risk Team Monitoring (LAP/DVHRT) Program and Prosecution Outcomes

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110283
Author(s):  
Kristin L. Anderson ◽  
Hannah Bryan ◽  
Alexis Martinez ◽  
Brandon Huston
Keyword(s):  
Domestic Violence ◽  
High Risk ◽  
Sentence Length ◽  
Exact Matching ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
Lethal Violence ◽  
Using Data ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

Lethality assessment (LAP) and team monitoring of high-risk offenders (DVHRT) are recent U.S. policy innovations designed to identify domestic violence offenders who are at high risk for perpetrating serious or lethal violence against their intimate partners. One goal of LAP/DVHRT is to increase offenders’ accountability for domestic violence within the legal system. This study examines associations between LAP/DVHRT and prosecution and sentencing outcomes using data on domestic violence offenses ( n = 88) involving 37 offenders monitored by a DVHRT and 51 nonmonitored comparison offenders who were identified as high risk on the LAP. We use logistic and OLS regression to estimate models of six prosecution and sentencing outcomes for the full sample and for a sample matched using the coarsened exact matching technique ( n = 73). Multivariate results indicate that when the treatment and comparison samples are matched and control variables are included in regression models, the LAP/DVHRT program is not associated with prosecution or conviction rates, number of charges, or bail amount. DVHRT monitoring is positively associated with sentence length in multivariate analysis and in models using the matched sample. Findings suggest that the LAP/DVHRT program increases offender accountability in the form of incapacitation at the sentencing stages.

Multisubstance-Using Probationers and the Odds of Arrest While in the Community

2019 ◽  
Vol 64 (8) ◽  
pp. 818-839
Author(s):  
Justin C. Medina ◽  
Haley R. Zettler
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Public Safety ◽  
Community Corrections ◽  
Intensive Treatment ◽  
County Level ◽  
Regression Analyses ◽  
Technical Violations ◽  
Single Substance ◽  
Using Data ◽  
Additional Monitoring

Failed drug tests commonly lead to technical violations and revocation hearings for probationers. The current study extends these observations by examining whether multisubstance-using probationers also have increased odds of arrest in the community. This is important as multisubstance-using probationers may present unique public safety challenges to community corrections agencies and require intensive treatment resources and additional monitoring. Using data from a county-level probation cohort ( N = 2,257) from 2009 to 2010, a series of logistic regression analyses estimated the effects of multisubstance use on the odds of being arrested for a new offense while in the community. The findings revealed that multisubstance use and the frequency of multisubstance use increased the odds of arrest while on probation when compared with single-substance users. We discuss how agencies may best supervise multisubstance-using probationers and suggest directions for further examination.

scholarly journals The State of Custom: Gerd Spittler’s “Dispute settlement in the shadow of Leviathan” (1980) today

2021 ◽  
Vol 0 (0) ◽  
Author(s):  
Judith Beyer ◽  
Felix Girke
Keyword(s):  
Dispute Settlement ◽  
The State ◽  
State Courts ◽  
Southern Ethiopia ◽  
State Court ◽  
Publication Date ◽  
Legal Anthropology ◽  
Post Colonial ◽  
Anthropology Of The State ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract In our article, we engage with the anthropologist Gerd Spittler’s pathbreaking article “Dispute settlement in the shadow of Leviathan” (1980) in which he strives to integrate the existence of state courts (the eponymous Leviathan’s shadow) in (post-)colonial Africa into the analysis on non-state court legal practices. According to Spittler, it is because of undesirable characteristics inherent in state courts that the disputing parties tended to rather involve mediators than pursue a state court judgment. The less people liked state courts, the more likely they were to (re-)turn to dispute settlement procedures. Now how has this situation changed in the last four decades since its publication date? We relate his findings to contemporary debates in legal anthropology that investigate the relationship between disputing, law and the state. We also show through our own work in Africa and Asia, particularly in Southern Ethiopia and Kyrgyzstan, in what ways Spittler’s by now classical contribution to the field of legal anthropology in 1980 can be made fruitful for a contemporary anthropology of the state at a time when not only (legal) anthropology has changed, but especially the way states deal with putatively “customary” forms of dispute settlement.

scholarly journals Exploring the Associations between Sleep Problems and Chronic Musculoskeletal Pain in Adolescents: A Prospective Cohort Study

2014 ◽  
Vol 19 (5) ◽  
pp. e139-e145 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lee Harrison ◽  
Sue Wilson ◽  
Marcus R Munafò
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Musculoskeletal Pain ◽  
Sleep Problems ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Chronic Widespread Pain ◽  
Widespread Pain ◽  
Subjective Sleep ◽  
Ordered Logistic Regression ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

BACKGROUND: The prevalence of musculoskeletal chronic pain in adolescents is estimated to be approximately 4% to 40%. The development of musculoskeletal pain during teenage years could have a marked impact on physical, psychological and social well-being.OBJECTIVE: To examine whether sleep problems during adolescence are associated with musculoskeletal pain, particularly chronic regional pain and chronic widespread pain.METHODS: Using data from the Avon Longitudinal Study of Children, the relationship between sleep problems at 15 years of age and the presence of chronic regional and widespread pain at 17 years of age was explored. Pain data were not available at 15 years of age. A total of 2493 participants with complete data were identified. Relationships among sleep problems and musculoskeletal pain were examined using logistic regression. ORs were calculated after adjusting for sex, ethnicity, socioeconomic position and depression (15 years of age).RESULTS: Sleep disturbance (usually wakes up more than two or three times), difficulties with hypersomnolence and poor subjective sleep perception were associated with the presence of both musculoskeletal regional and widespread pain. Finally, using ordered logistic regression, poor subjective sleep perception was also found to be associated with greater pain severity in participants with chronic musculoskeletal regional and widespread pain.DISCUSSION: The results of the present study suggest an association between sleep problems during adolescence and the presence of musculoskeletal pain at a later stage. These findings are consistent with adult literature suggesting a link between sleep problems and musculoskeletal pain. Given these associations, sleep problems in adolescence may be an important risk factor for musculoskeletal pain.

scholarly journals Hardship in the Heartland: Associations Between Rurality, Income, and Material Hardship

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aislinn Conrad ◽  
Megan Ronnenberg
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Healthcare Access ◽  
Consumer Survey ◽  
Lower Income ◽  
Material Hardship ◽  
Lower Odds ◽  
Innovation Model ◽  
Households With Children ◽  
Using Data ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Approximately one in three US households have experienced material hardship, including food, healthcare access and transportation hardship. The inadequate or unstable provision of basic needs is more typical in households with children or persons of color and is associated with numerous negative outcomes. Little is known, however, about the relationship between rurality, income, and material hardship. Using data from the 2016 State Innovation Model (SIM) Statewide Consumer Survey (weighted N = 2,371,739), we used logistic regression to examine the association between rurality, income, and four forms of material hardship, including food hardship, healthcare access hardship, transportation hardship, and any material hardship. Rural respondents had higher odds than non-rural respondents for experiencing healthcare access hardship. In contrast, rural respondents incurred lower odds than non-rural respondents for experiencing food hardship, transportation hardship and any hardship. All models of hardship indicated that lower income respondents incurred greater odds for having material hardship.

scholarly journals Relationship between support for workers with illness and work functioning impairment in Japan during the COVID-19 pandemic

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Igarashi Yu ◽  
Seiichiro Tateishi ◽  
Arisa Harada ◽  
Ayako Hno ◽  
Mayumi Tsuji ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Health Condition ◽  
Internet Survey ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression ◽  
Work Functioning ◽  
Current Health ◽  
Multilevel Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
Need Support ◽  
The Relationship

Objective: This study examined the relationship between support for workers with illness and work functioning impairment during the COVID-19 pandemic. Methods: An internet survey was conducted on December, 2020. We included 22,388 subjects for analysis. A question was used to determine whether subjects need support from their company to continue working in their current health condition. The odds ratios (ORs) of relation between work functioning impairment and necessary of support for sick workers were estimated using multilevel logistic regression analysis. Results: The OR of work functioning impairment among sick workers not receiving support was 5.61 (95% confidence interval (CI) 5.19-6.06, p<0.001) and those receiving support was 1.82 (95% CI 1.64-2.03, p<0.001) compared to healthy workers. Conclusions: This study suggests that providing support to workers with illness may improve their work functioning impairment.

Structural Gender Equality and Federal Sentencing Outcomes: A Test of the Ameliorative and Backlash Hypotheses

2017 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 45-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jeffrey S. Nowacki ◽  
Elena A. Windsong
Keyword(s):  
Gender Equality ◽  
Gender Disparities ◽  
Important Influence ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Federal Sentencing ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Sentencing Outcomes

While previous research has examined gender disparities in sentencing, most explanations focus on individual-level differences. We argue that structural gender equality has an important influence on gender disparities as well. Drawing from previous research on victimization, we provide a test of the ameliorative and backlash hypotheses. Using federal sentencing data from 1999-2003, we demonstrate how measures of structural gender equality contextualize the relationship between gender and sentencing. Our analyses suggest that structural gender equality is important for understanding the relationship between gender and sentencing, but different measures of gender equality lead to distinct patterns.

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