The Associations Between Light Exposure During Pumping and Holder Pasteurization and the Macronutrient and Vitamin Concentrations in Human Milk

2020 ◽  
Vol 36 (2) ◽  
pp. 254-263 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hope K. Lima ◽  
Kenneth Vogel ◽  
Daniela Hampel ◽  
Montana Wagner-Gillespie ◽  
April D. Fogleman
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Light Exposure ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Milk Banks ◽  
Fat Soluble Vitamins ◽  
Β Carotene

Background During pumping, storage, and pasteurization human milk is exposed to light, which could affect the concentrations of light-sensitive vitamins. Currently, milk banks do not regulate light exposure. Research Aim The aim of this paper was to determine the influence of light exposure during pumping, storage, and pasteurization on (1) macronutrients, (2) select water-soluble vitamins, and (3) select fat-soluble vitamins. Methods All 13 participants donated 4 milk samples each. Each sample underwent 1 of 4 treatments: raw and light protected, raw and light exposed, pasteurized and light protected, and pasteurized and light exposed. Samples were analyzed for macronutrients and Vitamins B1, B2, retinol, γ-tocopherol, α-tocopherol, and β-carotene. Results β-carotene concentrations were not influenced by light exposure. Vitamin B1 was significantly ( p < 0.05) affected by light-exposure ( M = 0.23, SD = 0.01mg/L) compared to light-protected ( M = 0.27, SD = 0.01mg/L) samples. Vitamin B2 concentrations were reduced ( p < 0.05) by light-exposure in raw ( M = 62.1, SD = 0.61µg/L) and pasteurized ( M = 73.7, SD = 0.72µg/L) samples compared to light-protected raw samples ( M = 99.7, SD = 0.66µg/L). No other tested nutrients were affected by light exposure. Conclusions If milk is exposed to excessive amounts of light, Vitamins B1 and B2 concentrations may degrade below the current Adequate Intake recommendations for infants 0–6 months of age, increasing the risk of insufficient vitamin supply to the exclusively human milk-fed infant. Thus, pumped or processed human milk should be protected from light to preserve milk vitamin concentrations.

scholarly journals Ultrasound Technology as a Method for Homogenizing Human Milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (03) ◽  
pp. 067-073
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gabriela Ratto Reiter ◽  
Lennon Fellipe Dias Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Human Milk Bank ◽  
Milk Banks

ABSTRACT Background: The lipid content of human milk is its most variable component and provides from 35 to 50% of the daily energy needs of newborns. Losses occur during the freezing and thawing processes due to the coalescence of the fat globules and their adherence to bottle walls. Objectives: The objective was to test two methods of homogenizing pasteurized human milk in human milk banks in order to reduce the nutritional losses that occur between storage and feeding to newborns. Methods: Human milk samples collected in duplicate were homogenized either by sonication (MIRIS, Sweden) or vortex tube agitation. A total of 941 milk samples of different lactation stages from the human milk bank in Blumenau (SC, Brazil) were analyzed. A human milk analyzer (MIRIS, Sweden) was used to determine lipid content after homogenization. The statistical significance adopted in this study was á = 5%. Results: A mean of 1.87 grams of lipids per deciliter (g/dL) was observed in vortex-homogenized milk, whereas ultrasound homogenization yielded a mean of 2.07 g/dL, p < 0.01. The mean energy value of vortexhomogenized milk was 33.36 Kcal/dL, compared to 35.81 Kcal/dL for ultrasound-homogenized milk, p < 0.01. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is energy loss when human milk is not properly homogenized before being fed to newborns; better homogenization techniques decrease the adherence of fat globules to the bottle walls.

scholarly journals Association of maternal diet, micronutrient status, and milk volume with milk micronutrient concentrations in Indonesian mothers at 2 and 5 months postpartum

2020 ◽  
Vol 112 (4) ◽  
pp. 1039-1050
Author(s):  
Rosalind S Gibson ◽  
Sofa Rahmannia ◽  
Aly Diana ◽  
Claudia Leong ◽  
Jillian J Haszard ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Maternal Diet ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
Retinol Binding Protein ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Percentage Difference ◽  
Micronutrient Status ◽  
Milk Volume ◽  
Vitamin B 12 ◽  
Β Carotene

ABSTRACT Background Maternal micronutrient deficits during preconception and pregnancy may persist during lactation and compromise human milk composition. Objective We measured micronutrient concentrations in human milk and investigated their association with maternal micronutrient intakes, status, and milk volume. Methods Infant milk intake (measured via a deuterium dose-to-mother technique), milk micronutrient and fat concentrations, and maternal micronutrient intakes were assessed at 2 and 5 mo postpartum in 212 Indonesian lactating mother–infant pairs. Maternal hemoglobin, ferritin, transferrin receptors, retinol binding protein (RBP), zinc, selenium, and vitamin B-12 were measured at 5 mo (n = 163). Multivariate or mixed effects regression examined associations of milk micronutrient concentrations with maternal micronutrient intakes, status, and milk volume. Results Prevalence of anemia (15%), and iron (15% based on body iron), selenium (2.5%), and vitamin B-12 deficiency (0%) were low compared with deficiencies of zinc (60%) and vitamin A (34%). The prevalence of inadequate intakes was &gt;50% for 7 micronutrients at 2 and 5 mo. Median milk concentrations for most micronutrients were below reference values, and nearly all declined between 2 and 5 mo postpartum and were not associated substantially with milk volume (except for β-carotene, α-carotene, and β-cryptoxanthin). At 5 mo postpartum, associations between maternal micronutrient status and corresponding milk concentrations reported as mean percentage difference in human milk concentration for each unit higher maternal biomarker were significant for hemoglobin (1.9%), iron biomarkers (ranging from 0.4 to 7%), RBP (35%), selenium (70%), and vitamin B-12 (0.1%), yet for maternal intakes only a positive association with β-carotene existed. Conclusions Most milk micronutrient concentrations declined during lactation, independent of changes in human milk production, and few were associated with maternal micronutrient intakes. The significant associations between maternal biomarkers and milk micronutrient concentrations at 5 mo warrant further study to investigate whether the declines in milk micronutrients are linked to shifts in maternal status.

Nitrogen content of human milk: limitations of spectrophotometry for the determination of protein in milk

1983 ◽  
Vol 50 (3) ◽  
pp. 269-274
Author(s):  
Geofrey J. Hudson ◽  
Alan Lucas
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Screening Test ◽  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Close Correlation ◽  
N Content ◽  
Total N ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Protein Components ◽  
Milk Banks

SummaryNakai & Chi Le (1970) have described a rapid method for the determination of the N content of bovine milk based on the close correlation of absorbance at 280 nm with values for total N as determined by the Kjeldahl procedure. The applicability of the method to human milk samples has been investigated. The procedure is limited by: (1) the dependence of the relation between absorbance value and N content on both the mode of collection and the postnatal age of the donor, and (2) variable interference by non-protein components of the milk. In spite of these shortcomings, the method may be of value as a screening test for certain human milk banks.

Nutrient content of milk and milk products: water soluble vitamins in baby milk formulae

1985 ◽  
Vol 52 (4) ◽  
pp. 521-528 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. John Scott ◽  
Dinah R. Bishop
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Nutrient Content ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Average Level ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Milk Products ◽  
The Mean ◽  
The Individual ◽  
The Uk ◽  
Recommended Level

SUMMARYA study of the content of water soluble vitamins in the 12 baby milk formulae available in the UK in April 1983 showed that levels of vitamins in the individual brands were generally in excess of those declared by the manufacturer. For cows' milk based formulae the mean excess of vitamins over the declared level was 94%. Vitamin levels in prepared formulae averaged three times the minimum recommended level. The average level of B vitamins in prepared cows' milk based formulae was six times higher than in mature human milk. For the two soya based products, the levels of vitamins were generally in excess of the declared level and levels of vitamin B12, biotin and, in one sample, vitamin B6 were considerably in excess of those found in mature human milk.

Composition and Variation of Macronutrients, Immune Proteins, and Human Milk Oligosaccharides in Human Milk From Nonprofit and Commercial Milk Banks

2017 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
pp. 120-129 ◽  
Author(s):  
Laura Meredith-Dennis ◽  
Gege Xu ◽  
Elisha Goonatilleke ◽  
Carlito B. Lebrilla ◽  
Mark A. Underwood ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Premature Infants ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharides ◽  
Mid Infrared ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Neutral Sugars ◽  
Human Milk Oligosaccharide ◽  
Commercial Milk ◽  
Milk Banks ◽  
Protective Proteins

Background: When human milk is unavailable, banked milk is recommended for feeding premature infants. Milk banks use processes to eliminate pathogens; however, variability among methods exists. Research aim: The aim of this study was to compare the macronutrient (protein, carbohydrate, fat, energy), immune-protective protein, and human milk oligosaccharide (HMO) content of human milk from three independent milk banks that use pasteurization (Holder vs. vat techniques) or retort sterilization. Methods: Randomly acquired human milk samples from three different milk banks ( n = 3 from each bank) were analyzed for macronutrient concentrations using a Fourier transform mid-infrared spectroscopy human milk analyzer. The concentrations of IgA, IgM, IgG, lactoferrin, lysozyme, α-lactalbumin, α antitrypsin, casein, and HMO were analyzed by mass spectrometry. Results: The concentrations of protein and fat were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized compared with the Holder and vat pasteurized samples, respectively. The concentrations of all immune-modulating proteins were significantly ( p < .05) less in the retort sterilized samples compared with vat and/or Holder pasteurized samples. The total HMO concentration and HMOs containing fucose, sialic acid, and nonfucosylated neutral sugars were significantly ( p < .05) less in retort sterilized compared with Holder pasteurized samples. Conclusion: Random milk samples that had undergone retort sterilization had significantly less immune-protective proteins and total and specific HMOs compared with samples that had undergone Holder and vat pasteurization. These data suggest that further analysis of the effect of retort sterilization on human milk components is needed prior to widespread adoption of this process.

Ultrasound Technology as a Method for Homogenizing Human Milk

2017 ◽  
Vol 10 (3) ◽  
pp. 67
Author(s):  
Mercedes Gabriela Ratto Reiter ◽  
Lennon Fellipe Dias Nunes
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Lipid Content ◽  
Statistical Significance ◽  
Variable Component ◽  
Freezing And Thawing ◽  
Milk Samples ◽  
Fat Globules ◽  
Energy Needs ◽  
Human Milk Bank ◽  
Milk Banks

Background: The lipid content of human milk is its most variable component and provides from 35 to<br />50% of the daily energy needs of newborns. Losses occur during the freezing and thawing processes<br />due to the coalescence of the fat globules and their adherence to bottle walls. Objectives: The objective<br />was to test two methods of homogenizing pasteurized human milk in human milk banks in order to<br />reduce the nutritional losses that occur between storage and feeding to newborns. Methods: Human<br />milk samples collected in duplicate were homogenized either by sonication (MIRIS, Sweden) or vortex<br />tube agitation. A total of 941 milk samples of different lactation stages from the human milk bank in<br />Blumenau (SC, Brazil) were analyzed. A human milk analyzer (MIRIS, Sweden) was used to determine<br />lipid content after homogenization. The statistical significance adopted in this study was α = 5%. Results:<br />A mean of 1.87 grams of lipids per deciliter (g/dL) was observed in vortex-homogenized milk, whereas<br />ultrasound homogenization yielded a mean of 2.07 g/dL, p &lt; 0.01. The mean energy value of vortexhomogenized<br />milk was 33.36 Kcal/dL, compared to 35.81 Kcal/dL for ultrasound-homogenized milk, p &lt;<br />0.01. Conclusion: This study demonstrates that there is energy loss when human milk is not properly<br />homogenized before being fed to newborns; better homogenization techniques decrease the adherence<br />of fat globules to the bottle walls.

Operating of human milk banks in Poland – practical recommendations

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-64 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aleksandra Wesołowska ◽  
Beata Pawlus ◽  
Urszula Bernatowicz-Łojko ◽  
Maria Katarzyna Borszewska-Kornacka
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Milk Banks ◽  
Practical Recommendations

Dietary Adequacy of the Rotary Diversified Diet: As a Treatment for “Environmental Illness”

2002 ◽  
Vol 63 (4) ◽  
pp. 198-201 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer P. Taylor ◽  
Magdalena M. Krondl ◽  
Mark Spidel ◽  
Adele C. Csima
Keyword(s):  
Nutrient Intake ◽  
Vitamin B ◽  
Adequate Intake ◽  
Nutrient Intakes ◽  
Environmental Illness ◽  
Dietary Adequacy ◽  
Supplement Use ◽  
Regular Cycle ◽  
Nutritional Benefits ◽  
The Relationship

The rotary diversified diet, used in the management of environmental illness, consists of eliminating prohibited foods from the diet and rotating remaining non-prohibited foods and their “food families” within a regular cycle. We assessed the adequacy of nutrient intakes in 22 women prescribed the diet, described the nature of supplement use, and assessed the relationship between adherence and nutrient intake levels. Except for calcium and folacin intakes, mean nutrient intakes met or exceeded recommended levels. No subjects had calcium intakes above the adequate intake for calcium; 72.7% had folate intakes below the estimated average requirement. Intakes of other nutrients, except thiamin and magnesium, were below the estimated average requirement in less than 25% of the sample; 31.8% and 45.5% of subjects, respectively, had thiamin and magnesium intakes at this level. Those who adhered more closely to the rotary diversified diet had higher intakes of vitamin C, vitamin B6, folate, and fibre than did those who followed the diet less closely. Supplements conferred some nutritional benefits; however, supplemental niacin and magnesium intakes exceeded tolerable upper intake levels. Those prescribed the rotary diversified diet require nutrition counselling from dietitians to cope with the complexity and restrictiveness of the diet.

DIAGNÓSTICOS DE ENFERMAGEM DE MULHERES NUTRIZES ATENDIDAS NO BANCO DE LEITE HUMANO

2019 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Nathália Carolina Tomazelli Crespo ◽  
Rosimere Ferreira Santana ◽  
Valdecyr Herdy Alves ◽  
Audrey Vidal Pereira ◽  
Giovanna Rosario Soanno Marchiori ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Human Milk ◽  
Sleep Pattern ◽  
No Donors ◽  
Tissue Integrity ◽  
Disturbed Sleep ◽  
Nursing Diagnosis ◽  
Milk Bank ◽  
Las Mujeres ◽  
Human Milk Bank ◽  
Milk Banks

Objetivo: conhecer o perfil de Diagnósticos de Enfermagem em mulheres nutrizes atendidas no Banco de Leite Humano. Metodologia: estudo descritivo, com 30 mulheres atendidas no Banco de Leite Humano entre doadoras e não doadoras. Os dados foram coletados nos meses de março a maio de 2012. A análise se deu por meio de estatística descritiva. Resultados: os diagnósticos foram descritos para dois grupos: Não doadoras: Disposição para conhecimento melhorado (100,0%), Risco de infecção (80,9%), Integridade Tissular prejudicada (80,9%), Padrão de sono prejudicado (76,1%), Conhecimento deficiente (66,6%), Ansiedade (52,3%); Em Doadoras: Padrão de sono prejudicado (77,7%) e Ansiedade (55,5%). Conclusão: a taxonomia diagnóstica encontra-se de acordo com a população estudada. Validou-se a necessidade do uso dessa tecnologia como um sistema padrão de linguagem.Descritores: Bancos de leite; Diagnóstico de enfermagem; Cuidados de enfermagem; Saúde da mulher; Aleitamento materno.NURSING DIAGNOSIS IDENTIFIED IN WOMEN AT THE HUMAN MILK BANKObjective: to know the profile of Nursing Diagnosis in women hosted in the Human Milk Bank. Methodology: descriptive study, with 30 women attended at the Human Milk Bank between donors and no donors. Data were collected from March to May 2012. The analysis was done through simple descriptive statistics. Results: diagnosis were described for two groups: No donors: Readiness for enhanced knowledge (100.0%), Risk for infection (80.9%), Impaired tissue integrity (80.9%), Disturbed sleep pattern (76.1%), Deficient knowledge (66.6%), Anxiety (52.3%); In Donors: Disturbed sleep pattern (77.7%) and Anxiety (55.5%). Conclusion: the diagnostic taxonomy is in agreement with the studied population. The need to use this technology as a standard language system was validated.Descriptors: Milk banks; Nursing diagnosis; Nursing care; Women’s health; Breastfeeding.ENFERMERÍA DE DIAGNÓSTICO IDENTIFICADOS EN MUJERES ASISTIDA EN BANCO DE LECHE HUMANAObjetivo: conocer el perfil de los diagnósticos de enfermería de las mujeres dio la bienvenida al Banco de Leche Humana. Metodology: estúdio descriptivo, con 30 mujeres atendidas enel Banco de Leche Humana entre los donantes y no donantes. Los datos fueron recolectados entre marzo y mayo de 2012. El análisis se realizó utilizando estadísticas descriptivas simples. Resultados: los diagnósticos han sido descritos por dos grupos: No donantes: Disposición para mejorar los conocimientos (100%), Riesgo de infección (80,9%), Deterioro de la integridade cutánea (80,9%), Trastorno del patrón de sueño (76, 1%), Conocimientos deficientes (66,6%), Ansiedad (52,3%); Em Donantes: Trastorno del patrón de sueño (77,7%) y Ansiedad (55,5%). Conclusión: la taxonomía diagnóstica es función de la población estudiada. Han verificado la necesidad de la utilización de esta tecnología como un sistema estándar de lenguaje.Descriptores: Bancos de leche; Diagnóstico de enfermería; Atención de enfermería; Salud de lamujer; Lactancia materna.

Exploring the Pharmacognostic Features, Anti-oxidant and Lipid Lowering Potential of Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. Seed

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (2) ◽  
pp. 155-169
Author(s):  
Neeraj Panihar ◽  
Neeru Vasudeva ◽  
Sunil Sharma ◽  
Babu Lal Jangir
Keyword(s):  
Ethyl Acetate ◽  
Wistar Rats ◽  
Ethanol Extract ◽  
Water Soluble ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum ◽  
Lipid Lowering ◽  
Standard Drug ◽  
Fagopyrum Esculentum Moench ◽  
Β Carotene

Background: Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. is a herb consumed as food and has medicinal value. It is a rich source of bioactive nutrients which cure and prevent many ailments. Traditionally, it is used to treat hypertension, diabetes, constipation, cancer etc. Methods and Objective: Present work illustrates morphological, microscopic and physicochemical parameters of Fagopyrum esculentum seeds as per WHO guidelines, in vitro antioxidant activity; assessed by DPPH scavenging method, hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay and β-carotene linoleic acid bleaching method and study of lipid lowering potential of the ethyl acetate and ethanol extract of seeds on normal diet fed Wistar rats. Results: Morphological studies delineated the triangular shape, dark brown colour, 8 mm length and 6 mm width of the seed. The microscopic examination of the transverse section of seed depicted features like testa or pericarp (seed coat), the endosperm, embryo and sclerenchyma cells. Study of physiochemical parameters exhibited 0.3±0.02% of foreign matter and 1.44±0.51% crude fibre content. Total ash, acid insoluble ash and water soluble ash value were 6.7±1.7%, 1.9±0.23% and 3.9± 0.31% respectively. Alcohol soluble and water soluble extractive value came out to be 65.02± 3.21 mg/g and 12.7±1.24 mg/g respectively. Foaming index was less than 100, swelling index was found to be 0.5±0.01 ml/g. Loss on drying was 4.02±1.27%. Phytochemical screening of ethyl acetate and ethanol extract revealed the presence of alkaloids, carbohydrates, phenolic compounds, phytosterols and flavonoids. Trace amount of heavy metals (arsenic, cadmium, lead, mercury) were determined by atomic absorption spectrophotometer. Pesticide residue analysis confirmed the presence of nontoxic pesticides like dimethipin, hymexazol, phenothrin-2, methoprene, triadimenol, prohydrojasmon- 1, jasmolin ii, triademinol, jasmolin i, prohydrojasmone i, cyromazine in both the extracts by gc-ms spectrometer. The ethyl acetate and ethanol extract has shown significant in-vitro antioxidant activities demonstrated by the DPPH method (IC50 = 94.37±2.51 and 216.04±4.39 μg/ml respectively), hydrogen peroxide scavenging assay (IC50 = 83.72±3.72 and 193.47±5.05 µg/ml respectively) and β-carotene bleaching method (IC50 = 100.67±4.01 and 205.39±2.89 µg/ml respectively). Lipid lowering study performed on Wistar rats demonstrated a significant (p<0.001) decrease in serum Total Cholesterol (TC), Triglyceride (TG) and increase in High Density Lipoprotein (HDL) level as compared to normal group. Both the extracts have shown a non significant difference in the level of TG as compared to standard drug atorvastatin, depicting that the efficacy of extracts is at par with that of standard drug atorvastatin. Conclusion: Pharmacognostical study of the plant can be a very good tool for identification as well as authentication of a herb. Moreover, these parameters may be helpful in the development of monograph of the plant. Pharmacological activity confirmed Fagopyrum esculentum Moench. seed to be a good antioxidant and have lipid lowering potential.

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