Critical Literature Review on the Definition Clarity of the Concept of Faith, Religion, and Spirituality

The distinction between religion and spirituality, as it is increasingly understood in the contemporary sociology of religion, has led to a reconsideration of the relation between the individual and his/her own body. In the Christian ambit, and especially in the Catholic sphere, the traditional religious attitude has always been that of emphasizing the dichotomy between soul and body, setting a hierarchy that puts the soul in a position superior to the body's, according to an ascetic approach that, particularly in the Middle Ages, foresaw the “mortification of the body”. In the contemporary spiritualist perspective, body and soul are seen as profoundly united, and the previous dichotomy seems to leave room for a more serene and less conflictual connection with one's body: spirituality relates to the sacred by leaving room for (and deriving from) emotions, feelings, the physical and the sexual, and takes a holistic view of human nature. Such a shift from the religious dimension to the spiritual dimension in the relationship with one's body can be observed not only in popular culture but also within Catholicism itself.

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A VALLÁSOS ATTITŰDÖK KLASSZIFIKÁCIÓJA AZ ÉRTELEMMEGÉLÉS ÉS AZ ASPIRÁCIÓK TÜKRÉBEN

Magyar Pszichológiai Szemle ◽

10.1556/0016.2020.00012 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 75 (2) ◽

pp. 175-192

Author(s):

Gergely Bence ◽

Zábó Virág ◽

Martos Tamás ◽

Vargha András

Keyword(s):

Meaning In Life ◽

Cluster Solution ◽

Centroid Method ◽

Religious Attitudes ◽

External Variables ◽

Different Types ◽

Classic Pattern ◽

Belief Scale ◽

The Given ◽

The Relationship

Háttér és célkitűzésekA wulffi elméletet alapul vevő Kritika Utáni Vallásosság skála két dimenzión alapuló kiértékelése (Martos, Kézdy, Robu, Urbán és Horváth-Szabó, 2009) lehetőséget nyújt egy újfajta vallásosságtipológia létrehozására. Kutatásunk célja az volt, hogy a vallás iránti attitűdöket személyorientált statisztikai eljárások segítségével vizsgáljuk annak érdekében, hogy a valláshoz való személyes viszonyulás differenciáltabb típusait tárjuk fel.MódszerHierarchikus agglomeratív és k-központú klaszteranalízist végeztünk el egy 1417 fős és egy 506 fős mintán, majd megbízhatóságát centroid módszerrel és egy újfajta validálási eljárással ellenőriztük (vö. Vargha, Bergman és Takács, 2016), majd a létrejövő klaszterstruktúrákat vizsgáltuk az értelemmegélés és értelemkeresés, valamint az aspirációk tükrében.EredményekAz eredmények szerint azonosítható egy megbízható 7 klaszteres struktúra. A feltárt klasz- terek között megjelent a szakirodalom által sugallt klasszikus négy attitűddel közel azonos mintázat (Ortodoxia, Külső Kritika, Relativizmus, Második Naivitás). Három további típus kimutatása hozzájárult ahhoz, hogy a vallás iránti egyéni viszonyulásokról árnyaltabb képet tárjunk fel.KövetkeztetésekAz Ortodoxia és a Második Naivitás csoportba tartozók kedvezőbb, a Külső Kritika csoportjába tartozók kedvezőtlenebb pontszámot érnek el az értelemmegélés és -keresés, illetve az aspirációk tekintetében. A transzcendencia befogadása az értelmesség megélésének pozitív előrejezője.Based on Wulffs theorem the two dimensional evaluation of the Post Critical belief scale presents a valuable opportunity to create a typology of religious attitudes. The main goal of the research was to explore different types of attitudes towards religiosity in a person-oriented framework. We performed a hierarchical agglomerative and k-means cluster analysis in two distinct samples (one with 1417 and one with 506 participants), and verified the results with centroid-method and a new validation process (Vargha, Bergman & Takács, 2016). Furthermore we examined the relationship between the given cluster structures and the presence of/ searching for meaning in life, and the intrinsic/extrinsic aspirations. The results show that there is a reliable underlying 7-cluster solution in both samples. The explored cluster structures include the classic pattern of religious attitudes (Orthodoxy, External Critique, Relativism, Second Naivité), moreover it expands the model with three additional types. The members of the Orthodoxy and Second Naivité clusters had higher scores, while the External Critique group had lower scores in the given external variables. The inclusion of transcendence is in a positive relationship with presence of meaning in life.

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Evidence for the influence of religiosity and spirituality on mental health

Spirituality and Mental Health Across Cultures ◽

10.1093/med/9780198846833.003.0008 ◽

2021 ◽

pp. 115-128

Author(s):

Giancarlo Lucchetti ◽

Rodolfo Furlan Damiano ◽

Alessandra Lamas Granero Lucchetti ◽

Mario Fernando Prieto Peres

Keyword(s):

Mental Health ◽

Scientific Evidence ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Health Issues ◽

Beliefs And Practices ◽

Mental Health Issues ◽

Religiosity And Spirituality ◽

The Impact ◽

The Relationship

Over the past few decades, research about the impact of religion and spirituality (R/S) on health has grown considerably. Mental health was a major area of focus in this field, producing solid evidence for the impact of R/S on quality of life, wellness, depression, anxiety, substance use disorder, and other mental health issues. To date, a large number of studies have been conducted showing that R/S beliefs and practices have an impact on mental health, albeit positive or negative. New studies have sought to elucidate how these findings can have an impact on clinical practice and R/S interventions have been proposed. It is also noteworthy that studies are currently deepening our understanding of the mechanisms underlying R/S effects, and attempting to adapt R/S values, virtues, and practices to a secular world. This chapter aims to discuss these studies further, highlighting the scientific evidence, proposed mechanisms, and possible interventions supporting the relationship between R/S and mental health.

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Conversion in English: homonymy, polysemy and paronymy

English Language and Linguistics ◽

10.1017/s1360674319000546 ◽

2020 ◽

pp. 1-24

Author(s):

SALVADOR VALERA ◽

ALBA E. RUZ

Keyword(s):

Systematic Review ◽

Word Formation ◽

The Other ◽

Semantic Relations ◽

Review Of The Literature ◽

Wide Range ◽

Different Types ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Relationship ◽

Special Relevance

Conversion is a key type of word-formation process in English, but the precise nature of the relation between base and derivative in conversion is rarely discussed, even if conversion is considered as a dynamic process. When it is considered explicitly, the relation has been described in terms of paradigmatic relations between lexemes, specifically homonymy or polysemy. This is usually without any specification of how converted words accommodate the conditions set by the definition of each of these relations, and as a special type of one or the other, because conversion-related words violate some of those conditions. This article is intended as a systematic review of the literature that discusses the relation between conversion-related words in English. We show that a wide range of proposals have been made to describe the relation: homonymy, heterosemy, homomorphy, zero-derivation (as a relation), polysemy, lexical extension, synsemy, hyponymy and paronymy. We review the extent to which each of these terms fits the relationship in major types of conversion, and argue that, if a relationship is to be described between conversion-related pairs, then Cruse's (1986) separation of semantic relations of a paradigmatic type from paronymic relations is of special relevance here. We propose that, regardless of the direction and type of meaning, paronymy applies across the various specific semantic patterns that conversion may involve. We emphasize, however, the possibility of several relations according to the type of conversion, i.e. different types of conversion may need description in terms of a different relation.

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POVERTY AND RELIGIOSITY: THE ‘MISSING LINK’ FROM ISLAMIC PERSPECTIVE

Jurnal Ilmiah Al-Syir ah ◽

10.30984/jis.v18i2.1149 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 18 (2) ◽

pp. 173

Author(s):

Ahmad Azrin Adnan ◽

Rosdalina Bukido

Keyword(s):

Peninsular Malaysia ◽

Stratified Sampling ◽

Property Ownership ◽

Missing Link ◽

Beliefs And Practices ◽

Islamic Perspective ◽

The Poor ◽

Definition Of ◽

True Definition ◽

The Relationship

Poverty is highly associated with many negative measurable aspects of life. Therefore, it is often regarded as a sign of failure. One of the arguments that prove this premise is that poverty is closer to disbelief. By rejecting doubt to preserve religion, a group that adheres to its logical religion will avoid poverty. Poverty in Kelantan shows the opposite. In a state of extreme religious adherence in terms of understanding, beliefs, and practices, more than half of the poor in Kelantan are hardcore poor. At the same time, the hardcore poor and the poor in Kelantan have the highest number in Peninsular Malaysia. This paper aims to study the relationship between poverty and religiosity in Kelantan. About 3,000 poor in ten provinces in Kelantan selected as respondents through stratified sampling. This study has demonstrated the true definition of poverty which includes the element of soul. It is clearly different from current definitions that focus more on property ownership.

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The Architecture of Pilgrimage: Sacred Site and Sacred Self in the Quest for Meaning

10.26686/wgtn.16997656.v1 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Fran Loader

Keyword(s):

Vietnam Veterans ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Cultural Phenomenon ◽

Quest For Meaning ◽

Human Need ◽

Meaningful Existence ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

Meaningful Experiences ◽

The Relationship

<p>As an historic cultural phenomenon that has been practiced throughout the globe for centuries, from ancient Greeks through to Vietnam veterans, the practise of pilgrimage has undergone a renaissance in the last few decades. This revival has seen the definition of pilgrimage re-examined and re-evaluated in terms that reflect the contemporary positions of religion and spirituality in society. It is up to the individual now to decide what they consider to be sacred and where they will find value and meaningfulness (Reader, 2007). As one of the oldest forms of seeking meaning and meaningfulness, pilgrimage is intimately connected with the human need and desire to become "complete embodied and spiritual beings" (Pallasmaa, 2005). So too is architecture concerned with our ability to find and occupy a meaningful existence. Yet the relationship between architecture and pilgrimage hasn't yet been explored in a meaningful manner. By exploring the concept of pilgrimage, this research aims at demonstrating how pilgrimage can be used to anchor meaning and meaningfulness in architecture. This aim is investigated though the design of a hospice facility. Architecture and pilgrimage are both concerned with humanity's search and desire for meaning and meaningfulness; pilgrimage, as a metaphor for life and as the physical act of journeying in order to find meaning; architecture and its ability to allow us to have, be and create meaningful experiences within our everyday lives.</p>

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Indian Scientists’ Definitions of Religion and Spirituality

Religions ◽

10.3390/rel11070355 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 11 (7) ◽

pp. 355

Author(s):

Simranjit Khalsa ◽

Brenton D. Kalinowski ◽

Elaine Howard Ecklund

Keyword(s):

Western World ◽

National Context ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Religion And Science ◽

Basic Understanding ◽

Definition Of ◽

Role Of Religion ◽

The Relationship ◽

Depth Interviews

Scientists are often assumed to be irreligious and little research has examined the role of religion and spirituality in their lives. Recent research shows that many scientists do articulate a commitment to the sacred and see religion and spirituality as influencing their work. However, we lack a basic understanding of how scientists define religion and spirituality, particularly outside of the Western world. We examine Indian Scientists’ definitions of religion and spirituality and their tie to scientists’ views on the relationship between religion and science. Drawing on 80 in-depth interviews with Indian scientists, we find that although science often operates as a global institution, national context influences definitions of religion and spirituality. Further, the views a scientist has about the relationship between religion and science are linked to their definition of religion. To understand and navigate the relationship between religion and science, we must study definitions of religion and spirituality, as well as the way they are shaped by national context.

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The Architecture of Pilgrimage: Sacred Site and Sacred Self in the Quest for Meaning

10.26686/wgtn.16997656 ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

◽

Fran Loader

Keyword(s):

Vietnam Veterans ◽

Religion And Spirituality ◽

Cultural Phenomenon ◽

Quest For Meaning ◽

Human Need ◽

Meaningful Existence ◽

Definition Of ◽

The Individual ◽

Meaningful Experiences ◽

The Relationship

<p>As an historic cultural phenomenon that has been practiced throughout the globe for centuries, from ancient Greeks through to Vietnam veterans, the practise of pilgrimage has undergone a renaissance in the last few decades. This revival has seen the definition of pilgrimage re-examined and re-evaluated in terms that reflect the contemporary positions of religion and spirituality in society. It is up to the individual now to decide what they consider to be sacred and where they will find value and meaningfulness (Reader, 2007). As one of the oldest forms of seeking meaning and meaningfulness, pilgrimage is intimately connected with the human need and desire to become "complete embodied and spiritual beings" (Pallasmaa, 2005). So too is architecture concerned with our ability to find and occupy a meaningful existence. Yet the relationship between architecture and pilgrimage hasn't yet been explored in a meaningful manner. By exploring the concept of pilgrimage, this research aims at demonstrating how pilgrimage can be used to anchor meaning and meaningfulness in architecture. This aim is investigated though the design of a hospice facility. Architecture and pilgrimage are both concerned with humanity's search and desire for meaning and meaningfulness; pilgrimage, as a metaphor for life and as the physical act of journeying in order to find meaning; architecture and its ability to allow us to have, be and create meaningful experiences within our everyday lives.</p>

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