scholarly journals An ‘ingenious system of practical contacts’: Historical origins and development of the Institute of Child Welfare Research at Columbia University's Teachers College (1922–36)

2021 ◽  
pp. 095269512110233
Author(s):  
Catriel Fierro
Keyword(s):  
Child Welfare ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
Social Reconstruction ◽  
American University ◽  
Teachers College ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Development Movement ◽  
And Training

During the first two decades of the 20th century, the expansion of private foundations and philanthropic initiatives in the United States converged with a comprehensive, nationwide agenda of progressive education and post-war social reconstruction that situated childhood at its core. From 1924 to 1928, the Laura Spelman Rockefeller Memorial was the main foundation behind the aggressive, systematic funding of the child development movement in North America. A pioneering institution, the Institute of Child Welfare Research, established in 1924 at Columbia's Teachers College, was the first Rockefeller-funded programme of its kind at an American university. The Institute was influential in helping set up a nationwide network of child welfare institutes at other universities. Twelve years later, it would also be the first of those institutes to close. Nonetheless, the Institute's context, emergence, and development have been overlooked or misrepresented by previous scholarship, which calls for a new, critical historical analysis. By drawing on a number of archival sources and unpublished materials, this paper offers a critical reconstruction of the Institute's internal, often unstable history, emphasizing its origins, members, and administrative changes. I argue that the demise of the Institute should be understood in the context of both the revision of philanthropic policies in the late 1920s and the Institute's singular emphasis on teaching and training over research. The resulting narrative allows for a deeper, more informed understanding of both the Institute's origins and its eventual folding.

Balance Problems: Neoliberalism and New Music in the American University and Ensemble

2018 ◽  
Vol 71 (3) ◽  
pp. 749-793 ◽  
Author(s):  
William Robin
Keyword(s):  
Contemporary Music ◽  
Historical Analysis ◽  
The United States ◽  
New Music ◽  
First Century ◽  
American University ◽  
Duke University ◽  
Contemporary Status ◽  
The University ◽  
The Impact

Between 2013 and 2015, the ensemble yMusic collaborated with graduate student composers in a residency at Duke University. This article positions the residency as a result of the transformation of the university and the new-music ensemble from a technocratic Cold War paradigm to their contemporary status under the market- and branding-oriented logics of neoliberalism. The works written for yMusic by the Duke composers were deeply informed by the ensemble's musical brand, including its idiosyncratic instrumentation, preexisting repertory, collaborative ethos, and relationship to popular music. In accounting for the impact of these institutional developments on the production of musical works, this article argues that the economic and ideological practices of neoliberalism have discernible aesthetic consequences for American new music. Given the key role of the ensemble and the university in the contemporary music landscape, the issues raised by my ethnographic and historical analysis have significant implications for new music in the twenty-first century, and for the way composers work in the United States and beyond.

Function and Training of the Clinical Psychologist

1950 ◽  
Vol 96 (404) ◽  
pp. 710-725 ◽  
Author(s):  
H. J. Eysenck
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Psychology ◽  
Mentally Ill ◽  
American Psychological Association ◽  
The United States ◽  
Veterans Administration ◽  
Clinical Psychologist ◽  
Training Schemes ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Similar Growth ◽  
And Training

The past ten years have seen a spectacular increase in the number of psychologists who have elected to take up the type of work usually referred to as “clinical,” This increase has been most marked in the U.S.A., where now some 25 per cent. of the members of the American Psychological Association are employed in this field, and where Government regulations and training schemes set up under the V.A. (Veterans' Administration) make it almost certain that within a few years clinical psychology will constitute the main field of employment for psychologists (1). In Canada, too, there has been a similar growth, leading to all the problems of registration and certification which are currently being tackled in the United States (2). In this country, while psychologists have occasionally been employed in hospitals for the mentally ill, the development of “clinical psychology” in any formal sense may be said to have started in 1947 with the foundation of the Psychological Department at the Institute of Psychiatry (Maudsley Hospital), one of whose objects was to give a course of training in clinical psychology to graduate students of psychology (7).

Arts and Crafts of Nigeria: Their Past and Future

Africa ◽  
1943 ◽  
Vol 14 (4) ◽  
pp. 155-164 ◽  
Author(s):  
K. C. Murray
Keyword(s):  
World Trade ◽  
Industrial Processes ◽  
Arts And Crafts ◽  
Social Reconstruction ◽  
Industrial Organizations ◽  
The People ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
Opening Paragraph ◽  
And Control

Opening ParagraphThe indigenous crafts of West Africa are so primitive in comparison with the mechanized industries of Europe that they may easily be omitted from schemes for future progress. Plans have been suggested for the extensive development of backward areas such as Nigeria as part of the post-war aim of the expansion of world trade. Large measures of social reconstruction, together with the starting of new industries and the improvement of old have been advocated in order that poverty may be lessened and the equipment of public services increased. Of many of these schemes there is no doubt that, if they were possible of achievement, industrial organizations would be set up that would have no relationship to African life as it is now. Experts in materials and industrial processes are not usually interested in sociological questions, nor are they accustomed to take them into account. They are concerned with efficiency, and have only to satisfy themselves that there is a sufficient supply of labour which is capable of manipulating machinery. Experts in the science of economics, for their part, have to decide whether there will be a market for the products of new or improved industries and therefore must necessarily examine some aspects of the life of the people in the area which they are studying. But the predominating factors of advertisement and price enable them to disregard deeper questions of cultural disintegration. Yet thorny questions would eventually arise upon which Africans would have decided opinions: such as the use of land for the exploitation of minerals, and the ownership and control of industries. The supply of labour might at first appear to Africans an innocuous, even a beneficial function, but later it might be discovered that the movement of workers into industrial towns was undermining the whole basis of their society

The Price of Victory

2020 ◽  
pp. 29-57
Author(s):  
Stephen Wall
Keyword(s):  
Prime Minister ◽  
The United States ◽  
Trading Bloc ◽  
Treaty Of Rome ◽  
The Government ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Uk ◽  
European Defence Community ◽  
De Gaulle

Post-war Labour and Conservative governments saw the UK’s global interests as lying primarily with the United States and the Commonwealth. They took no part in the formation of the European Coal and Steel Community or in the proposed European Defence Community, though, when the EDC idea foundered, Prime Minister Anthony Eden played a prominent role in promoting European defence, just as Labour Foreign Secretary Ernest Bevin had done in fostering the establishment of NATO. The British sent only an observer to the Messina Conference (1956) that negotiated the terms of the Treaty of Rome establishing the European Community (EEC). The UK set up its own trading bloc (EFTA) but it could not compete politically or economically with the EEC and, in 1961, the government of Prime Minister Harold Macmillan applied for EEC membership, despite the opposition of France’s President de Gaulle.

Effects of Identification Requirements on Voting: Evidence from the Experiences of Voters on Election Day

2009 ◽  
Vol 42 (01) ◽  
pp. 127-130 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stephen Ansolabehere
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
National Commission ◽  
Federal Election ◽  
Election Reform ◽  
Administrative Procedures ◽  
Right To Vote ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Right ◽  
And Training

At the heart of the efforts to improve elections in the United States are two important values: access and integrity. To guarantee the right to vote, the polls must be accessible to all who wish to vote. To guarantee legitimate elections, only eligible people should be allowed to vote, and all votes must be tabulated correctly. These values have different implications for administrative procedures, ranging from the implementation of registration systems to the choice of voting equipment to the set up of polling places and training of poll workers. Often these values work hand in hand, but at times they are at odds. Such is the case with the authentication of voters at the polls (see National Commission on Federal Election Reform 2002).

Relief and Rehabilitation Organization

1947 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 178-183
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The Netherlands ◽  
The United States ◽  
Inland Waterways ◽  
European Central ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Transport Organization ◽  
Technical Advisory Committee ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up

The first formal action by the Allied Governments in considering the problem of reconstruction of the disrupted transport system of Europe's devastated areas was taken in October, 1942, when the Inter-Allied Committee on Post-war Requirements set up a Technical Advisory Committee on Inland Transport, with Professor E. R. Hondelink of the Netherlands as chairman. On November 18, 1942, the Hondelink Committee held its first meeting in London, with representatives present from Belgium, Czechoslovakia, France, Greece, the Netherlands, New Zealand, Norway, Poland, the United Kingdom and the United States. The work of the Committee consisted of 1) the preparation of estimates of requirements of equipment for the rehabilitation of inland waterways, railways, and ports against estimated movements of military and relief materials, and 2) the planning of an organization to expedite the movement of relief and priority traffic in post-war Europe. As a result of this work, the basis was laid for the eventual Agreement establishing the European Central Inland Transport Organization.

Post-War Problems in Our Latin-American Relations

1944 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 521-530
Author(s):  
Dana G. Munro
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
Latin America ◽  
Latin American ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
The United States ◽  
Active Part ◽  
The Political ◽  
Post War ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The Military

Any discussion of postwar problems in our relations with Latin America must begin with a consideration of the great changes which have taken place in hemisphere relations during the war period. Since 1939, the American Republics have achieved a degree of coöperation in international matters which would hardly have seemed possible a few years earlier, and today all but one of the nations of the Continent are helping the United States either as belligerents or as non-belligerents in the prosecution of the war.On the military side, our neighbors have given us bases for our Naval and Air Forces and have strengthened their own armed forces, in most cases with the aid of missions from our Army and Navy. Some of them have taken an active part in anti-submarine operations, and Brazil is preparing to send forces abroad. On the political side, they have set up machinery for coöperation in dealing with fifth column and other hostile activities. The importance of their coöperation in these matters is inestimable. Of still more significance, perhaps, has been their economic aid.

Rethinking Canada: Canadian Studies and Study Abroad

2000 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 59-72 ◽  
Author(s):  
Richard Beach ◽  
George Sherman
Keyword(s):  
United States ◽  
The United States ◽  
University Admissions ◽  
American University ◽  
Canadian Universities ◽  
Canadian Education ◽  
Studying Abroad ◽  
Canadian Studies ◽  
French Speaking ◽  
English Speaking

Americans have been studying “abroad” in Canada on a freelance basis for generations, and for many different reasons. Certain regions of Canada, for example, provide excellent, close-to-home opportunities to study French and/or to study in a French-speaking environment. Opportunities are available coast-to-coast for “foreign studies” in an English-speaking environment. Additionally, many students are interested in visiting cities or areas from which immediate family members or relatives emigrated to the United States.  Traditionally, many more Canadians have sought higher education degrees in the United States than the reverse. However, this is about to change. Tearing a creative page out of the American university admissions handbook, Canadian universities are aggressively recruiting in the United States with the up-front argument that a Canadian education is less expensive, and a more subtle argument that it is perhaps better.

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