scholarly journals The Wisdom in Virtue: Pursuit of Virtue Predicts Wise Reasoning About Personal Conflicts

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (12) ◽  
pp. 1848-1856 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex C. Huynh ◽  
Harrison Oakes ◽  
Garrett R. Shay ◽  
Ian McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Personal Ideals ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Do So

Most people can reason relatively wisely about others’ social conflicts, but often struggle to do so about their own (i.e., Solomon’s paradox). We suggest that true wisdom should involve the ability to reason wisely about both others’ and one’s own social conflicts, and we investigated the pursuit of virtue as a construct that predicts this broader capacity for wisdom. Results across two studies support prior findings regarding Solomon’s paradox: Participants ( N = 623) more strongly endorsed wise-reasoning strategies (e.g., intellectual humility, adopting an outsider’s perspective) for resolving other people’s social conflicts than for resolving their own. The pursuit of virtue (e.g., pursuing personal ideals and contributing to other people) moderated this effect of conflict type. In both studies, greater endorsement of the pursuit of virtue was associated with greater endorsement of wise-reasoning strategies for one’s own personal conflicts; as a result, participants who highly endorsed the pursuit of virtue endorsed wise-reasoning strategies at similar levels for resolving their own social conflicts and resolving other people’s social conflicts. Implications of these results and underlying mechanisms are explored and discussed.

scholarly journals The Wisdom in Virtue: Pursuit of Virtue Predicts Wise Reasoning about Personal Conflicts

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex Huynh ◽  
Harrison Oakes ◽  
Garret Shay ◽  
Ian McGregor
Keyword(s):  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Intellectual Humility ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Personal Ideals ◽  
Do So

Most people can reason relatively wisely about others’ social conflicts, but often struggle to do so about their own (i.e., Solomon’s Paradox; Grossmann & Kross, 2014). We suggest that true wisdom should involve the ability to reason wisely about others’ and one’s own social conflicts. The present studies investigate the pursuit of virtue as a construct that predicts this broader capacity for wisdom. Results across two studies support prior Solomon’s Paradox findings: participants (N = 623) expressed greater wisdom (e.g., intellectual humility, adopting outsider’s perspectives) about others’ social conflicts than their own. The pursuit of virtue (e.g., pursuing personal ideals and contributing to others) moderated these results. In both studies, high virtue pursuit was associated with a greater endorsement of wise reasoning strategies for one’s own personal conflicts, reducing the discrepancy in wise reasoning between one’s own and others’ social conflicts. Implications and mechanisms are explored and discussed.

scholarly journals Immunomodulatory Protein Hydrolysates and Their Application

Nutrients ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 10 (7) ◽  
pp. 904 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mensiena Kiewiet ◽  
Marijke Faas ◽  
Paul de Vos
Keyword(s):  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Protein Hydrolysate ◽  
Protein Hydrolysates ◽  
Active Protein ◽  
Promising Application ◽  
Immunomodulatory Protein ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Number Of Individuals ◽  
Do So

Immunomodulatory protein hydrolysate consumption may delay or prevent western immune-related diseases. In order to purposively develop protein hydrolysates with an optimal and reproducible immunomodulatory effect, knowledge is needed on which components in protein hydrolysates are responsible for the immune effects. Important advances have been made on this aspect. Also, knowledge on mechanisms underlying the immune modulating effects is indispensable. In this review, we discuss the most promising application possibilities for immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates. In order to do so, an overview is provided on reported in vivo immune effects of protein hydrolysates in both local intestinal and systemic organs, and the current insights in the underlying mechanisms of these effects. Furthermore, we discuss current knowledge and physicochemical approaches to identify the immune active protein sequence(s). We conclude that multiple hydrolysate compositions show specific immune effects. This knowledge can improve the efficacy of existing hydrolysate-containing products such as sports nutrition, clinical nutrition, and infant formula. We also provide arguments for why immunomodulatory protein hydrolysates could be applied to manage the immune response in the increasing number of individuals with a higher risk of immune dysfunction due to, for example, increasing age or stress.

scholarly journals Berdamai dengan Pluralitas Paham Keberagamaan

2015 ◽  
Vol 5 (1) ◽  
pp. 164
Author(s):  
Biyanto Biyanto
Keyword(s):  
Ethnic Groups ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Vast Number ◽  
Religious Plurality ◽  
Religious Understanding ◽  
Do So

<p>The article asserts that plurality—particularly with respect to religious understanding—is a certainty and an avoidable matter, which should be wisely addressed. This is a pivotal issue as the fact shows us that Indonesia, naturally and culturally, consists of various different ethnic groups. Bhinneka Tuggal Ika—as national watchword—affirms that Indonesia is founded on diversity and difference. However, Indonesian nation has to unite despite of its diversity. In addition, Indonesia is also called a colorful state. This statement refers to the fact that there are a vast number of different ethnic groups, cultures, and religions that live and exist in this country. Empirically, plurality has often caused social conflicts which involve interfaith groups with different religious understanding. The conflict occurs when these different groups are unprepared to live together harmoniously and build coexistence. Therefore, it is important to continuously promote the values of pluralism and multiculturalism in order to create a better life order based on acceptance, respect, and tolerance. To do so, emotional and intellectual intelligences—as “social modal”—are urgently required. The writer argues that this is a way—if not the sole—to bring about solution to the problem of religious plurality and religious understanding.</p>

Do local union strategies explain the (unexpected) union pay premium in China?

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yao Yao ◽  
Morley Gunderson
Keyword(s):  
Union Wage ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Local Union ◽  
Union Wage Premium ◽  
Level Data ◽  
Timely Fashion ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Do So

PurposeThe authors investigate the extent to which differences in provincial union legislation have impacts on the union earnings premium.Design/methodology/approachContent analysis of provincial union regulations of 25 provinces is conducted to create two indices: one reflecting the degree of stringency of the local requirement that unions be established in a timely fashion and the other reflecting requirements for employers to negotiate wages with the union. The authors use individual level data from the China Family Panel Studies (CFPS) of 2010 to estimate the union earnings premium.FindingsThe authors find that unionised workers in China receive an earnings premium ranging from 6.4 to 9.6%, which is in range of other studies (but not all) for China that tend to find a (perhaps surprising) union wage premium in spite of the fact that unions tend to be “company unions” designed to foster stability and growth and to serve as a transmission belt for the wishes of the Party rather than bargaining for the benefit of their members. The authors also find that provincial requirements to establish unions in a timely fashion enhance the impact of unions on the earnings of their members, but provincial requirements to negotiate wages dampen the effect of unions on the earnings of their members. Reasons for these results are discussed.Originality/valueDespite this lack of independence of the Chinese unions, research continuously finds that Chinese unions have effects that are surprisingly similar to those of unions in Western countries. This paper drills deeper into the underlying mechanisms to see if local union strategies, exemplified by provincial union legislation, can explain the unexpected union effects on compensation. To the authors’ knowledge, this is the first paper to do so. Moreover, the authors use individual-level data in contrast to most studies on China that use firm or provincial level aggregate data.

Investors' Reactions to Management Guidance Forms: The Influence of Multiple Benchmarks

2007 ◽  
Vol 82 (2) ◽  
pp. 521-543 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jun Han ◽  
Hun-Tong Tan
Keyword(s):  
Earnings Announcements ◽  
Management Guidance ◽  
High Knowledge ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Hybrid Management ◽  
Do So ◽  
Best Estimates

In this study, we investigate underlying mechanisms for the effects of management guidance forms on investors' judgments. We do so by comparing effects of point and range guidance with those associated with a hybrid management guidance form that combines the attributes of both point and range guidance. With respect to investors' earnings reestimates made after actual earnings announcements, we find that both the number and type of benchmarks associated with the guidance forms matter. High-knowledge investors use both primary (explicitly stated) and secondary (implicitly stated) benchmarks, whereas low-knowledge investors attend only to primary benchmarks. We also find that investors have greater confidence in their earnings estimates when management guidance explicitly provides best estimates.

scholarly journals Connected Carabids: Network Interactions and Their Impact on Biocontrol by Carabid Beetles

BioScience ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 70 (6) ◽  
pp. 490-500 ◽  
Author(s):  
Stefanie E De Heij ◽  
Christian J Willenborg
Keyword(s):  
Spatial Structure ◽  
Feeding Behavior ◽  
Present Article ◽  
Vegetation Structure ◽  
Insect Pests ◽  
Interaction Network ◽  
Carabid Beetles ◽  
Weed Seeds ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Do So

Abstract Carabid beetles can greatly contribute to biocontrol in agroecosystems, reducing both insect pests and weed seeds. However, insect foraging and feeding behavior can be highly dependent on the interaction network and spatial structure of the environment, which can make their biocontrol contributions variable. In the present article, we explore how the interaction network of carabids can affect their behavior and how spatial vegetation structure and specific agronomy practices can, in turn, affect the strength of interactions in their network. We suggest that research on carabid biocontrol should move toward an approach in which the network of interactions among pests, carabids, and other organisms within its spatial structure is evaluated, with equal focus on direct and indirect interactions, and provide examples of tools to do so. Overall, we believe this approach will improve our knowledge of carabid networks, help to elucidate the underlying mechanisms of biocontrol, and lay the foundation for future biocontrol strategies.

scholarly journals The Me-File: An Event-Coding Approach to Self-Representation

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 ◽  
Author(s):  
Bernhard Hommel
Keyword(s):  
General Theory ◽  
Perception And Action ◽  
Human Perception ◽  
Action Control ◽  
Artificial Agents ◽  
Event File ◽  
Theory Of Event Coding ◽  
Mechanistic Basis ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
Do So

Numerous authors have taken it for granted that people represent themselves or even have something like “a self”, but the underlying mechanisms remain a mystery. How do people represent themselves? Here I propose that they do so not any differently from how they represent other individuals, events, and objects: by binding codes representing the sensory consequences of being oneself into a Me-File, that is, into an event file integrating all the codes resulting from the behaving me. This amounts to a Humean bundle-self theory of selfhood, and I will explain how recent extensions of the Theory of Event Coding, a general theory of human perception and action control, provide all the necessary ingredients for specifying the mechanisms underlying such a theory. The Me-File concept is likely to provide a useful mechanistic basis for more specific and more theoretically productive experimentation, as well as for the construction of artificial agents with human-like selves.

From persuasive messages to tactics: Exploring children’s knowledge and judgement of new advertising formats

2017 ◽  
Vol 20 (7) ◽  
pp. 2604-2628 ◽  
Author(s):  
Pieter De Pauw ◽  
Ralf De Wolf ◽  
Liselot Hudders ◽  
Veroline Cauberghe
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Critical Reflection ◽  
Persuasive Messages ◽  
Brand Placement ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Societal Actors ◽  
Advertising Literacy ◽  
Brand Integration ◽  
Do So

Despite that contemporary advertising is decreasingly about persuading children through persuasive messages and increasingly about influencing them through implicit tactics, little attention has been given to how children may cope with advertising by understanding and evaluating the new advertising tactics. Drawing on 12 focus groups entailing 60 children of ages 9–11 years, this article investigates children’s advertising literacy by exploring their knowledge and judgements (and accordingly reasoning strategies) of the new advertising formats. In particular, insight is provided into children’s critical reflection on the tactics of brand integration, interactivity and personalization in the advertising formats brand placement, advergames and retargeted pre-roll video ads on social media. It is shown that while children not spontaneously do so, they appear to have the ability to understand these tactics and form judgements about their (moral) appropriateness, thereby considering a wide range of societal actors.

Does causal reasoning lead to moral reasoning? Consumers' responses to scandalized athletes and endorsements

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Daehwan Kim ◽  
Joon Sung Lee ◽  
Wonseok (Eric) Jang ◽  
Yong Jae Ko
Keyword(s):  
Consumer Behavior ◽  
Moral Reasoning ◽  
Attribution Theory ◽  
Causal Reasoning ◽  
Cognitive Process ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Reasoning Strategies ◽  
Reasoning Strategy ◽  
Underlying Mechanisms ◽  
The Impact

PurposeMarketers and brand managers are subject to reputational crises when their endorsers are involved in scandals. To effectively manage such crises, it is imperative to understand (1) the underlying mechanisms through which consumers process negative information surrounding morally tainted endorsers, and (2) how these mechanisms affect consumer behavior in the context of athlete scandals.Design/methodology/approachDrawing on attribution theory and the moral reasoning strategy framework, we investigate the impact of attribution on moral reasoning strategies, and the impact of such strategies on consumers' responses to scandalized athletes and endorsements.FindingsOverall, our results demonstrate that the same scandal can be evaluated differently, depending on its information, including the consensus, distinctiveness, and consistency of the scandal. The results of Study 1 show that in the context of an on-field scandal, individuals engage in a sequential cognitive process in which they go through attribution, the choice of a moral reasoning strategy, and ultimately a response. The results of Study 2 reveal that in the context of an off-field scandal, attribution directly influences consumers' responses.Originality/valueWe extend the existing literature on the moral reasoning of athlete scandals by suggesting that attribution is a determinant of moral reasoning choice in the context of on-field scandals. We also extend the sports marketing and consumer behavior literature by suggesting that consumers' diverse reactions to athlete scandals depend on their attribution patterns and moral reasoning choices.

Abjection as Gothic and the Gothic as Abjection

2019 ◽  
pp. 108-126
Author(s):  
Jerrold E. Hogle
Keyword(s):  
Human Being ◽  
Social Conflicts ◽  
Horace Walpole ◽  
Slavoj Zizek ◽  
Self And Other ◽  
Life And Death ◽  
Slavoj Žižek ◽  
The Moment ◽  
Do So

Julia Kristeva's theory of abjection in Powers of Horror (1980) has had a profound effect on the analysis of Gothic works. Building on Freud, Lacan, and others, it posits a "throwing over" of the deepest anomalies at the roots of human being - the inseparable intermingling of life and death and self and other at the moment of birth - into what seems an alien, other figure (the 'abject', such as Frankenstein's creature) so that the abjecting subject can construct a wholeness of consistent identity over against it. This process, as Slavoj Zizek has emphasized, is even a socio-cultural one, whereby populations abject underlying social conflicts into supposedly alien others. The abject figures in many Gothic works, then, are fear-inducting sites prompting terror or horror because they enact this scheme. In fact, they do so because the whole idea of abjection hearkens back to the very nature of Gothic symbol-making from Horace Walpole on.

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