Managing difficult and violent adolescents (adolescents difficiles) in France: a genealogical approach

2018 ◽  
Vol 30 (1) ◽  
pp. 104-115 ◽  
Author(s):  
Yannis Gansel
Keyword(s):  
Ecological Niche ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Interconnected Network ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Clinical Category ◽  
Ambiguous Condition

‘Difficult adolescent’ is a clinical category defined by psychiatrists’ expertise. Since the end of the 1990s, it has been extensively used to describe a population of disruptive, violent yet vulnerable adolescents, at the margins of public institutions that manage youth deviancy in France. For the present study, an interconnected network of 49 documents was analysed using a genealogical method in order to provide comprehensive elements in the results. This category found its ecological niche in the 1960s, revealing a moral tension in the use of constraint. It addressed new problems of intractable individuals, whose dangerousness and vulnerability require coordination between penal, social and psychiatric institutions. It defines an ambiguous condition, suspended between the trouble experienced by the caregivers and an adolescent’s individual disorder.

Dangerous or Vulnerable? A Genealogy of “Difficult and Violent Adolescents” in France

2017 ◽  
Vol 41 (S1) ◽  
pp. S718-S718
Author(s):  
Y. Gansel
Keyword(s):  
Social Issues ◽  
Initial Conditions ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Clinical Expertise ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Marginal Population ◽  
Institutional Power ◽  
Competing Interest ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Clinical Category

IntroductionDifficult adolescent is a clinical category, defined by psychiatrists’ expertise and referred to psychoanalytical concepts. Since the end of the 1990s, it has been extensively used to describe a marginal population in public institutions managing youth deviancy in France. This success occurs against a backdrop of institutional reforms, converging towards politics of suffering and risk management.ObjectivesContributing to the anthropology of mental health, this communication provides comprehensive elements to this success.MethodsInterconnected networks of 49 documents were analyzed using a genealogical method based on Foucault's late conceptions and Ian Hachking's works on constructivism.ResultsResults have shown that the category of difficult adolescents found its ecological niche in the 1960s, revealing a moral tension in the use of constraint. At that time, the introduction of the psychoanalytical notions of transference and counter transference depicted a clear distinction with previous categories such as the “abnormals” or “maladjusted youth”. Since then, it has defined an ambiguous condition, suspended between the trouble of caregivers and the adolescents’ individual disorder. In addition, the extension of clinical expertise silences social issues, such as gender discriminations, ethnicity and access to employment.ConclusionsThe reforms of custodial treatments represented the initial conditions of detection for difficult adolescents, raising new problems of intractable individual and institutional linkage. Driving towards a biographical personalization, the category allows new forms of regulation in the use of institutional power.Disclosure of interestThe author has not supplied his/her declaration of competing interest.

scholarly journals Psychiatry in the Middle East: the rebirth of lunatic asylums?

2020 ◽  
pp. 1-4
Author(s):  
Joelle M. Abi-Rached
Keyword(s):  
North America ◽  
Middle East ◽  
Arab World ◽  
Psychiatric Hospitals ◽  
The West ◽  
Arab Region ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
1960S And 1970S ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Historical Trajectory

This article briefly assesses the historical trajectory of psychiatric institutions in the Middle East. It underlines a key observation: the persistence and expansion of psychiatric institutionalisation, specifically in the Arab world. In contrast to the deinstitutionalisation that eventually closed large psychiatric hospitals in the 1960s and 1970s, notably in Europe and North America, psychiatric hospitals have continued to grow in size in the Arab world. This absence of deinstitutionalisation marks a major departure from how psychiatry developed in the West, which is worth reflecting on if we are to understand the current crumbling infrastructure of in-patient psychiatric facilities in the Arab region.

The Social Marketing Campaign by Greenpeace Mediterranean Against Broiler Chicken Consumption

2018 ◽  
pp. 204-218
Author(s):  
B. Pınar Özdemir
Keyword(s):  
Social Marketing ◽  
Communication Technologies ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Problem Definition ◽  
Human Consumption ◽  
Animal Products ◽  
Social Marketing Campaign ◽  
The Social ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Social Marketing Campaigns

Turkey's first encounter with social marketing began in the 1960s from which time the field has been dominated by public institutions, although during the 1990s non-governmental organisations started running some social marketing campaigns. This chapter analyses Turkey's first campaign concerning animal products for human consumption called “We Don't Swallow!” which was undertaken by an environmental non-governmental organisation (NGO) called Greenpeace Mediterranean. The campaign is analysed in terms of the basic concepts of social marketing (problem definition, objectives, exchange, competition, audience segmentation and marketing mix). An attempt is made to establish an understanding of how a NGO sought to affect its target audience's behaviour in relation to the origin of the meat they consumed. The chapter considers how “brand attack” works as a social marketing strategy and explores the possibilities that new communication technologies offer for social marketing.

Higher accounting education curriculum development: evidence from Tunisia

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Rim Khemiri ◽  
Mariam Dammak
Keyword(s):  
Design Methodology ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Accounting Education ◽  
Education Curriculum ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Accounting Curriculum ◽  
Socialist Economic ◽  
Set Up ◽  
The 1960S

Purpose This paper aims to trace the process of setting up and developing the higher accounting education curriculum in Tunisian public institutions, stressing the period 1956–1981. Further, this study intends to highlight specificities of the Tunisian context during this period, focusing on the main roles of the Tunisian State and some key actors. Design/methodology/approach This study is based on a historical approach. Two complementary methodologies were used, mainly, documentary study and semi-directive interviews with key actors heavily involved in higher education. The critical accounting framework and Foucault’s power-knowledge relationship were mobilized to this end. Findings The paper provides a general overview of higher accounting education in the Tunisian context, focusing on three specific periods. First, in the post-independence period (1956–1960), higher accounting education was a very underdeveloped French heritage. Second, during the 1960s, the Tunisian State focused on institutional and structural measures to set up the initial foundation. Those measures were impacted by the Tunisian socialist economic system, the development of capital human and the cultural French influence, at once. Third, the 1970s were essentially marked by the role of university-scholars and professional-accountants to set up a higher accounting curriculum. The market-oriented economy and the higher social equity are assumed to influence the above-mentioned setting-up. The culmination of this extending process was the unification and publication of the first official program of accounting studies, at the start of 1981. Originality/value To the best of the authors’ knowledge, this study is the first attempt to trace the process of setting up and developing of higher accounting education curriculum in Tunisia. This study contributes to a better understanding of this process, shedding some light on the specificities of the Tunisian context during the period 1956 to 1981.

Rereading Rosenhan

2017 ◽  
Vol 28 (1) ◽  
pp. 38-50
Author(s):  
Ian Cummins
Keyword(s):  
Mental Health ◽  
Health Care ◽  
Mental Health Care ◽  
Psychiatric Diagnosis ◽  
Institutional Care ◽  
Care Needs ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
A Value ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
The 1960S

Rosenhan’s pseudopatient experiment is one of the most famous psychological studies or experiments that has ever been conducted. The experiment took place at the end of a period in the 1960s which saw the intellectual base of psychiatry and psychiatric institutions challenged. There were two parts of the experiment. The first looked at the process of the psychiatric diagnosis; the second examined the experience of patients’ on the wards. Rosenhan argued that psychiatric diagnosis is not consistently reliable and it has to be viewed as situationally and culturally specific. This is the finding that is most consistently highlighted from the work. However, this article argues that the other elements to Rosenhan’s challenge to institutionalized psychiatric care—that diagnosis is a label that shapes subsequent perceptions of behavior and that psychiatric institutions are depersonalizing—have often been overlooked. Given the current crisis in mental health-care provision, it is argued that this critique of institutional care needs to be revisited. There is a danger that failings in current mental health provision will lead to calls for a shift in the focus toward institutionalized provision of care. The lessons of Rosenhan can be used not only to counter this but also as a basis for a value-informed approach to the provision of institutionalized mental health care.

scholarly journals Reforms of the Criminal Sanctions System in Germany – Achievements and Unresolved Problems

2019 ◽  
Vol 28 ◽  
pp. 37-48 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frieder Dünkel
Keyword(s):  
Electronic Monitoring ◽  
Prison Population ◽  
Good Reason ◽  
Short Term ◽  
Sexual Crimes ◽  
Criminal Sanctions ◽  
Psychiatric Institutions ◽  
Dangerous Offenders ◽  
Probation Service ◽  
The 1960S

The German criminal sanctions system has witnessed major law reforms in the last 50 years in expanding fines (which have replaced short-term imprisonment) and introducing suspended sentences either with or without the supervision of the Probation Service. The reforms of the 1960s–1980s have been a success and (in combination with the expansion of diversion schemes for minor crimes) have contributed to achieving one of the lowest prison population rates in Europe. However, further reforms are necessary – in particular, with regard to the large number of people serving a prison sentence for defaulting on fines. Germany has, for good reason, restricted electronic monitoring to the very few cases of dangerous offenders (convicted for violent or sexual crimes) who have had to be released after having served their sentence in full or have been released from psychiatric institutions or after other preventive deprivation of liberty.

scholarly journals Políticas públicas para formação de tecnólogos no Brasil

Roteiro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Anthone Mateus Magalhães Afonso ◽  
Wania Regina Coutinho Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Postgraduate Studies ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Education Courses ◽  
And Training

Resumo: Neste estudo analisaram-se as políticas públicas educacionais voltadas para os Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia (CSTs) desde o início da sua oferta, na década de 1960, identificando, entre outros aspectos, as concepções de educação adotadas nesse período de estudo e os enfrentamentos das instituições públicas de educação profissional a essas políticas. São consideradas as contribuições de Marisa Brandão, Acácia Kuenzer e Neise Deluiz para efetuar uma análise a partir de pesquisa documental que identificou o surgimento dos cursos de graduação de curta duração e traçou a concepção inicial dos CSTs, seguindo com as políticas nacionais criadas a partir da década de 1990 até o segundo Governo do Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). Os resultados obtidos revelaram algumas constatações, dentre as quais se destacam: em todo o período compreendido nesta pesquisa o modelo legal proposto para os CSTs promovia uma educação voltada para o mercado de trabalho; a retomada da oferta dos CSTs pelos Governos FHC sinaliza um modelo de política pública que parecia trazer a execução antes do planejamento, o que ocasionou alguns efeitos desastrosos, como baixa aceitação dos profissionais formados e dificuldade para continuidade dos estudos acadêmicos em nível de pós-graduação e para ocupação das suas funções profissionais de trabalho, uma vez que a oferta dos cursos ocorreu antes mesmo da sua completa regulação.Palavras-chave: Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia. Políticas Públicas. Educação Profissional e Tecnológica. Concepção de Educação.Public policies for training technologist in Brazil Abstract: The article analyzes the educational public policies directed to Technologist Training Degrees (CSTs) since the beginning of its offer in the 1960s, identifying, among other aspects, the conceptions of education adopted in this period of study and the confrontations of public institutions education to these policies. The contributions of Marisa Brandão, Acácia Kuenzer and Neise Deluiz are considered to carry out an analysis based on documentary research that identified the emergence of the short duration undergraduate courses and outlined the initial conception of the CSTs, following the national policies created from the 1990 until the second Government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). The results obtained revealed some findings, among which the following stand out: throughout the period included in this study, the legal model proposed for CSTs promoted an education focused on the labor market; the resumption of CSTs by the Governments of FHC signaled a public policy model that seemed to bring execution before planning, causing some disastrous effects, such as low acceptance of trained professionals and difficulty in continuing academic studies at the level of postgraduate studies and to occupy their professional work functions since the course offerings occurred before their complete regulation.Keywords: Technologist Training Degrees. Higher Education Courses in Technology. Public policy. Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Conception of Education. Políticas públicas para formación de tecnólogos en BrasilResumen: El artículo analiza las políticas públicas educativas dirigidas a los Cursos Superiores de Tecnología (CST) desde el inicio de su oferta, en la década de 1960, identificando, entre otros aspectos, las concepciones de educación adoptadas en ese período de estudio y los enfrentamientos de las instituciones públicas de educación profesional a esas políticas. Se consideran las contribuciones de Marisa Brandão, Acacia Kuenzer y Neise Deluiz para efectuar un análisis a partir de investigación documental que identificó el surgimiento de los cursos de graduación de corta duración y trazó la concepción inicial de los CSTs, siguiendo con las políticas nacionales creadas a partir de la política nacional en la década de 1990 hasta el segundo Gobierno del Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). Los resultados obtenidos revelaron algunas constataciones, entre las cuales se destacan: en todo el período comprendido en esta investigación el modelo legal propuesto para los CSTs promovía una educación orientada al mercado de trabajo; la reanudación de la oferta de los CST por los Gobiernos de FHC señala un modelo de política pública que parecía traer la ejecución antes de la planificación, lo que ocasionó algunos efectos desastrosos, tales como baja aceptación de los profesionales formados y dificultad para la continuidad de los estudios académicos a nivel de postgrado y para ocupar sus funciones profesionales de trabajo una vez que la oferta de los cursos se dio antes incluso de su completa regulación.Palabras clave: Cursos Superiores de Tecnología. Políticas públicas. Educación Profesional y Tecnológica. Concepción de Educación.

Governance Sensitivities and the Politics of Translation: Rethinking the Colonisation of the Shuar of Ecuador's Amazonian South-East

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-25
Author(s):  
Esben Leifsen
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Regional Context ◽  
Secondary Sources ◽  
Historical Archive ◽  
Territorial Politics ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
The Military ◽  
Holding Back ◽  
Empirical Material

Abstract The article analyses two delegated governance projects carried out in Ecuador's Amazonian south-east in the twentieth century. In collaboration with the military and public institutions, two Catholic missions, the Salesian and the Franciscan, were central actors in the colonising of an area inhabited by the Shuar. Considering the wider historical and ethnographic regional context and focusing on practices of cultural translation and territorial politics, I discuss the two missions’ divergent governance sensitivities vis-à-vis the Shuar. ‘Governance sensitivities’ refers in this context to the colonial actors’ capability to recognise colonised subjects as culturally distinct. I combine new empirical material from the historical archive of the Franciscans in Zamora with secondary sources in order to analyse how differences between the two missions’ sensitivity and insensitivity to Shuar otherness became especially prevalent in the 1960s and 70s. The divergent ways the Salesians and Franciscans perceived the Shuar colonial subject had consequences for how they engaged in the protection of Shuar land and for how they contributed to facilitating or holding back indigenous political organisation.

scholarly journals Políticas públicas para formação de tecnólogos no Brasil

Roteiro ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 43 ◽  
pp. 177
Author(s):  
Anthone Mateus Magalhães Afonso ◽  
Wania Regina Coutinho Gonzalez
Keyword(s):  
Public Policy ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Vocational Education And Training ◽  
Policy Model ◽  
Politica Publica ◽  
Postgraduate Studies ◽  
Legal Model ◽  
The 1960S ◽  
Education Courses ◽  
And Training

Resumo: Neste estudo analisaram-se as políticas públicas educacionais voltadas para os Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia (CSTs) desde o início da sua oferta, na década de 1960, identificando, entre outros aspectos, as concepções de educação adotadas nesse período de estudo e os enfrentamentos das instituições públicas de educação profissional a essas políticas. São consideradas as contribuições de Marisa Brandão, Acácia Kuenzer e Neise Deluiz para efetuar uma análise a partir de pesquisa documental que identificou o surgimento dos cursos de graduação de curta duração e traçou a concepção inicial dos CSTs, seguindo com as políticas nacionais criadas a partir da década de 1990 até o segundo Governo do Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). Os resultados obtidos revelaram algumas constatações, dentre as quais se destacam: em todo o período compreendido nesta pesquisa o modelo legal proposto para os CSTs promovia uma educação voltada para o mercado de trabalho; a retomada da oferta dos CSTs pelos Governos FHC sinaliza um modelo de política pública que parecia trazer a execução antes do planejamento, o que ocasionou alguns efeitos desastrosos, como baixa aceitação dos profissionais formados e dificuldade para continuidade dos estudos acadêmicos em nível de pós-graduação e para ocupação das suas funções profissionais de trabalho, uma vez que a oferta dos cursos ocorreu antes mesmo da sua completa regulação.Palavras-chave: Cursos Superiores de Tecnologia. Políticas Públicas. Educação Profissional e Tecnológica. Concepção de Educação.Public policies for training technologist in Brazil Abstract: The article analyzes the educational public policies directed to Technologist Training Degrees (CSTs) since the beginning of its offer in the 1960s, identifying, among other aspects, the conceptions of education adopted in this period of study and the confrontations of public institutions education to these policies. The contributions of Marisa Brandão, Acácia Kuenzer and Neise Deluiz are considered to carry out an analysis based on documentary research that identified the emergence of the short duration undergraduate courses and outlined the initial conception of the CSTs, following the national policies created from the 1990 until the second Government of President Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). The results obtained revealed some findings, among which the following stand out: throughout the period included in this study, the legal model proposed for CSTs promoted an education focused on the labor market; the resumption of CSTs by the Governments of FHC signaled a public policy model that seemed to bring execution before planning, causing some disastrous effects, such as low acceptance of trained professionals and difficulty in continuing academic studies at the level of postgraduate studies and to occupy their professional work functions since the course offerings occurred before their complete regulation.Keywords: Technologist Training Degrees. Higher Education Courses in Technology. Public policy. Technical and Vocational Education and Training. Conception of Education. Políticas públicas para formación de tecnólogos en BrasilResumen: El artículo analiza las políticas públicas educativas dirigidas a los Cursos Superiores de Tecnología (CST) desde el inicio de su oferta, en la década de 1960, identificando, entre otros aspectos, las concepciones de educación adoptadas en ese período de estudio y los enfrentamientos de las instituciones públicas de educación profesional a esas políticas. Se consideran las contribuciones de Marisa Brandão, Acacia Kuenzer y Neise Deluiz para efectuar un análisis a partir de investigación documental que identificó el surgimiento de los cursos de graduación de corta duración y trazó la concepción inicial de los CSTs, siguiendo con las políticas nacionales creadas a partir de la política nacional en la década de 1990 hasta el segundo Gobierno del Presidente Fernando Henrique Cardoso (FHC). Los resultados obtenidos revelaron algunas constataciones, entre las cuales se destacan: en todo el período comprendido en esta investigación el modelo legal propuesto para los CSTs promovía una educación orientada al mercado de trabajo; la reanudación de la oferta de los CST por los Gobiernos de FHC señala un modelo de política pública que parecía traer la ejecución antes de la planificación, lo que ocasionó algunos efectos desastrosos, tales como baja aceptación de los profesionales formados y dificultad para la continuidad de los estudios académicos a nivel de postgrado y para ocupar sus funciones profesionales de trabajo una vez que la oferta de los cursos se dio antes incluso de su completa regulación.Palabras clave: Cursos Superiores de Tecnología. Políticas públicas. Educación Profesional y Tecnológica. Concepción de Educación.

The Genesis and Internal Dynamics of El Salvador's People's Revolutionary Army, 1970–1976

2014 ◽  
Vol 38 (01) ◽  
pp. 102-129
Author(s):  
ALBERTO MARTÍN ÁLVAREZ ◽  
EUDALD CORTINA ORERO
Keyword(s):  
Latin America ◽  
El Salvador ◽  
Early Years ◽  
Left Wing ◽  
Internal Dynamics ◽  
Internal Coherence ◽  
The 1960S

AbstractUsing interviews with former militants and previously unpublished documents, this article traces the genesis and internal dynamics of the Ejército Revolucionario del Pueblo (People's Revolutionary Army, ERP) in El Salvador during the early years of its existence (1970–6). This period was marked by the inability of the ERP to maintain internal coherence or any consensus on revolutionary strategy, which led to a series of splits and internal fights over control of the organisation. The evidence marshalled in this case study sheds new light on the origins of the armed Salvadorean Left and thus contributes to a wider understanding of the processes of formation and internal dynamics of armed left-wing groups that emerged from the 1960s onwards in Latin America.

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