The Wealth of Nations: International Judgments Regarding Actual and Ideal Resource Distributions

2018 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
pp. 357-362 ◽  
Author(s):  
William F. Arsenio
Keyword(s):  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Resource Distributions ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

How much wealth inequality do people think is ideal, and how does that compare with the inequality they perceive in their society? Recent research on individuals’ judgments about the distribution of national wealth suggests that there are both international commonalties and nation-specific patterns in these cognitions. This review describes several of these major findings and how some of them vary as a function of study methods. The evidence summarized suggests that U.S. participants may underestimate wealth inequality but that this underestimation is not found in many other countries. Additionally, individuals who perceive greater wealth inequality have more negative views of their societies and are more supportive of policies aimed at redistributing resources; these connections, however, have been specific to one method of assessing wealth cognitions. Finally, across nations, assessment methods, and age groups, studies show that individuals prefer a more egalitarian distribution of national wealth than they believe exists.

scholarly journals Study on available methods using for Cleaner production assessment and potential application in Viet Nam

2014 ◽  
Vol 17 (4) ◽  
pp. 51-65
Author(s):  
Thanh Van Tran ◽  
Hai Thanh Le
Keyword(s):  
Feasibility Study ◽  
Potential Application ◽  
Recent Time ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Cleaner Production ◽  
Viet Nam ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
Implementation Phase ◽  
Advantages And Disadvantages ◽  
Integrated Methods

The effectiveness of cleaner production assessment (CPA) depends on assessment methods, and during recent time, the scientists have proposed and developed various assessment methods for Cleaner production, however, the methods have not been studied systematically, especially for the potential application in Vietnam’s condition. This study conducts a desktop review on the available methods using for CPA. In this study, the CPA methods are presented and arranged in the order of the cleaner production procedures and divided into five groups: (1) pre-assessment methods for identifying cleaner production focus, (2) assessment methods for generating CP options, (3) feasibility study methods for selection CP options, (4) assessment methods for implementation phase, and (5) methods for CP continuing. On the basis of the advantages and disadvantages of these methods, the study proposes an integrated methods for CPA which are applicable to enhance effectiveness of CPA in industry in Vietnam.

scholarly journals Augmented wealth in Switzerland: the influence of pension wealth on wealth inequality

2020 ◽  
Vol 156 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ursina Kuhn
Keyword(s):  
Social Security ◽  
Pension System ◽  
Wealth Distribution ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Wealth Accumulation ◽  
Net Worth ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Occupational Pensions ◽  
Pension Wealth

Abstract Entitlements for social security and occupational pensions present a major wealth component and play a central role for financial security. However, most individual-level data lacks information on pension wealth. By linking various data sources, this contribution estimates the present value of future pension entitlements in Switzerland for statutory pensions, occupational pensions and third pillar accounts and analyses the distribution of augmented wealth, which combines pension wealth and net worth. The CH-SILC survey from 2015 is used to estimate real assets, financial assets and pension wealth of retired individuals. The pension entitlements of non-retired individuals are simulated on the basis of their earning history from administrative records following the accrual method and assuming a real discount rate of 2%. When pension wealth is added to net worth, average wealth doubles, and the Gini-coefficient declines by 26%. The equalising effect is particularly strong for social security pensions. The wealth distribution differs strongly between the three pillars of the pension system; there are also strong differences between gender and age groups. In Switzerland, wealth accumulation continues after retirement age.

scholarly journals National level wealth inequality and socioeconomic inequality in adolescent mental wellbeing

2020 ◽  
Vol 30 (Supplement_5) ◽  
Author(s):  
M Dierckens ◽  
D Weinberg ◽  
Y Huang ◽  
F Elgar ◽  
I Moor ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Life Satisfaction ◽  
Income Inequality ◽  
National Level ◽  
National Income ◽  
Somatic Symptoms ◽  
Wealth Inequality ◽  
Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽  
Mental Wellbeing ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Level Data

Abstract Background Previous research established a positive association between national income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent health, but little is known about the extent to which national level inequalities in accumulated financial resources (i.e. wealth) are associated with these health inequalities. Therefore, we examined the association between national wealth inequality and income inequality and socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing. Methods Data were from 17 countries participating in three successive waves (2010, 2014 and 2018) of the cross-sectional Health Behaviour in School-aged Children (HBSC) study. We combined individual-level data on adolescents' life satisfaction, psychological and somatic symptoms and socioeconomic status (SES) with country-level data on income and wealth inequality (n = 244771). We performed time-series analysis on a pooled sample of 48 country/year groups. Results Higher levels of national wealth inequality were associated with fewer average psychological and somatic symptoms, while higher levels of national income inequality were associated with more psychological and somatic symptoms. No associations between either national wealth inequality or income inequality and life satisfaction were found. Smaller differences in somatic symptoms between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national wealth inequality. In contrast, larger differences in psychological symptoms and life satisfaction (but not somatic symptoms) between higher and lower SES groups were found in countries with higher levels of national income inequality. Conclusions Although both national wealth and income inequality are associated with (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent mental wellbeing, associations are in opposite directions. Further research is warranted to gain better understanding in the role of national wealth inequality on (socioeconomic inequalities in) adolescent health. Key messages This is one of the first studies to examine if socioeconomic inequalities in adolescent mental wellbeing are associated with national wealth inequality independently from national income inequality. Opposing effects of national wealth inequality and income inequality on socioeconomic inequalities in adolescents’ mental wellbeing warrant further research before policy recommendations can be made.

scholarly journals Assessing Tram Infrastructure Safety Using the Example of the City of Gdańsk

2019 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 293-322
Author(s):  
Marcin Budzyński ◽  
Jacek Szmagliński ◽  
Kazimierz Jamroz ◽  
Krystian Birr ◽  
Sławomir Grulkowski ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Road Safety ◽  
Safety Assessment ◽  
Assessment Methods ◽  
Study Methods ◽  
Comprehensive Diagnosis ◽  
Negative Effect ◽  
Safety Assessments ◽  
The City ◽  
Efficiency And Reliability

Abstract Analysis of Gdańsk tram network statistics shows that incidents are quite frequent (about 650 within five years) and mostly involve collisions and crashes. As well as reducing the tram systems’ efficiency and reliability, incidents have a negative effect on road safety. As Polish cities extend their tram networks, they must also ensure that their existing networks are safe. This is to be achieved by conducting safety assessments. The article presents different assessment methods, at different stages of tram infrastructure lifecycle, providing a basis for a comprehensive diagnosis and recommendations for improvement. The objective of the study was to conduct a comprehensive safety assessment and analysis of the existing and planned tram network across Gdańsk, using different study methods and tools.

scholarly journals The wealth of nations and economic governance, international evidence

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 121-137
Author(s):  
Ahmed Naciri
Keyword(s):  
Economic Governance ◽  
Wealth Creation ◽  
Wealth Maximization ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
Quality Of Living ◽  
Wealth Of Nations ◽  
Finance Theory ◽  
Rich Countries ◽  
Sustainability Model

The paper suggests that wealth maximization and sustainability model (WMS) conforms to the basic maximization rule advocated by finance theory and they can therefore be dealt with within the same theoretical framework. A nation can develop and create wealth to the maximum of its potential only when it efficiently manages its development, i.e. when it observes the rule of national wealth maximization. Wealth is increasing unevenly around the world, as is the quality of living conditions. This prompts the following questions: What drives wealth maximization and sustainability (WMS), and how can it be made to last? To answer these two questions thepaper suspects economic governance to impact tremendously wealth creation and accumulation, and tests its effect using a sample of 40 rich countries for the year 2019. It reveals important findings that make it possible to sketch a model of wealth maximization and sustainability.

Review Essay: Lynn and Vanhanen, IQ and Global Inequality

2008 ◽  
Vol 27 (1) ◽  
pp. 99-105
Author(s):  
Albert Somit ◽  
Steven A. Peterson
Keyword(s):  
Economic Growth ◽  
Review Essay ◽  
Explanatory Variable ◽  
Statistical Evidence ◽  
Global Inequality ◽  
Jumping To Conclusions ◽  
Explanatory Factors ◽  
National Wealth ◽  
National Differences ◽  
Wealth Of Nations

IQ and Global Inequality is a sequel to the authors' earlier IQ and the Wealth of Nations wherein they argued that “… national differences in intelligence are an important factor contributing to differences in national wealth and rates of economic growth” (p. 2). Or, later more precisely stated, that “… national IQ is the single most powerful explanatory variable, but because the explained part of the variation does not rise higher than 40–60 percent, this explanation leaves room for other explanatory factors”(p. 13). Not surprisingly, even so qualified, this thesis triggered a “mixed reception.” As the authors relate with refreshing candor, some of the reviewers denounced them for “jumping to conclusions,” took issue with their “relatively weak statistical evidence and dubious presumptions,” found the study “neither methodologically nor theoretically convincing,” and dismissed the evidence as “virtually meaningless” (p. 3).

An Ultrastructural Study of the Proliferation Patterns of the Reserve Cells of the Human Cervix Uteri

1972 ◽  
Vol 30 ◽  
pp. 80-81
Author(s):  
Takanori Sohda ◽  
Hiroshi Saito ◽  
Goro Asano ◽  
Katsunari Fukushi ◽  
Katsuya Suzuki ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Ultrastructural Study ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
University Hospital ◽  
Cervix Uteri ◽  
Morphological Aspect ◽  
Functional Aspect ◽  
Pathological Conditions ◽  
Human Cervix ◽  
Morphological Patterns

Recently, the functional aspect as well as morphological aspect of the reserve cells in the cervix uteri drew much attention in view of the carcinogenesis in squamocolumunar junction. In this communication, the authors elucidate the ultrastructural features of the reserve cells in patients of various age groups visiting our university hospital and affiliated hospital.From conventional light microscopic point of view, the reserve cells tend to be pronounced in various pathological conditions, such as the persisting inflammation, proliferative disorders and irritation of hormones. The morphological patterns of the reserve cells from various stage and degree of irritation were observed.

Effects of aging on axon terminals in the dentate molecular layer

1987 ◽  
Vol 45 ◽  
pp. 928-929
Author(s):  
K. Cullen-Dockstader ◽  
E. Fifkova
Keyword(s):  
Granule Cells ◽  
Molecular Layer ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Long Term Potentiation ◽  
Male Rats ◽  
Perforant Path ◽  
Axon Terminals ◽  
Fischer 344 ◽  
Spatial Memory Deficit ◽  
Effects Of Aging

Normal aging results in a pronounced spatial memory deficit associated with a rapid decay of long-term potentiation at the synapses between the perforant path and spines in the medial and distal thirds of the dentate molecular layer (DML), suggesting the alteration of synaptic transmission in the dentate fascia. While the number of dentate granule cells remains unchanged, and there are no obvious pathological changes in these cells associated with increasing age, the density of their axospinous contacts has been shown to decrease. There are indications that the presynaptic element is affected by senescence before the postsynaptic element, yet little attention has been given to the fine structure of the remaining axon terminals. Therefore, we studied the axon terminals of the perforant path in the DML across three age groups.5 Male rats (Fischer 344) of each age group (3, 24 and 30 months), were perfused through the aorta.

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