Lack of Economic Opportunities and Persistence of Child Marriage in West Bengal

2018 ◽  
Vol 25 (2) ◽  
pp. 180-204 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deepita Chakravarty
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
The State ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Child Marriage ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Early Motherhood ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Women And Girls

West Bengal (WB) ranks high among the 15 major states of India, where there is still a disturbing persistence of underage marriage among girls, leading to early motherhood as a consequence. The article explores the reasons for this in the context of social and economic conditions in the state. The article argues that more than poverty and illiteracy, the unavailability of new employment opportunities for women and girls in the rural and urban areas of the state explains why parents do not have the incentive to invest in more schooling or the higher education of their daughters. The article is mainly based on secondary data with occasional references to some primary evidence from a recent survey done by the author.

The Political Economy of Rural-Urban Conflict

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Topher L. McDougal
Keyword(s):  
Political Economy ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Hierarchical Networks ◽  
Capital Cities ◽  
Trade Networks ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Economic Relationship ◽  
Relationship Of

In some cases of insurgency, the combat frontier is contested and erratic, as rebels target cities as their economic prey. In other cases, it is tidy and stable, seemingly representing an equilibrium in which cities are effectively protected from violent non-state actors. What factors account for these differences in the interface urban-based states and rural-based challengers? To explore this question, this book examines two regions representing two dramatically different outcomes. In West Africa (Liberia and Sierra Leone), capital cities became economic targets for rebels, who posed dire threats to the survival of the state. In Maoist India, despite an insurgent ideology aiming to overthrow the state via a strategy of progressive city capture, the combat frontier effectively firewalls cities from Maoist violence. This book argues that trade networks underpinning the economic relationship between rural and urban areas—termed “interstitial economies”—may differ dramatically in their impact on (and response to) the combat frontier. It explains rebel predatory tendencies toward cities as a function of transport networks allowing monopoly profits to be made by urban-based traders. It explains combat frontier delineation as a function of the social structure of the trade networks: hierarchical networks permit elite–elite bargains that cohere the frontier. These factors represent what might be termed respectively the “hardware” and “software” of the rural–urban economic relationship. Of interest to any student of political economy and violence, this book presents new arguments and insights about the relationships between violence and the economy, predation and production, core and periphery.

Discrimination Against People With HIV and AIDS in the Workplace

2022 ◽  
pp. 1255-1275
Author(s):  
Chinwe Rosabelle Nwanna
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Hiv And Aids ◽  
Rural Setting ◽  
Primary Data ◽  
People Living With Hiv ◽  
Structured Interviews ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Lagos State

The main thrust of the chapter was to explore the discrimination experienced by people living with HIV and AIDS (PLHIV) in the workplace in Lagos State. A purposive sample of 80 PLHIV was selected from two local government areas (LGAs) of Lagos state: Epe, a rural setting, and Lagos Mainland, an urban one. Secondary data were obtained from internet sources while primary data were collected through structured interviews September 2005–April 2006. Data were analyzed using SPSS versions 11 and 13. Data between and within the rural and urban areas were also analyzed comparatively. The results indicate that PLHIV experienced instant dismissal from offices, mandatory HIV tests, alienation, denial of promotion, and exclusion from insurance schemes. This indicates that PLHIV's rights were violated. The study recommends intensive HIV education and enforcement of national HIV policy and international legal instruments in the workplace to protect PLHIV's rights.

scholarly journals ANALISIS PROGRAM PENINGKATAN PENANGGULANGAN KEMISKINAN DALAM PENGEMBANGAN USAHA KECIL DI NUSA TENGGARA BARAT KASUS DI KABUPATEN: BIMA, SUMBAWA, DAN LOMBOK BARAT

2016 ◽  
Vol 7 (3) ◽  
pp. 325 ◽  
Author(s):  
Wargono Adisoewignyo
Keyword(s):  
Rural Areas ◽  
Small Businesses ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Rural Economy ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Poverty Eradication ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Small Scales ◽  
The Government

The population of the small and medium scale businesses (SMSB) are amounted about more 500 thousand, while their role in GNP are about 50%. More 90% of the SMSB are small scales and carry out their activities in many sectors which are spead out in rural and urban areas as well. The power of the SMSB has been proved through the crises since 1998, they are still exsits, while the conglomerate had been col/aped. The development programme of small businesses in Indonesia has been intorduced for more than 3 decades, but the results are still queationable. In the beginning of 90's, such programmes were introduced in a line of the poverty eradication (PPE). The PPE programes such as PHBK, P4K, KUKESRA and IDT are in a line to the programes of developing real sectors in rural areas. Poverty is a crucial problem and consists of multidimensional aspects, not only economic but also social, cultural, structural and institutional as well.The previous programes never touch the core problem, operate separately, and rarely include the group targets (poor society) to actively participate in the programs. Another new programs such as P-IK, PHBK, KUKESRA and IDT have also been carried out, but at the present the results were still questionably. Some programes are introduced to develop small scales business, such as PHBK dan KUKESRAAims of the study are to indentify: the successes and the .fails of varoius programs for eradicating poverty, terms as 'Program for Poverty Eradication· or shortly PPE; how the fund has been allocated, managed, and coordinated; how jar the society, LSM, and poors themselves do involve; and how jar the programs could reduce poverty and sustainable develop the rural economy. The study has been carried out in three kabupatens: Bima. Sumbawa, dan West Lombok Resource persons are the GO and the NGO officers who close relate with the PPE. The respondents are members POKMAS who receive fund of the PPE. The Sarasehan procedure with resource applies to collect secondary data of the PPE's program from resource persons, while the participatory and emphatic procedures are used to invite responses and attitudes of respondents.The results indicate the models of the PPH, such as P-IK, PHBK. KUKESRA and IDT could not be generalized. Some were more rigid, while some others were accommodative. Some were effective, the others were stagnant, evermore fails. They need solid commitment of all: the government institutions from the top to the lowest. The involvement of the TOGA, the TOMA, and the NGO, and the poor themselves. The more rigid the programs were managed and directed (by the government), the higher the probability of programs are stagnant and even morefruitlessly.

scholarly journals Integration through Land Improvement

2015 ◽  
Vol 3 (2) ◽  
pp. 233-248
Author(s):  
Daniel Burkhard
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Modern Society ◽  
The State ◽  
World War ◽  
Third Way ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Agrarian Society ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
History Of ◽  
Internal Colonization

Internal colonization in Switzerland is often seen in connection with the battle for cultivation in the Second World War, but the history of internal colonization in Switzerland is more complex. The food crisis in the First World War formed the horizon of experience for various actors from industry, consumer protection, the urban population and agriculture to start considering practical strategies for managing agricultural production. In this way, traditional spaces, such as rural and urban areas and economic roles, such as food producer, consumer and trader, overlapped and were newly conceived to some extent: people started thinking about utopias and how a modern society could be designed to be harmonious and resistant to crisis. The aim of this article is to trace some of the key points in this process for the interwar years in neutral Switzerland. In the process, the focus must be on the context of people’s mentalities in the past, although the relationships between the actors of internal colonization and the state also need to be considered. Internal colonization in Switzerland in the twentieth century can be understood as an open process. In principle, the project was driven by private actors, but in times of crisis, the project was claimed by the state as a possible tool for social and economic intervention. In addition, as a result of the planned dissolution of urban and rural spaces, it will be shown that modern societies in the interwar period were on an existential search to overcome the problems of the modern age. Internal colonization can therefore be seen as an attempt to find a third way between a world characterized by an agrarian society and a modern industrial nation.

E-governance: Learning from Karnataka

2019 ◽  
Vol 65 (2) ◽  
pp. 416-429
Author(s):  
Anil Kumar Vaddiraju ◽  
S. Manasi
Keyword(s):  
Service Delivery ◽  
Case Studies ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Traffic Management ◽  
The State ◽  
Records Management ◽  
Successful Implementation ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
The Way

The technological changes of the 20th and 21st centuries, the growth of computer technologies, digital technologies and telecommunications have changed the way the state conducts its functions and delivers governance. Whether or not they have improved the welfare function of the state, the way governance is delivered has been altered. In this article, we discuss the application of electronic governance (e-governance) in Karnataka with the help of three case studies. We discuss the cases of land records management in rural and urban areas and initiatives in Bengaluru traffic management. The case studies indicate that e-governance improves service delivery and that there are points to be gleaned from the successful implementation of the same in Karnataka. Finally, we argue that while there is necessity for optimism regarding the application of technology in service-delivery functions, the overall digitisation of economy may be something qualitatively different.

Human Development in Gujarat: Evidence from 2011 Population Census

2017 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 313-334 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aalok Ranjan Chaurasia
Keyword(s):  
Social Class ◽  
Human Development ◽  
Human Development Index ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
The State ◽  
Population Census ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Ward Level ◽  
The Village

This article uses the data available from the 2011 population census to construct the human development index (HDI) right up to the village and municipal ward level in Gujarat. The analysis reveals that the human progress in the state and in its constituent districts, sub-districts, towns and villages has largely been average to low, and strong residence and social class inequalities in human development continue to persist. The human development scenario is contrastingly different in rural and urban areas of the state. There is, however, a substantial proportion of municipal wards within towns where human development appears to be low or very low. The analysis also suggests very strong residence and social class effects on human development in the state. It also appears that human progress in the state has stagnated at average levels during the last decade. Despite the fact that there is still substantial scope for human progress. There is a need to reinvigorate human development efforts in the state.

scholarly journals Prevalence of anaemia and associated factors among Oraon females of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal, India

2019 ◽  
Vol 82 (1) ◽  
pp. 15-27
Author(s):  
Tanaya Kundu Chowdhury ◽  
Subrata K. Roy
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Fruits And Vegetables ◽  
West Bengal ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Dairy Product ◽  
Food Habit ◽  
Animal Protein ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Indigenous Groups

Abstract Low haemoglobin level or anaemia is a health problem worldwide especially in developing countries like India. Anaemia is generally higher among indigenous groups compared to general population globally and females are specifically more prone to anaemia. However, studies are inadequate on indigenous groups of India. The aims of the study are to determine the prevalence of anaemia among the female Oraons of North 24 Parganas and to study the association between anaemia and concomitants like socio-demographic and food habit variables. Data have been collected on demographic, socio-economic and food habit variables using well-tested questionnaire from 309 Oraon females living in rural and urban areas of North 24 Parganas, West Bengal. Haemoglobin data were collected using standard instrument and technique. Descriptive statistics and binary logistic regression were used to analyze the data using SPSS version 16.0. Females of rural and urban areas were mostly married and non-literate, employed as labourers and had sedentary occupations. Majority of them consume fruits and vegetables but less animal protein and dairy product. Around 80% of the females were anaemic, irrespective of their habitat, socio-economic status and food habits. Anaemic status was associated with insufficient intake of animal protein, which is significantly associated with the anaemia status of the females in the present study.

scholarly journals KOMODITI PANGAN (PADI, JAGUNG DAN KEDELAI) UNGGULAN DAERAH KOTA DI PROVINSI SUMATERA BARAT

2019 ◽  
Vol 21 (3) ◽  
pp. 537
Author(s):  
Syahrial Syahrial ◽  
Welly Herman
Keyword(s):  
Urban Areas ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Government Programs ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Self Sufficiency ◽  
West Sumatra ◽  
Food Needs ◽  
Food Commodities ◽  
The City

Food is a necessity for all residents in both rural and urban areas so that food availability must be guaranteed to meet the needs of all residents. Several government programs have been carried out to achieve food self-sufficiency, especially rice, corn and soybeans. This study aims to (1) identify the leading food commodities in the city in West Sumatra Province. (2) analyzing the specialization and localization of superior food commodities in the city in West Sumatra Province. (3) identifying priority food commodities that can be developed in urban areas in West Sumatra Province. This research was conducted in (7) seven urban areas in West Sumatra Province. This study uses secondary data which includes production, price and production value. The results of the analysis showed that (1) only rice commodities became the main commodity in all urban areas, (2) pajale commodities spread in several districts in all urban areas, (3) and only rice commodities became priority commodities in several urban areas. So that the development of food commodities in urban areas in West Sumatra Province can be prioritized on rice commodities to meet the food needs of its population.

scholarly journals Consuming Leisure Time: How The Tourism Trend Has Changed the Village

2021 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 17
Author(s):  
Ratna Istriyani
Keyword(s):  
Social Relations ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Leisure Time ◽  
Secondary Data ◽  
Economic Changes ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Sustainable Regional Development ◽  
The Village

This article elaborates on the issue of using leisure time, mainly connected with the tourism concept. The tourism agenda has shaped the trend of using leisure time, which at the same time has changed the appearance of particular places to attract consumers. The village area is a new tourist spot that discussed in this article. Again becomes crucial to see; the new economic features have changed social relations in rural areas. The changes also happened in Yogyakarta, especially villages in the Sleman area. Therefore, this paper aims to explore how the village experienced economic changes after it formed into a tourist area, how was the process. The approach used in this research is qualitative by collecting observational data and secondary data. Based on the research, the villages in Yogyakarta, especially Sleman, the changes in the economic pattern cannot separate from the tourist trend, which emphasizes the reformation of the classic pastoral nuances. The establishment of a restaurant or cafe that offers authentic characters imagined being a remedy for longing for memories. Without intending to confront rural and urban areas, this study argues that the tourism trend in rural areas has not only changed the economic complexion but has also emphasized the character of the village as a space for urban community consumption. It is undeniable that the economic turnover that arises from the tourism sector is assumed to be able to contribute to the new face of rural areas; however, it is not necessarily possible to realize sustainable regional development without being followed by creativity to compete with the emergence of new entertainment venues. Keywords: Tourism Transformation, Village, Leisure, Space Consumption.

scholarly journals Correlation of predictions to get a new dental caries with residence area and parental socio-economic conditions in adolescents in Sleman DIY

2016 ◽  
Vol 49 (3) ◽  
pp. 115
Author(s):  
Bambang Priyono ◽  
Hari Kusnanto ◽  
Al Supartinah Santoso ◽  
Dibyo Pramono
Keyword(s):  
Dental Caries ◽  
Rural Areas ◽  
Urban Areas ◽  
Economic Status ◽  
Sampling Technique ◽  
Economic Conditions ◽  
Survey Study ◽  
Rural And Urban Areas ◽  
Rural And Urban ◽  
Urban And Rural Areas

Background: Adolescence is a period when an individual experiences physical and psychological growth, thus requiring higher energy intake. As a result, they have a high appetite, but at the same time the supervision of parents on their oral hygiene behavior is decreases. They become free to choose their preferred food, sometimes containing high carbohydrates that may increase risks of dental caries and overweight. Sleman is one of districs in Yogyakarta, also considered as an agglomeration area of Yogyakarta town, which still has urban and rural areas. Purpose: This study aimed to examine the correlation between residence area and parental socioeconomic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Method: This study was an analytic survey study conducted on 275 adolescents in Sleman. Samples were selected by using stratified cluster random sampling technique. Prediction to get a new dental caries was measured by using cariogram, involving 10 variables. Residence area was observed based on territorial characteristics, such as urban and rural areas matched to their ID card. Meanwhile, parental socio-economic condition was measured on daily expenses of their parents. A multiple regression analysis with dummy variables was used to analyses the correlation between the independent and dependent variables at a confidence level of 95%. Result: The results showed that the prevalence of caries in those adolescents in urban areas was 70.7%, while 81.95% in rural areas. The DMFT index in urban areas was 2.27, while 2.65 in rural areas. The mean percentage of prediction to get a new dental caries in urban areas was 47.83 ± 23.63, while 53.61 ± 24.68 in rural areas. The results of the statistical analysis then showed that there was no significant correlation of residence area and parental sosio-econimic conditions with prediction to get a new dental caries. Conclusion: In conclusion, residence areas, rural and urban areas, and parental socio-economic conditions, from low to high economic status were not correlated with prediction to get a new dental caries in adolescents.

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