China’s South Asia Policy in the ‘New Era’

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Era ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Neighbouring Region ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rise Of China

In recent years, there has been a rise in China’s profile in South Asia. It is no surprise that Chinese experts have used terms, such as ‘new springtime’ in China–South Asia relations, ‘rediscovery of the strategic status of South Asia’ and ‘most relevant region with regard to the rise of China’.    The objective of this article is to examine the nature and drivers of China’s South Asia policy, especially under the leadership of Xi Jinping vis-à-vis China’s policy towards the region in the past. It is not sufficient to only examine international factors or foreign and security policy in the context of the neighbouring region, such as South Asia. China’s ‘domestic periphery’ presents a significant threat to its national security. These areas are linked to neighbouring countries of South Asia and Central Asia. The announcement by Chinese President Xi Jinping of a ‘New Era’ or ‘third era’ in the history of Communist Party of China (CPC) represents a China which is known for its dictum ‘striving for achievement’ ( fenfa youwei). This is different from the second era’s policy of ‘keeping a low profile and biding the time’ proposed by Deng Xiaoping. Of course, the name of Mao Zedong is synonymous with the first era beginning from 1949.

scholarly journals Made in Luxembourg: The fabrication of the law on jurisdiction of the court of justice of the European Union in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Joni Heliskoski
Keyword(s):  
European Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Legal Protection ◽  
Case Law ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Court Of Justice ◽  
Domestic Courts ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

The article provides an analysis of the case law of the Court of Justice of the European Union on the interpretation of Articles 24 TEU, first paragraph, second subparagraph, and 275 TFEU governing the question of the Court’s jurisdiction in the field of the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP). The article first describes the background of those provisions as they resulted from the Convention on the Future of Europe and the 2003-4 and 2007 Intergovernmental Conferences and then compares the Court’s understanding of its jurisdiction to the drafting history of the provisions concerned. The main conclusion of the study of the case law suggests that the Court views its jurisdiction over the CFSP more broadly than the jurisdiction envisaged by the drafters of the Treaties. In particular, the Court both interprets the exclusion from its jurisdiction of acts based on the Treaty’s CFSP provisions in a narrow fashion and is prepared to review the legality of CFSP acts not only through direct actions but also through references for a preliminary ruling. However, the article argues that the provision of adequate legal protection in the field of the CFSP necessarily requires both the Court of Justice and domestic courts of the Member States to play their respective roles.

China’s foreign and security policy institutions and decision-making under Xi Jinping

2020 ◽  
pp. 136914812097488
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
General Secretary

Power concentration in the hands of Xi Jinping, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary, can be interpreted not only as a reaction to the power fragmentation and the intra-party factionalism that developed under his predecessor, but also as a way to strengthen and stabilise China’s authoritarian polity. In the realm of foreign and security policy, it can also be understood as the result of China’s awareness of both the growing transnational security risks that it is facing and the need to better address the new international tasks and responsibilities it needs to fulfil as a great power. Since 2012, Xi has embarked on sweeping institutional reforms that have contributed to centralising and better coordinating foreign and security decision-making. Yet, although more integrated, China’s authoritarian system has remained fragmented, including in the realm of foreign and security policy, an area where decision-making processes are still highly opaque.

Reshaping Europe

2020 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
European Integration ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Driving Forces ◽  
The European Union ◽  
Reform Initiatives ◽  
Mikhail Gorbachev ◽  
Single European Act ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Common

How can the new dynamic in European integration politics during the second half of the 1980’s be explained? What were the driving forces behind the Single European Act, the achievement of the Single Market, the Schengen agreement, the EC’s expansion to the south, and the new steps towards Monetary Union and the Common Foreign and Security Policy? In this book, using numerous discoveries from the archives, historians from 12 countries show how the European Community reacted to the challenges of globalisation and the reform initiatives by Mikhail Gorbachev. In doing so, they write a new chapter in the history of European integration: the emergence of the European Union. With contributions by Marta Alorda, Andrea Brait, Frédéric Bozo, Eric Bussière, Deborah Cuccia, Alice Cunha, Anjo G. Harryvan, Michael Gehler, Gilles Grin, Maria Eleonora Guasconi, Georg Kreis, Wilfried Loth, Marco Lovec, N. Piers Ludlow, Simone Paoli, Nicolae Paun, Kiran Klaus Patel, Daniela Preda, Frederike Schotters, Jasper Trautsch, Jan van der Harst, Laurent Warlouzet

Asia and the West as Partners Before “Empire” and After

1969 ◽  
Vol 28 (4) ◽  
pp. 711-721 ◽  
Author(s):  
Holden Furber
Keyword(s):  
East Asia ◽  
South Asia ◽  
Special Interest ◽  
South Asians ◽  
South East Asia ◽  
The West ◽  
New Era ◽  
Modern Times ◽  
History Of ◽  
Asian History

A large number of us who are here today in 1969 remember the early beginnings of our organization. I remember particularly a small gathering of one of our earlier incarnations in John Fairbank's livingroom discussing our problems, when we were so small that Wilma Fairbank could send out the postcard notices of meetings without any secretarial help. We are now old enough to have acquired traditions, one of which is the rotation of the presidency from China to South East Asia to Japan to South Asia and then round again. By a fortunate chance the turn of South Asia falls this year on the centenary of the birth of the greatest of South Asians of modern times. Another of our traditions is that the president should deliver an address on a topic close to his own special interest—in my case the history of modern India. I am, however, going to deviate somewhat from that practice this afternoon. In closing, I shall make some suggestions which I hope all of us will keep in mind in this new era of Asian history which is now upon us.

scholarly journals A New Direction in the People's Liberation Army's Emergent Strategic Thinking, Roles and Missions

2017 ◽  
Vol 232 ◽  
pp. 841-865 ◽  
Author(s):  
James Char ◽  
Richard A. Bitzinger
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
Policy Instrument ◽  
Strategic Thinking ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Operational Capabilities ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
The Status ◽  
Successive Generations ◽  
Commander In Chief ◽  
Peace And Development

AbstractThe People's Liberation Army (PLA) has been undergoing a profound transformation in terms of its operational capabilities, both with regard to its hardware as well as its heartware, i.e. the softer aspects of its development including its operational culture and military ethos. These changes have permeated every facet of the PLA – technological, organizational and doctrinal. Despite successive generations of Chinese leaders having declared their adherence to “peace” and “development,” it has become clearer that Beijing's security policy under Xi Jinping has shifted steadily away from “keeping a low profile.” In that regard, the status of the PLA in the domestic and international calculus of China's new commander-in-chief has, unsurprisingly, become more pronounced, with Xi taking noticeably greater interest in harnessing the Chinese Communist Party's coercive forces as his personal domestic powerbase and foreign policy instrument complementing China's hard economic power.

U.S.-China Relations

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Øystein Tunsjø
Keyword(s):  
Security Policy ◽  
International System ◽  
The United States ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Regional Powers ◽  
Post Cold War ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
The Rise Of China ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Gradual Transformation

This chapter discusses the impact of the rise of China on the great power structure and the gradual transformation of the international system from post-Cold War U.S. unipolarity to U.S.–China bipolarity. It develops a hedging framework for analysis and argues that whereas hedging had characterized regional diplomacy under U.S.-led unipolarity, under emerging bipolarity balancing is becoming the dominant security policy for the United States, China, and the smaller regional powers. Since 2009, this tendency toward balancing behaviour has been reflected in China's “assertive diplomacy,” in the U.S. “pivot” to East Asia, and in the security policies of the smaller regional powers. The chapter examines the traditional sources of great power capabilities to observe China's emergence as the world's second great power.

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