China’s foreign and security policy institutions and decision-making under Xi Jinping

2020 ◽  
pp. 136914812097488
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Security Risks ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
General Secretary

Power concentration in the hands of Xi Jinping, Chinese Communist Party General Secretary, can be interpreted not only as a reaction to the power fragmentation and the intra-party factionalism that developed under his predecessor, but also as a way to strengthen and stabilise China’s authoritarian polity. In the realm of foreign and security policy, it can also be understood as the result of China’s awareness of both the growing transnational security risks that it is facing and the need to better address the new international tasks and responsibilities it needs to fulfil as a great power. Since 2012, Xi has embarked on sweeping institutional reforms that have contributed to centralising and better coordinating foreign and security decision-making. Yet, although more integrated, China’s authoritarian system has remained fragmented, including in the realm of foreign and security policy, an area where decision-making processes are still highly opaque.

scholarly journals Intergovernmental Cooperation and the Idea of Community in the Institutional and Decision-making Sphere of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy

2015 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 540-552
Author(s):  
Michal Piechowicz
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Institutional Structure ◽  
Evolutionary Development ◽  
Treaty Of Lisbon ◽  
Intergovernmental Cooperation ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Common ◽  
The Eu

The Treaty of Lisbon (TL) altered the Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP) not only in its institutional structure, but also in its function and decision making processes. These changes affected the competences of member states, other authorities, and their relationships. They also influenced the prospects for intergovernmental cooperation and the evolutionary development of communitisation phenomena within this policy.

scholarly journals China's Foreign- and Security-policy Decision-making Processes under Hu Jintao

2009 ◽  
Vol 38 (3) ◽  
pp. 63-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jean-Pierre Cabestan
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
National Security ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Policy Decision ◽  
Foreign Affairs ◽  
Economic Relations ◽  
Implementation Processes ◽  
International Economic Relations ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Since 1979, foreign- and security-policy-making and implementation processes have gradually and substantially changed. New modes of operation that have consolidated under Hu Jintao, actually took shape under Jiang Zemin in the 1990s, and some, under Deng Xiaoping. While the military's role has diminished, that of diplomats, experts, and bureaucracies dealing with trade, international economic relations, energy, propaganda and education has increased. Decision making in this area has remained highly centralized and concentrated in the supreme leading bodies of the Chinese Communist Party (CCP). However, China's globalization and decentralization, as well as the increasing complexity of its international interests, have intensified the need to better coordinate the activities of the various CCP and state organs involved in foreign and security policy; hence, the growing importance of the CCP leading small groups (foreign affairs, national security, Taiwan, etc.). But the rigidity of the current institutional pattern has so far foiled repeated attempts to establish a National Security Council.

Europäisierung von Außenpolitik?

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gabriele Clemens ◽  
Alexander Reinfeldt ◽  
Telse Rüter
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Foreign Policy ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
National Level ◽  
Southern Europe ◽  
Complex Interactions ◽  
The United Kingdom ◽  
Foreign Policies ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Decision Making Processes

Did the establishment of the EPC in the 1970s, the predecessor of today’s EU Common Foreign and Security Policy, lead to the ‘Europeanisation’ of national foreign policies and the ‘socialisation’ of the actors involved? Based on a thorough analysis of sources, this study aims to answer these questions, taking into account different concepts of ‘Europeanisation’ and ‘socialisation’ in political science. It focuses on the four EC/EPC countries Belgium, France, Germany and the United Kingdom, and on the foreign policy areas of Southern Europe and the Mediterranean as well as Southern Africa. As the authors point out, only an in-depth and source-based analysis of decision-making processes on both an EPC and national level can determine the complex interactions as well as the influencing factors that shape foreign policy. By conducting such an analysis, they are able to provide conclusive answers to the questions of ‘Europeanisation’ and ‘socialisation’.

China’s South Asia Policy in the ‘New Era’

2019 ◽  
Vol 75 (2) ◽  
pp. 137-154
Author(s):  
Sanjeev Kumar
Keyword(s):  
South Asia ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
New Era ◽  
Low Profile ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Neighbouring Region ◽  
Rise Of China ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Rise Of China

In recent years, there has been a rise in China’s profile in South Asia. It is no surprise that Chinese experts have used terms, such as ‘new springtime’ in China–South Asia relations, ‘rediscovery of the strategic status of South Asia’ and ‘most relevant region with regard to the rise of China’.    The objective of this article is to examine the nature and drivers of China’s South Asia policy, especially under the leadership of Xi Jinping vis-à-vis China’s policy towards the region in the past. It is not sufficient to only examine international factors or foreign and security policy in the context of the neighbouring region, such as South Asia. China’s ‘domestic periphery’ presents a significant threat to its national security. These areas are linked to neighbouring countries of South Asia and Central Asia. The announcement by Chinese President Xi Jinping of a ‘New Era’ or ‘third era’ in the history of Communist Party of China (CPC) represents a China which is known for its dictum ‘striving for achievement’ ( fenfa youwei). This is different from the second era’s policy of ‘keeping a low profile and biding the time’ proposed by Deng Xiaoping. Of course, the name of Mao Zedong is synonymous with the first era beginning from 1949.

Italy and the politics of European defence: playing by the logic of multi-level networks

Modern Italy ◽  
2004 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 217-231 ◽  
Author(s):  
Paolo Foradori ◽  
Paolo Rosa
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
European Level ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
The Eu ◽  
Common Defence

SummaryThe article looks at the role of Italy in the decision-making arena of the EU Common Foreign and Security Policy (CFSP), analysing the initiatives it put in place to address and influence the construction of a common defence. The article aims to explain the ability or inability of Italy to build up a consensus around its proposals. By studying two initiatives in the field of European defence and security, it seeks to determine the factors which resulted in the differing outcomes of Italian actions at the European level.

scholarly journals Influence beyond formal powers: The parliamentarisation of European Union security policy

2018 ◽  
Vol 20 (1) ◽  
pp. 69-83 ◽  
Author(s):  
Guri Rosén ◽  
Kolja Raube
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
European Union ◽  
Security Policy ◽  
European Parliament ◽  
Democratic Governance ◽  
Decision Making Process ◽  
Union Security ◽  
Crucial Component ◽  
Foreign And Security Policy ◽  
And Control

The European Union’s foreign and security policy is commonly described as an intergovernmental affair. Despite limited formal powers, several studies suggest that the European Parliament has increased its influence on the Union’s foreign and security policy. This article argues that, to gauge the significance of parliamentary participation, it is necessary to look beyond the notion of formal parliamentary rights and to take into account informal influence. The analysis shows how informal avenues of influence are crucial at certain stages of the decision-making process, and points to factors that constrain and enable parliamentary impact. Furthermore, it emphasises the important role that parliaments play in scrutinising security policy, which is a crucial component of democratic governance. In this particular field where there is little legislation, the establishment of solid procedures and practices for oversight and control can also be a significant indicator of parliamentary influence.

scholarly journals Staging Repentance: A Discourse Analysis of Mediated Confession in Xi Jinping's First Five-Year Term

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (3) ◽  
pp. 17-45
Author(s):  
Yuanyuan Liu
Keyword(s):  
Discourse Analysis ◽  
Critical Discourse Analysis ◽  
Rule Of Law ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Family Values ◽  
Critical Discourse ◽  
Chinese Family ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
General Secretary ◽  
Oriented Research

Since Xi Jinping took office as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party, he has been tightening ideological control across many fronts. This article investigates how the framing of televised confessions facilitates Xi's rule. Originating from the intra-Party disciplinary technique of self-criticism, the recent resurgence of mediated confessions reflects Xi's pursued strategy in tackling social and political challenges. Applying critical discourse analysis to the case of the disappeared Swedish bookseller Gui Minhai, this paper shows the way in which the framing of Gui's televised confession follows Xi's so-called rule of law agenda and selectively appeals to traditional Chinese family values. The paper argues that the propaganda value of the televised confession from a little-known, non-Party confessant lies in its banality, which blends into the Party's everyday narration. The resurgence of confessions might suggest a regression towards Maoist-style campaigns, but more audience-oriented research is needed to address this issue fully.

The Origins, Dynamics, and Termination of the Cold War, 1942–91

2014 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dale C. Copeland
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Cold War ◽  
International Relations ◽  
Great Power ◽  
Economic Interdependence ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
The Cold War ◽  
Cold War History

This chapter considers the relative causal importance of economic interdependence and changes in commercial expectations which led to the ups and downs of Cold War history. It seeks to rectify the lacuna in the international relations field by showing the truly powerful impact of commercial factors on the dynamics of US–Soviet relations after 1941. The problems with realist and liberal thinking about economic interdependence are starkly revealed by the Cold War case. The theoretical logics for both camps are based on the actual present trade between great power spheres. But in situations where current trade is low or nonexistent, leaders' expectations of future trade and commerce can be still critical to their decision-making processes.

Towards a network model? Reflections on regional social and health models of governance

2012 ◽  
pp. 113-125
Author(s):  
Michele Marzulli
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Health Systems ◽  
Local Level ◽  
Public Institutions ◽  
Financial Resources ◽  
Institutional Reforms ◽  
Long Period ◽  
Governance Model ◽  
Standard Procedures ◽  
Decision Making Processes

The goal of this paper is to determine the prevalent governance model in regional social and health systems, in the Italian setting. At the end of a long period of institutional reforms, it appears indeed that a model of regulation is emerging based on networks and on the participation of the citizens. However, in analysing standard procedures, one observes the persistence of ordered hierarchies and bureaucracies, in which public institutions are at the centre of decision-making processes, whether on the local level or centralized. This is particularly visible if one analyses the management of financial resources that are meant to support policies.

scholarly journals Chinese Football in the Era of Xi Jinping: What do Supporters Think?

2018 ◽  
Vol 47 (1) ◽  
pp. 103-141 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ilker Gündoğan ◽  
Albrecht Sonntag
Keyword(s):  
Development Strategy ◽  
Communist Party ◽  
Chinese Communist Party ◽  
Online Survey ◽  
Central Government ◽  
Stakeholder Group ◽  
Xi Jinping ◽  
Republic Of China ◽  
The Chinese Dream ◽  
General Secretary

Football has become a field of high priority for development by the central government of the People's Republic of China. After Xi Jinping took office as General Secretary of the Chinese Communist Party in 2012, a football development strategy was launched, including four “comprehensive” reforms. The purpose of this study is to examine the perceptions of these reforms by Chinese football supporters – a fundamental stakeholder group – through an online survey. Particular emphasis was laid on how nationalistic attitudes underpin supporters' expectations, especially with regard to the concept of the “Chinese Dream.” In addition, issues of football governance were also addressed.

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