Cardiovascular Risk Factors in Iranian Adults according to Educational Levels: Isfahan Healthy Heart Program

There is abundant evidence that the socioeconomic status (SES) is inversely associated with CVD risk factors. The objective of this study is to describe the distribution of CVD risk factors according to educational level in Iranian adults. A cross-sectional survey was performed on subjects over the age of 19 in three cities. Demographic data, as well as information on educational level and smoking habits was obtained and then height, weight and blood pressure measurement and blood sampling were arranged. Data was analyzed by the Mantel-Haenszel, Kendalls T correlation and multivariate analysis test. Of 9587 subjects, 48% were men and 52% were women, with mean ages of 39.0±15.3 and 38.8±14.5 years, respectively. All CVD risk factors showed an inverse relationship with educational level in all subjects, except for smoking and low HDL-C in women. High TC and LDL-C and low HDL-C were inversely related to educational level (P<0.05); however, this relationship was not significant with Mantel-Haenszel test in men. The association between CVD risk factors and educational level in women was stronger than in men. The differences found between CVD risk factors with educational level are important and should be considered in programs designed to increase level of education in order to lower CVD risk factors. Asia Pac J Public Health 2005: 17(1): 9-14.

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Association between serum uric acid and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adolescents in America: 2001-2018

PLoS ONE ◽

10.1371/journal.pone.0254590 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 16 (8) ◽

pp. e0254590

Author(s):

Qiqi Shi ◽

Ran Wang ◽

Huifeng Zhang ◽

Yaping Shan ◽

Ming Ye ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Tc ◽

Low Hdl

SUA is associated with cardiovascular disease and cardiovascular disease risk factors in adults, including chronic kidney disease, coronary artery disease, stroke, diabetes mellitus, preeclampsia, and hypertension. A cross-sectional study was carried out among 11219 adolescents 12 to 18 years of age examined in the 2001–2018 National health and Nutrition Examination Survey. We examined the association between SUA and CVD risk factors. The overall mean SUA level was 5.00±1.24mg/dl. Restricted cubic spline analysis results revealed SUA was inversely associated with HDL-C and SPISE and positively associated with TC, TG, LDL-C, nonHDL-C, insulin, SBP and DBP after full adjustment. Multiple logistic analyses showed SUA level was independently associated with high TC, high TG, high nonHDL-C and low HDL-C (all p<0.05). Furthermore, females in the highest quartile of SUA had significantly higher odds for elevated BP (OR = 2.38, 95%CI:1.02–5.54, P<0.05) and high TC (OR = 2.22, 95%CI: 1.49–3.30, P<0.001), which not observed in males. Increased levels of SUA were associated with increased odds of various cardiovascular risk factors in American adolescents, especially females.

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Comparison of Cardiovascular Risk Factors among Somalis Living in Norway and Somaliland

International Journal of Environmental Research and Public Health ◽

10.3390/ijerph16132353 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 16 (13) ◽

pp. 2353 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Soheir H. Ahmed ◽

Niki Marjerrison ◽

Marte Karoline Råberg Kjøllesdal ◽

Hein Stigum ◽

Aung Soe Htet ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Demographic Data ◽

High Body Mass Index ◽

Risk Scores ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Anthropometric Measures ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Framingham Risk

Objective: We aimed to assess and compare cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and predict the future risk of CVD among Somalis living in Norway and Somaliland. Method: We included participants (20–69 years) from two cross-sectional studies among Somalis living in Oslo (n = 212) and Hargeisa (n = 1098). Demographic data, history of CVD, smoking, alcohol consumption, anthropometric measures, blood pressure, fasting serum glucose, and lipid profiles were collected. The predicted 10-year risk of CVD was calculated using Framingham risk score models. Results: In women, systolic and diastolic blood pressure were significantly higher in Hargeisa compared to Oslo (p < 0.001), whereas no significant differences were seen in men. The ratio of total cholesterol to high-density lipoprotein (HDL) cholesterol was significantly higher in Hargeisa compared to Oslo among both men (4.4 versus 3.9, p = 0.001) and women (4.1 versus 3.3, p < 0.001). Compared to women, men had higher Framingham risk scores, but there were no significant differences in Framingham risk scores between Somalis in Oslo and Hargeisa. Conclusion: In spite of the high body mass index (BMI) in Oslo, most CVD risk factors were higher among Somali women living in Hargeisa compared to those in Oslo, with similar patterns suggested in men. However, the predicted CVD risks based on Framingham models were not different between the locations.

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Serum alanine aminotransferase activity and risk factors for cardiovascular disease in a Caucasian population: the Tromsø study

BMC Cardiovascular Disorders ◽

10.1186/s12872-020-01826-1 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 21 (1) ◽

Author(s):

Svein Ivar Bekkelund

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Blood Pressure ◽

Alanine Aminotransferase ◽

Maximum Level ◽

Glycated Haemoglobin ◽

Caucasian Population ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Serum Alanine Aminotransferase

Abstract Background High and low levels of serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) are both associated with cardiovascular diseases (CVD) risks especially in elderly, but the mechanisms are less known. This study investigated associations between ALT and CVD risk factors including effects of sex and age in a Caucasian population. Methods Cross-sectional data were analysed sex-stratified in 2555 men (mean age 60.4 years) and 2858 women (mean age 60.0 years) from the population study Tromsø 6. Associations were assessed by variance analysis and multivariable logistic regression of odds to have abnormal ALT. Risk factors included body mass index (BMI), waist-to-hip-ratio, blood pressure, lipids, glucose, glycated haemoglobin and high-sensitive C-reactive protein (CRP). Results Abnormal elevated ALT was detected in 113 men (4.4%) and 188 women (6.6%). Most CVD risk factors associated positively with ALT in both sexes except systolic blood pressure and CRP (women only), while ALT was positively associated with age in men when adjusted for CVD risk factors, P < 0.001. BMI predicted ALT in men (OR 0.94; 95% CI 0.88–1.00, P = 0.047) and women (OR 0.90; 95% CI 0.86–0.95, P < 0.001). A linear inversed association between age and ALT in men and a non-linear inversed U-trend in women with maximum level between 60 and 64 years were found. Conclusion This study confirms a positive relationship between ALT and CVD risk factors, particularly BMI. Age is not a major confounder in the ALT-CVD relationship, but separate sex-analyses is recommended in such studies.

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Is night-time light intensity associated with cardiovascular disease risk factors among adults in early-stage urbanisation in South India? A cross-sectional study of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-036213 ◽

2020 ◽

Vol 10 (11) ◽

pp. e036213

Author(s):

Tina Bonde Sorensen ◽

Robin Wilson ◽

John Gregson ◽

Bhavani Shankar ◽

Alan D Dangour ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Andhra Pradesh ◽

South India ◽

Early Stage ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Night Time ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Children And Parents

ObjectivesTo explore associations of night-time light intensity (NTLI), a novel proxy for continuous urbanisation levels, with mean systolic blood pressure (SBP), body mass index (BMI), fasting serum low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and fasting plasma glucose (FPG), among adults in early-stage urbanisation in Telangana, South India.DesignCross-sectional analysis of the third wave of the Andhra Pradesh Children and Parents Study cohort.Setting28 villages representing a continuum of urbanisation levels, ranging from rural settlement to medium-sized town in Telangana, South India.ParticipantsData were available from 6944 participants, 6236 of whom were eligible after excluding pregnant women, participants younger than 18 years of age and participants missing data for age. Participants were excluded if they did not provide fasting blood samples, had implausible or missing outcome values, were medicated for hypertension or diabetes or had triglyceride levels invalidating derived LDL. The analysis included 5924 participants for BMI, 5752 participants for SBP, 5287 participants for LDL and 5328 participants for FPG.ResultsIncreasing NTLI was positively associated with mean BMI, SBP and LDL but not FPG. Adjusted mean differences across the range of village-level NTLI were 1.0 kg/m2 (95% CI 0.01 to 1.9) for BMI; 4.2 mm Hg (95% CI 1.0 to 7.4) for SBP; 0.3 mmol/L (95% CI −0.01 to 0.7) for LDL; and −0.01 mmol/L (95% CI −0.4 to 0.4) for FPG. Associations of NTLI with BMI and SBP were stronger in older age groups.ConclusionThe association of NTLI with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors identify NTLI as a potentially important tool for exploring urbanisation-related health. Consistent associations of moderate increases in urbanisation levels with important CVD risk factors warrant prevention strategies to curb expected large public health impacts from continued and rapid urbanisation in India.

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Abstract P284: The Association Of Oral Hypofunction And Increased Arterial Stiffness

Hypertension ◽

10.1161/hyp.78.suppl_1.p284 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 78 (Suppl_1) ◽

Author(s):

Chisa Matsumoto ◽

Hirofumi Tomiyama ◽

Mari Matsuura ◽

Takayuki Nakai ◽

Daichi Chikazu ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Arterial Stiffness ◽

Subgroup Analysis ◽

Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Tongue Pressure ◽

Multivariate Linear Regression Analysis ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Swallowing Function ◽

Cross Sectional

Background: Frailty is associated with higher risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Recently, oral hypofunction, a disease in which the oral function is complexly reduced not only by ageing but also by a variety of factors, is regarded as a major risk factor for frailty, as it develops malnutrition and sarcopenia. However, no studies have evaluated the association of oral hypofunction and arterial stiffness, a marker for CVD. Hypothesis: We hypothesized that subjects with oral hypofunction have increased arterial stiffness compared to those without oral hypofunction. Methods: Japanese subjects above 50 years old who underwent annual health checkup were enrolled in this cross-sectional study. Subjects with history of CVD and dementia were excluded. Arterial stiffness was evaluated by brachial-ancle pulse wave velocity (baPWV). Oral hypofunction was evaluated based on the guidance by the Japanese Association for Dental Science. Seven oral factors, oral hygiene, oral moisture, occlusal force, tongue-lip motor function, tongue pressure, masticatory function, and swallowing function were assessed. Oral hypofunction was diagnosed if more than 3 factors showed deterioration. The association of oral hypofunction and baPWV was evaluated by multivariate linear regression analysis adjusted for conventional CVD risk factors. We also performed subgroup analysis stratified by age. (<60, ≧60 years). Results: Among 148 subjects (mean age: 59±7 years), 34 subjects (23%) had oral hypofunction. BaPWV in subjects with oral hypofunction was significantly higher than subjects without oral hypofunction (mean baPWV: 1539±312 v.s. 1416±260cm/sec, p=0.02). However, after adjustment for CVD risk factors, oral hypofunction did not significantly associate with baPWV (β=46±49, p=0.35). On the other hand, in subgroup analysis, oral hypofunction was significantly associated with increased baPWV among subjects in subjects younger than 60 years old even after adjustment of CVD risk factors (β=135±67, p=0.046), but this association was not observed in subjects over 60s. Conclusion: Oral hypofunction was associated with increased arterial stiffness, especially in subjects younger than 60s. Further research on oral hypofunction and CVD is warranted.

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Neck circumference and clustered cardiovascular risk factors in children and adolescents: cross-sectional study

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2017-016048 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (9) ◽

pp. e016048 ◽

Cited By ~ 10

Author(s):

José Castro-Piñero ◽

Alvaro Delgado-Alfonso ◽

Luis Gracia-Marco ◽

Sonia Gómez-Martínez ◽

Irene Esteban-Cornejo ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Body Composition ◽

Children And Adolescents ◽

Screening Tool ◽

Density Lipoprotein ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional

ObjectiveEarly detection of cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as obesity, is crucial to prevent adverse long-term effects on individuals’ health. Therefore, the aims were: (1) to explore the robustness of neck circumference (NC) as a predictor of CVD and examine its association with numerous anthropometric and body composition indices and (2) to release sex and age-specific NC cut-off values to classify youths as overweight/obese.DesignCross-sectional study.Setting23 primary schools and 17 secondary schools from Spain.Participants2198 students (1060 girls), grades 1–4 and 7–10.MeasuresPubertal development, anthropometric and body composition indices, systolic and diastolic blood pressure (SBP and DBP, respectively), cardiorespiratory fitness, blood sampling triglycerides (TG), total cholesterol (TC), high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-c), low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-c), glucose and inflammatory markers. Homoeostasis model assessment (HOMA-IR) and cluster of CVD risk factors were calculated.ResultsNC was positively correlated with all anthropometric and body composition indices. NC was negatively associated with maximum oxygen consumption (R2=0.231, p<0.001 for boys; R2=0.018, p<0.001 for girls) and positively associated with SBP, DBP, TC/HDL-c, TG, HOMA, complement factors C-3 and C-4, leptin, adiponectin and clustered CVD risk factor in both sexes (R2from 0.035 to 0.353, p<0.01 for boys; R2from 0.024 to 0.215, p<0.001 for girls). Moreover, NC was positively associated with serum C reactive protein, LDL-c and visfatin only in boys (R2from 0.013 to 0.107, p<0.05).ConclusionNC is a simple, low-cost and practical screening tool of excess of upper body obesity and CVD risk factors in children and adolescents. Paediatricians can easily use it as a screening tool for overweight/obesity in children and adolescents. For this purpose, sex and age-specific thresholds to classify children and adolescents as normal weight or overweight/obese are provided.

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Dinner consumption and cardiovascular disease risk factors among a nationally representative sample of Iranian adolescents: the CASPIAN-III Study

Journal of Cardiovascular and Thoracic Research ◽

10.15171/jcvtr.2019.24 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 11 (2) ◽

pp. 138-146

Author(s):

Leila Azadbakht ◽

Fahime Akbari ◽

Mostafa Qorbani ◽

Mohammad Esmaeil Motlagh ◽

Gelayol Ardalan ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Representative Sample ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cluster Sampling ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Nationally Representative

Introduction: This cross-sectional study aimed to assess the association between cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors and dinner consumption in a nationally representative sample of Iranian adolescents. Methods: The present study was conducted on 5642 adolescents aged 10-18 years old in 27 provinces in Iran. The subjects were included applying by multistage random cluster sampling. Participants who ate ≥5 dinners during a week were considered as a dinner consumer. Results: Among 5642 subjects, 1412 (25%) did not consume dinner. Dinner consumers were less likely to be overweight or obese (P < 0.001) and abdominally obese (P < 0.001) as well as to have an abnormal level of HDL-C (P = 0.02). Dinner skipper youths had a higher risk for overweight or obesity (odds ratio [OR]: 1.62; 95% CI: 1.39-1.89) and abdominal obesity (OR: 1.59; 95% CI: 1.36-1.85) which remained significant after adjusting confounding factors (P <0001). No relationship was observed between dinner consumption and the rest of the CVD risk factors, neither in crude nor in adjusted models. A higher proportion of dinner-consumer adolescents had no CVD risk factors in comparison to dinner-skipper subjects (31.1% vs. 28%). Conclusion: Eating dinner might be inversely associated with some CVD risk factors among Iranian adolescents. Further prospective studies will need to prove this theory.

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Prevalence of major cardiovascular disease risk factors among a group of sub-Saharan African young adults: a population-based cross-sectional study in Yaoundé, Cameroon

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2019-029858 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 9 (10) ◽

pp. e029858 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

Jobert Richie Nansseu ◽

Bibiane Siaheu Kameni ◽

Felix Kembe Assah ◽

Jean Joel Bigna ◽

Saint-Just Petnga ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Family History ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Prevalence Estimates ◽

Hazardous Alcohol ◽

History Of ◽

Hazardous Alcohol Consumption

ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence estimates of some major risk factors for cardiovascular disease (CVD) in a young adult-aged population living in Yaoundé, Cameroon.DesignA cross-sectional study held from May to July 2017.SettingParticipantsStudents aged 18–35 years, with no known history of CVD, found at the campus during recruitment and who voluntarily agreed to be included in the study.Primary and secondary outcome measuresData were collected on personal and family history as well as lifestyle and nutritional habits; anthropometric parameters and blood pressure were also measured. Prevalence rates were calculated with their respective 95% CI.ResultsOverall, 931 participants (53.8% males) were included, with a median age of 23 years (IQR 21–25). The prevalence estimates for some major CVD risk factors were: 3.1% (95% CI 2.0 to 4.2) for family history of heart attack, 6.3% (95% CI 4.7 to 7.9) for family history of stroke, 26.7% (95% CI 23.9 to 29.5) for hazardous alcohol consumption, 0.9% (95% 0.3 to 1.5) for current tobacco smoking, 27.6% (95% CI 24.7 to 30.5) for secondhand smoking, 88.9% (95% CI 86.9 to 90.9) for physical inactivity, 99.0% (95% CI 98.4 to 99.6) for inadequate fruits and/or vegetables consumption, 39.8% (95% CI 36.7 to 42.9) for self-reported anxiety, 49.2% (95% CI 46.0 to 52.4) for self-reported depression, 22.1% (95% CI 19.4 to 24.8) for overweight, 3.9% (95% CI 2.7 to 5.1) for obesity, 14.4% (95% CI 12.1 to 16.7) for abdominal obesity, 14.5% (95% CI 12.2 to 16.8) for excess body fat mass, 30.0% (95% CI 27.1 to 32.9) for suspected prehypertension and 2.8% (95% CI 1.7 to 3.9) for suspected hypertension.ConclusionThe prevalence of some major CVD risk factors is high among young adults living in Yaoundé, Cameroon. Therefore, specific actions should be undertaken in this population to mitigate the upcoming burden of CVD. Accordingly, younger-aged adult populations should be encouraged and accompanied to practice physical activity, eat healthily, and stop or avoid smoking and/or hazardous alcohol consumption.

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Trends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major risk factors for cardiovascular disease in the Korean population: a cross-sectional study using data from the Korea National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey, 2001–2014

BMJ Open ◽

10.1136/bmjopen-2016-014070 ◽

2017 ◽

Vol 7 (5) ◽

pp. e014070 ◽

Cited By ~ 12

Author(s):

Yoon Jung Kim ◽

Ji Sung Lee ◽

Juri Park ◽

Dong Seop Choi ◽

Doo Man Kim ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Socioeconomic Inequalities ◽

Korean Women ◽

Sectional Study ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Health And Nutrition ◽

Obesity And Diabetes

ObjectivesTo examine trends in socioeconomic inequalities in major cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors among the Korean population.DesignCross-sectional study.SettingA nationally representative population survey database.ParticipantsA total of 42 725 Koreans, aged 25–64 years, who participated in the Korean National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (KNHANES) II (2001) to VI (2013–2014).Main outcome measuresTrends in socioeconomic inequalities in five major CVD risk factors (smoking, obesity, diabetes, hypertension and hypercholesterolaemia).ResultsGender differences were noted in the time trends in socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Among men, low socioeconomic status (SES) was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, but not with obesity, diabetes or hypertension. The magnitudes of socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes remained unchanged, and the magnitude of the inequality in hypertension decreased over time. However, among women, low SES was associated with higher prevalence of smoking, obesity, diabetes and hypertension. Time trends towards increasing socioeconomic inequalities, measured by income, in smoking, obesity and diabetes were found in women. Unlike the other CVD risk factors, hypercholesterolaemia was not associated with socioeconomic inequality.ConclusionsSES had a stronger impact on major CVD risk factors among Korean women than men. Moreover, socioeconomic inequalities in smoking, obesity and diabetes worsened among Korean women over time. Public policies to prevent smoking, obesity and diabetes in women with lower SES are needed to address inequalities.

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Intake of Boiled Potato in Relation to Cardiovascular Disease Risk Factors in a Large Norwegian Cohort: The HUNT Study

Nutrients ◽

10.3390/nu12010073 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 12 (1) ◽

pp. 73

Author(s):

Trine Moholdt ◽

Brooke L. Devlin ◽

Tom Ivar Lund Nilsen

Keyword(s):

Risk Factors ◽

Cardiovascular Disease ◽

Waist Circumference ◽

Disease Risk ◽

Cardiovascular Disease Risk ◽

Cvd Risk Factors ◽

Cvd Risk ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

Hunt Study ◽

Potato Consumption

Overall potato consumption is positively associated with cardiovascular disease (CVD) risk factors, such as measures of adiposity. However, few studies have explicitly stated the preparation method of potatoes, which may impact these associations. We examined cross-sectional associations between self-reported dietary intake of boiled potatoes and levels of body mass index, waist circumference, blood pressure, and blood lipids among 43,683 participants in the HUNT Study, Norway in 2006–2008. All estimated associations were adjusted for possible imbalance in age, sex, physical activity, smoking, intake of other foods and alcohol between categories of boiled potato consumption. Overall, there were no large differences in mean levels of CVD risk factors between categories of boiled potato consumption. Compared to the reference group of individuals who consumed boiled potatoes less than once/week, those who reported eating boiled potatoes every day had slightly higher prevalence of high waist circumference (odds ratio [OR] 1.16, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.05–1.29), high triglycerides levels (OR 1.20, 95% CI 1.07–1.34), and metabolic syndrome (OR 1.17, 95% CI 1.03–1.33). In summary, consumption of boiled potatoes showed weak and small associations with the CVD risk factors under study, but the cross-sectional design prevents us from drawing any firm conclusions.

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