Heightened anxiety state among parents of sick children attending emergency department using State-Trait Anxiety Inventory

Background: The anxiety and stress level of both parent and child seeking treatment at the emergency department is assumed to be high. However, it is rarely quantified as to ascertain any need for intervention. Objective: The study seeks to quantify anxiety of parents accompanying sick children presenting acutely to the emergency department and to explore possible pre-visit factors that may contribute to anxiety. Methods: A 12-month cross-sectional study was conducted at the Emergency Department, Universiti Kebangsaan Malaysia Medical Centre. All parents accompanying a child presenting to the study location, fitting the inclusion and exclusion criteria, were invited to participate. Parents required to fill a self-administered questionnaire on anxiety, State-Trait Anxiety Inventory and any related factors that can influence anxiety. Results: A total of 233 subjects were recruited. The mean state anxiety score was 53.48 ± 11.36, compared to the mean score for trait anxiety of 39.85 ± 7.66, suggesting a heightened state of anxiety. Majority of subjects (65.7%) had reported clinically detected anxiety as defined by state anxiety score above 49. There was no significant association between parental anxiety level with pre-visit factors: children’s age, duration of illness, the presence of co-morbidities, time of presentation, prior medical contact and primary care referral. The child’s state of illness was the dominant psychosocial factor associated with parental anxiety reported by the subjects. Conclusion: Parental anxiety upon arrival appeared to be significantly higher than expected, suggesting intervention may be needed.

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Death Anxiety, State and Trait Anxiety in Kuwaitian Samples

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1988.63.3.715 ◽

1988 ◽

Vol 63 (3) ◽

pp. 715-718 ◽

Cited By ~ 16

Author(s):

Ahmed M. Abdel-Khalek ◽

Maher Mahmoud Omar

Keyword(s):

United States ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Death Anxiety ◽

Anxiety State ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Men And Women ◽

State And Trait Anxiety ◽

The Mean ◽

The University

200 male and 277 female undergraduates at the University of Kuwait completed the Templer's Death Anxiety Scale and Spielberger, et al.'s State-Trait Anxiety Inventory for which retest reliabilities were adequate. Women had higher mean scores than men on death and trait anxiety but they were similar in state anxiety. The mean death anxiety score for Kuwaitians was very close to that of Egyptians. There was similarity in death anxiety between Kuwaitian and United States men, but not women. Significant differences appeared on trait anxiety, showing the order from low to high mean scores: United States, Kuwaitian, and Egyptian university students. Correlations among the scales were significant; however, the correlation between state and trait anxiety was higher than that between death anxiety and both state and trait anxiety for men and women. Death anxiety was associated more closely with trait than with state anxiety.

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Anxiety associated with colposcopy at Chris Hani Baragwanath Hospital, Johannesburg

South African Journal of Psychiatry ◽

10.4102/sajpsychiatry.v15i2.208 ◽

2009 ◽

Vol 15 (2) ◽

pp. 5

Author(s):

MYH Moosa ◽

L Chait ◽

A Cohen ◽

L Diamond ◽

J Dunlop ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Significant Negative Correlation ◽

Cross Sectional Study ◽

Anxiety Score ◽

Cross Sectional ◽

High Incidence ◽

The Mean ◽

Written Informed Consent ◽

Colposcopy Clinic

Given the high incidence of cervical cancer in South Africa and the distress it causes, we aimed to determine the extent of anxiety in patients undergoing colposcopy at Chris Hani Baragwanath (CHB) Hospital, Johannesburg. Method. A descriptive and cross-sectional study design was applied on a convenient sample of patients from the waiting area of the colposcopy clinic at CHB Hospital. Females attending a first colposcopy appointment were invited to participate by completing the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) after written informed consent had been obtained. Results. Among a total of 31 women, the mean STAI score for state anxiety was 46.77 (SD=12.92) and the mean STAI score for trait anxiety was 46.81 (SD=9.50); 51.6% of the patients had a STAI state anxiety score of >50, while 41.9% of the patients had a STAI trait anxiety score >50. There was no significant association between either elevated STAI state or trait anxiety scores and age group ( χ 2 =1.77; p= 0.18 and χ 2 =0.001; p= 0.98, respectively); marital status ( χ 2 =0.301; p= 0.58 and χ 2 =0.834; p= 0.36); level of education ( χ 2 =0.444; p= 0.51 and χ 2 =2.40; p= 0.12); employment status ( χ 2 =1.78; p= 0.18 and χ 2 =0.001; p= 0.98); monthly income ( χ 2 =1.15; p= 0.28 and χ 2 =0.03; p= 0.86) or using stimulants ( χ 2 =0.416; p= 0.52 and χ 2 =0.394; p= 0.53). There was a significant negative correlation between age and STAI state anxiety scores ( r 2 =0.004; p= 0.017) and a positive correlation between age and STAI trait anxiety scores ( r 2 =0.004; p= 0.019).Conclusion. This study reported significantly elevated trait anxiety scores relating to colposcopy and emphasises the need to identify the anxiety and institute a plan to ameliorate it with information booklets, leaflets, video colposcopy and educational counselling.

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The witness of the patient’s relatives increases the anxiety of the physician, but decreases the anxiety of the relatives of the patient

Hong Kong Journal of Emergency Medicine ◽

10.1177/1024907919860632 ◽

2019 ◽

pp. 102490791986063

Author(s):

Caner Celik ◽

Gulden Sinem Celik ◽

Fatih Buyukcam

Keyword(s):

Scale Score ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

Visual Analog Scale ◽

Healthcare Providers ◽

Visual Analog Scale Score ◽

Anxiety Score ◽

Healthcare Team ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Analog Scale ◽

The Mean

Background:We generally keep relatives out of the area while a critical intervention so they cannot observe the management. Recent studies recommend witnessing of the resuscitation by arguing that it supports the patient’s relatives’ beliefs that everything that could be done had been done.Objective:We investigated the influence of family witness on the anxiety of patients’ relatives and on the healthcare team.Methods:This study was planned as a prospective observational study. The critical patients who were managed in the resuscitation room with or without intubation were included in the study. The State-Trait Anxiety Inventory survey form was given to patients’ relatives. Healthcare providers were given a survey, including a visual analog scale of anxiety.Results:The mean visual analog scale score of healthcare providers was 4.37 ± 2.5. The mean visual analog scale score of allied health personnel was similar to resident doctors but lower than consultant doctors. The anxiety of healthcare providers was higher during witnessed management. In the witnessed management group, the anxiety of healthcare providers was higher in patients who received cardiopulmonary resuscitation. The mean State-Trait Anxiety Inventory anxiety score of patients’ relatives was 50.2 ± 10.3. In witnessed management, the mean anxiety score was 49.5 ± 11.3; in non-witnessed management, the score was 51.0 ± 9.3. The anxiety of patients’ relatives was not higher, but rather slightly lower during witnessed management of patients.Conclusion:In our study, the anxiety of healthcare providers was higher in family-witnessed management. It was argued that consultant physicians were more anxious because they have more responsibility about the patients. With witnessed management, the anxiety of patients’ relatives could be reduced, but it is more ominous for healthcare professionals.

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Estresse e ansiedade em atletas universitários de handebol no Estado de São Paulo

Caderno de Educação Física e Esporte ◽

10.36453/2318-5104.2019.v17.n2.p83 ◽

2019 ◽

Vol 17 (2) ◽

pp. 83-92

Author(s):

Rubens Venditti Júnior ◽

Rômulo Dantas Alves ◽

Ivan Wallan Tertuliano ◽

Vivian De Oliveira ◽

Gustavo Lima Isler

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Sao Paulo ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Stress Process ◽

Emotional States ◽

São Paulo ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Anxiety Trait ◽

University Athletes

Introdução: A competição é intrínseca ao esporte e pode gerar estados emocionais variados, com o potencial de influenciar o rendimento. Dentre estes, a ansiedade aparece como elemento emocional e, em conjunto com o processo de estresse, se configuram como aspectos psicológicos a serem observados. Estes aspectos não são diferentes no esporte universitário e aparecem intensamente nos períodos das competições. Objetivo: Identificar o nível de ansiedade-traço, ansiedade-estado e de estresse em atletas universitários de handebol de duas equipes diferentes do interior do estado de São Paulo. Métodos: A amostra deste estudo foi composta por 22 atletas universitários de handebol, do sexo masculino, com média de idade de 21±1,8 anos. Os atletas responderam ao “Inventário de Ansiedade Traço-Estado” (IDATE) e ao “Situações de Stress no Handebol” (SSH). Resultados: Os resultados indicaram que as situações mais citadas pelos atletas como causadoras de estresse foram: “errar tiros de 7m em momentos decisivos do jogo”; “estar perdendo para equipe tecnicamente inferior”; “errar um arremesso completamente livre”; “arbitragem prejudicar minha equipe”; “ser excluído nos momentos decisivos da partida” e “sofrer gol devido à falha defensiva”. Em relação à ansiedade, os resultados demonstraram que todos os atletas demonstraram, de forma geral, níveis de ansiedade-traço e ansiedade-estado considerados moderados (36,59 e 41,45, respectivamente). Conclusão: Diante dos resultados, pode-se tecer que os atletas investigados apresentaram algumas situações de jogo como estressores e que, em relação a ansiedade, os níveis dos atletas encontram-se moderados.ABSTRACT. Stress and anxiety in handball college athletes. Background: Competition is intrinsic to sport and can generate so many emotional states with the potential to influence performance. Among these states, anxiety appears as emotional element and, in addiction with stress process, they configure themselves as psychological aspects to be observed. These aspects are not different in college sports scope and appear intensively at competition´s periods. Objective: To identify the level of trait anxiety, state anxiety and stress process in university handball athletes of two different teams at São Paulo State in Brazil. Methods: The sample of this study was composed of 22 male handball university athletes, with a mean age of 21±1.8 years. The athletes answered to the “State-Trait Anxiety Inventory” (STAI) and to “Situations of Stress in Handball” (SSH). Results: The results indicated that the situations most cited by athletes as causing stress were: “miss 7-meter shots at decisive moments of the game”; “Being lost to technically inferior staff”; “Miss a pitch completely free”; “Arbitration hamper my team”; “To be excluded in the decisive moments of the game” and “to concede a goal due to defensive failure”. Concerning anxiety, the results showed that all athletes showed, in general, levels of anxiety-trait and anxiety-state considered moderate (36.59 and 41.45, respectively). Conclusion: In view of the results, it can be seen that the athletes investigated presented some situations of play as stressors and that, in relation to anxiety, the levels of the athletes are moderate.

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The correlation between death anxiety and anxiety in elderly with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease

Progress in Health Sciences ◽

10.5604/01.3001.0009.5111 ◽

2016 ◽

Vol 6 (1) ◽

pp. 63-69 ◽

Cited By ~ 1

Author(s):

B. Nal ◽

I. Aydın Avcı ◽

M. Ayyildiz

Keyword(s):

Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

Pulmonary Disease ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Death Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

Anxiety Score ◽

Chronic Obstructive ◽

Obstructive Pulmonary Disease ◽

The Mean

Purpose: This study aims to determine the correlation between death anxiety and anxiety in elderly patients with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. Materials and methods: This study has been conducted on the individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease (COPD) who were over 65 years. They received outpatient and inpatient treatment at a hospital. 171 elderly persons that were determined via power analysis were included in the research. Data was collected using a survey form, Death Anxiety Scale, State Anxiety Scale, and Trait anxiety scale. We used the following test statistics: t-test, ANOVA and Kruskal-Wallis Variance Analysis, and Pearson Correlation Test analysis. Results: 66.1 percent (113) of the participants are male and 33.9%(58) female; mean age is 726.83. The mean death anxiety score of the participants is 9.044.02. The mean State Anxiety score of elderly individuals with chronic obstructive pulmonary disease is 44.81.29; the trait anxiety mean score is 48.851.13. In those chronic obstructive pulmonary disease patients, we found a significant (p<0.001) correlation between state and trait anxiety, and that the latter two are high in cases where death anxiety is high. Conclusion: We found that death anxiety and anxiety are high in patients with COPD.

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A-173 Clinical Cutoffs on the State–Trait Anxiety Inventory for Concussion

Archives of Clinical Neuropsychology ◽

10.1093/arclin/acab062.191 ◽

2021 ◽

Vol 36 (6) ◽

pp. 1228-1228

Author(s):

Melissa Womble ◽

Sabrina Jennings ◽

Philip Schatz ◽

R J Elbin

Keyword(s):

High School ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

The State ◽

Cutoff Score ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

High School Athletes ◽

History Of ◽

The Mean ◽

Clinically Significant

Abstract Objective The State–Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) is a widely used measure of state anxiety with a proposed raw score cutoff of >40 denoting probable clinical levels of anxiety. The mean score for high school aged individuals is approximately 40, corresponding with the 56th (male) and 51st (female) percentiles. The use of this cutoff classifies approximately 50% of individuals with clinically significant anxiety. In contrast, empirically based cut-offs (e.g., 1SD above the mean), classifies a more appropriate percentage of cases. The purpose of this study was to document the percentage of patients surpassing the proposed clinical cutoffs for the STAI using traditional and empirically based cutoffs in concussed high school athletes. Methods Participants were 273 concussed high school athletes (15.89 ± 1.1 yrs) who completed the STAI (Form Y-1) at their first clinical visit within 2–30 days of injury. Participants with a personal history of anxiety were excluded. The percentage of participants exceeding current clinical cutoffs for the STAI (i.e., >40) and exceeding >1, >1.5, and > 2 SD were calculated using high school normative data. Results Overall, 37% of participants exceeded the proposed raw score cutoff (>40) for the STAI. Approximately 12%, 4%, and 2% of participants exhibited STAI scores that exceeded >1, >1.5, and > 2 SD respectively. Conclusions The proposed cutoff score of >40 for the STAI is overly inclusive and not appropriate for identifying probable clinical levels of state anxiety in concussed adolescent athletes. Use of empirically based cutoffs is more appropriate when attempting to identify clinically significant anxiety post-concussion.

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Standardization and Convergent Validation of the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory with measures of Personality, Affective Control and, Risk Propensity

10.31234/osf.io/845bj ◽

2021 ◽

Author(s):

Garima Joshi ◽

Chandra Pratap Daksha ◽

V. S. Chandrasekhar Pammi ◽

Bhoomika Rastogi Kar

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Protective Factor ◽

The State ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Risk Propensity ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Trait And State Anxiety ◽

Convergent Validation ◽

The Relationship

We standardized the State-Trait Anxiety Inventory (STAI) on 407 young adults. Norms (high, medium, and low anxiety scores) were derived based on T scores and percentile ranks. Convergent validation was performed using correlation and multiple regression analysis followed by moderation analysis to study the relationship between STAI and NEO-FFI 3, Affective Control Scale, and Risk Propensity Scale. Results suggest that higher openness to experience acts as a protective factor against both state and trait anxiety. State anxiety emerged as a significant predictor for both affective control and risk propensity. While trait anxiety moderated the relationship between personality and affective control as well as personality and risk propensity. Higher levels of trait anxiety seem to increase the disabling effect of neuroticism on affective control; risk propensity is least for low trait anxiety and high conscientiousness. These results highlight the differential effects of types of anxiety and also to investigate the structure of STAI with Trait and State Anxiety not simply as two sides of the same coin but themselves as different constructs. The current study adds to the evidence that STAI is a valuable measure for investigating the effect of anxiety in healthy adults across populations/cultures and that anxiety is correlated with cognitive-affective-predisposition factors.

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State‐Trait Anxiety Inventory State Anxiety Scale--Parent Version

PsycTESTS Dataset ◽

10.1037/t76723-000 ◽

2020 ◽

Author(s):

Lindsey M. Shain ◽

Maryland Pao ◽

Mary V. Tipton ◽

Sima Zadeh Bedoya ◽

Sun J. Kang ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Anxiety Scale ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Parent Version

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On the Relationship between Machiavellianism and Anxiety among Italian Undergraduates

Psychological Reports ◽

10.2466/pr0.1985.56.1.37 ◽

1985 ◽

Vol 56 (1) ◽

pp. 37-38 ◽

Cited By ~ 11

Author(s):

G. Nigro ◽

I. Galli

Keyword(s):

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

State Trait Anxiety Inventory ◽

Italian Version ◽

Positive Correlations ◽

The Relationship

139 Italian undergraduates (61 men and 78 women) responded to the Italian version of the Christie's Mach IV scale and to the Italian version of the Spielberger's State-Trait Anxiety Inventory. Positive correlations between Mach IV scores and both State Anxiety and Trait Anxiety scores were found for both sexes. The authors hypothesized that moderate anxiety may be associated with high Machiavellianism. Further implications of the findings were discussed.

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State Anxiety Is Associated with Cardiovascular Reactivity in Young, Healthy African Americans

International Journal of Hypertension ◽

10.1155/2012/268013 ◽

2012 ◽

Vol 2012 ◽

pp. 1-7 ◽

Cited By ~ 8

Author(s):

Mildred A. Pointer ◽

Sadiqa Yancey ◽

Ranim Abou-Chacra ◽

Patricia Petrusi ◽

Sandra J. Waters ◽

...

Keyword(s):

Blood Pressure ◽

African Americans ◽

Cardiovascular Reactivity ◽

Trait Anxiety ◽

State Anxiety ◽

Blood Pressure Response ◽

Cold Pressor ◽

Pressure Response ◽

Anxiety State ◽

Stress Tests

Although several studies have shown that enhanced cardiovascular reactivity can predict hypertension development in African Americans, these findings have not been consistent among all studies examining reactivity and hypertension susceptibility. This inconsistency may be explained by the influence of anxiety (state and trait) on the blood pressure response to stress. Therefore, this study sought to determine whether anxiety is associated with blood pressure response to cold pressor (CP) and anger recall (AR) stress tests in young healthy African Americans. Modeling using state and trait anxiety revealed that state anxiety predicts systolic (SBP) and diastolic blood pressure DBP response to CP and AR (P≤0.02). Interestingly, state anxiety predicted heart rate changes only to CP (P<0.01;P=0.3for AR). Although trait anxiety was associated with SBP response to AR and not CP, it was not a significant predictor of reactivity in our models. We conclude that anxiety levels may contribute to the variable blood pressure response to acute stressors and, therefore, should be assessed when performing cardiovascular reactivity measures.

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