Multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic inclusion bodies in the gastric epithelium of callitrichids

2021 ◽  
pp. 104063872110190
Author(s):  
Nicole R. Furst ◽  
James C. Colee ◽  
Elizabeth W. Howerth ◽  
Lisa L. Farina
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Parietal Cells ◽  
Gastric Epithelium ◽  
Multinucleate Cells ◽  
Immunohistochemical Markers ◽  
Multiple Species

Inclusion bodies (IBs) and multinucleate cells can be associated with viral infections; however, IBs and multinucleate cells have been described in normal tissue and with non-viral disease processes in multiple species. We examined fundic stomach from 50 callitrichids histologically for bi- and multinucleate parietal cells and cytoplasmic IBs in gastric epithelial cells. Callitrichids represented included 6 genera: Saguinus (4 spp.), Leontopithecus (1 sp.), Mico (3 spp.), Cebuella (1 sp.), Callithrix (1 sp.), Callimico (1 sp.), and 13 unspecified marmosets. Gastric epithelial IBs were present in 46 of 47 (98%) of the callitrichids from which the stomach was sufficiently well preserved to identify IBs. Cytoplasmic IBs were identified in gastric surface pit epithelial cells (43 of 44, 98%), mucous neck cells (43 of 44, 98%), parietal cells (43 of 44, 98%), and chief cells (43 of 44, 98%). The IBs were eosinophilic, ovoid, round, elongate, or variably indented, sometimes slightly refractile, and 1–6 × 1–13 µm. IBs were sometimes perinuclear and molded around the nucleus. Electron microscopy of the gastric epithelium of one marmoset indicated that IBs were composed of intermediate filaments. The IBs did not stain with immunohistochemical markers for cytokeratin AE1/AE3 or vimentin. Binucleate parietal cells were found in 49 of 50 (98%) callitrichids, and multinucleate parietal cells were observed in 40 of 49 (82%) callitrichids. Gastric epithelial cytoplasmic IBs and bi- and multinucleate parietal cells are likely a normal finding in callitrichids, and, to our knowledge, have not been reported previously.

THE DEVELOPMENT OF INCLUSIONS IN TISSUE CULTURES OF MONKEY KIDNEY EPITHELIAL CELLS INFECTED WITH POLIOMYELITIS VIRUS

1956 ◽  
Vol 2 (3) ◽  
pp. 298-303 ◽  
Author(s):  
A. J. Beale ◽  
Patricia F. Stevens ◽  
Norma Davis ◽  
W. Stackiw ◽  
A. J. Rhodes
Keyword(s):  
Tissue Culture ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion ◽  
Monkey Kidney ◽  
Tissue Cultures ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions ◽  
Poliomyelitis Virus ◽  
Eosinophilic Inclusion ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusion Body

A cytoplasmic inclusion body has been found in the epithelial cells of monkey kidney grown in tissue culture and infected with poliomyelitis virus. This inclusion is at first closely applied to the nucleus, and later develops into a clearly demarcated structure. The nucleus is pushed to the periphery of the cell and becomes pyknotic. Finally, the cytoplasm around the inclusion becomes vacuolated, and the cell breaks up at about the time virus first appears in the fluid part of the infected tissue cultures. Multiple small intranuclear eosinophilic inclusion bodies have also been found in some cells that contain cytoplasmic inclusions.

The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

scholarly journals Innate Immunity in Children and the Role of ACE2 Expression in SARS-CoV-2 Infection

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (3) ◽  
pp. 363-382
Author(s):  
Mario Dioguardi ◽  
Angela Pia Cazzolla ◽  
Claudia Arena ◽  
Diego Sovereto ◽  
Giorgia Apollonia Caloro ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Innate Immunity ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Respiratory Infections ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Receptor Expression ◽  
Virus Infections ◽  
Search Terms ◽  
Bibliographic Search ◽  
Meta Analyses

COVID-19 (Coronavirus Disease 2019) is an emerging viral disease caused by the coronavirus SARS-CoV-2 (severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2), which leads to severe respiratory infections in humans. The first reports came in December 2019 from the city of Wuhan in the province of Hubei in China. It was immediately clear that children developed a milder disease than adults. The reasons for the milder course of the disease were attributed to several factors: innate immunity, difference in ACE2 (angiotensin-converting enzyme II) receptor expression, and previous infections with other common coronaviruses (CovH). This literature review aims to summarize aspects of innate immunity by focusing on the role of ACE2 expression and viral infections in children in modulating the antibody response to SARS-CoV-2 infection. This review was conducted using the Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses (PRISMA) guidelines. Articles deemed potentially eligible were considered, including those dealing with COVID-19 in children and providing more up-to-date and significant data in terms of epidemiology, prognosis, course, and symptoms, focusing on the etiopathogenesis of SARS-CoV-2 disease in children. The bibliographic search was conducted using the search engines PubMed and Scopus. The following search terms were entered in PubMed and Scopus: COVID-19 AND ACE2 AND Children; COVID-19 AND Immunity innate AND children. The search identified 857 records, and 18 studies were applicable based on inclusion and exclusion criteria that addressed the issues of COVID-19 concerning the role of ACE2 expression in children. The scientific literature agrees that children develop milder COVID-19 disease than adults. Milder symptomatology could be attributed to innate immunity or previous CovH virus infections, while it is not yet fully understood how the differential expression of ACE2 in children could contribute to milder disease.

scholarly journals Bacillus subtilis Inhibits Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus Infection in Olive Flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) Intestinal Epithelial Cells

Viruses ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (1) ◽  
pp. 28
Author(s):  
So-Ri Han ◽  
Hetron M. Munang’andu ◽  
In-Kyu Yeo ◽  
Sung-Hyun Kim
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial Cells ◽  
Virus Entry ◽  
Paralichthys Olivaceus ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia Virus ◽  
Intestinal Epithelial ◽  
Internal Organs ◽  
Viral Hemorrhagic Septicemia ◽  
Olive Flounder Paralichthys Olivaceus

Viral hemorrhagic septicemia virus (VHSV) is a highly pathogenic virus that infects a wide range of host fish species causing high economic losses in aquaculture. Epithelial cells in mucosal organs are target sites for VHSV entry into fish. To protect fish against VHSV infection, there is a need to develop antiviral compounds able to prevent establishment of infection at portals of virus entry into fish. Bacillus subtilis is a probiotic with excellent antiviral properties, of which one of its secretions, surfactin, has been shown to inhibit viral infections in mammals. Herein, we demonstrate its ability to prevent VHSV infection in olive flounder (Paralichthys olivaceus) intestinal epithelial cells (IECs) and infection in internal organs. Our findings show inhibition of VHSV infection in IECs by B. subtilis and surfactin. In addition, our findings showed inhibition of VHSV in Epithelioma Papulosum Cyprini (EPC) cells inoculated with intestinal homogenates from the fish pretreated with B. subtilis by oral exposure, while the untreated fish had cytopathic effects (CPE) caused by VHSV infection in the intestines at 48 h after the VHSV challenge. At 96 h post-challenge, samples from the untreated fish had CPE from head kidney and spleen homogenates and no CPE were observed in the intestinal homogenates, while the B. subtilis-pretreated fish had no CPE in all organs. These findings demonstrate that inhibition of VHSV infection at portals of virus entry in the intestines culminated in prevention of infection in internal organs. In summary, our results show that B. subtilis has the potential to prevent VHSV infection in fish and that its use as a probiotic in aquaculture has the potential to serve as an antiviral therapeutic agent against different viral infections.

scholarly journals Differential Mucin Expression by Respiratory Syncytial Virus and Human Metapneumovirus Infection in Human Epithelial Cells

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-7 ◽  
Author(s):  
Ma. Del Rocío Baños-Lara ◽  
Boyang Piao ◽  
Antonieta Guerrero-Plata
Keyword(s):  
Immune Response ◽  
Respiratory Syncytial Virus ◽  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Human Metapneumovirus ◽  
Human Epithelial Cells ◽  
Mucin Expression ◽  
Rsv Infection ◽  
Syncytial Virus ◽  
Tract Disease

Mucins (MUC) constitute an important component of the inflammatory and innate immune response. However, the expression of these molecules by respiratory viral infections is still largely unknown. Respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) and human metapneumovirus (hMPV) are two close-related paramyxoviruses that can cause severe low respiratory tract disease in infants and young children worldwide. Currently, there is not vaccine available for neither virus. In this work, we explored the differential expression of MUC by RSV and hMPV in human epithelial cells. Our data indicate that the MUC expression by RSV and hMPV differs significantly, as we observed a stronger induction of MUC8, MUC15, MUC20, MUC21, and MUC22 by RSV infection while the expression of MUC1, MUC2, and MUC5B was dominated by the infection with hMPV. These results may contribute to the different immune response induced by these two respiratory viruses.

The Experimental Production of Goblet Cells and Inclusion Bodies

1947 ◽  
Vol s3-88 (3) ◽  
pp. 345-352
Author(s):  
E. MEIROWSKY ◽  
G. BEHR ◽  
S. KEYS
Keyword(s):  
Epithelial Cells ◽  
Inclusion Bodies ◽  
Goblet Cells ◽  
Experimental Production ◽  
Response Mechanism ◽  
Cytoplasmic Inclusions

1. Goblet cells have been produced experimentally in rabbits' and guineapigs' corneae by ten methods. 2. Goblet cells can develop from ordinary epithelial cells. 3. The secretion antecedents originate in the nucleus. 4. Intranuclear and cytoplasmic inclusions can be produced experimentally and form the response mechanism of the cell towards animate and inanimate stimuli.

scholarly journals Links between exercise/nutrition and antioxidants - protective effects on immune/respiratory systems as defense against viral infections

2020 ◽  
Vol 8 (36) ◽  
pp. 23-31
Author(s):  
Abdurrahman Kharbat ◽  
Stephen Rossettie ◽  
Mimi Zumwalt
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Antioxidant Systems ◽  
Protective Effects ◽  
Enzymatic Antioxidant ◽  
Optimal Dosing ◽  
Open Window ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Harmful Effects

This paper discusses factors involved in COVID-19 pathophysiology, with a focus on nutrition, exercise, enzymatic antioxidant systems, and the interplay between immune tolerance and resistance. Of all the supplements, zinc has the most evidence for effectiveness against viruses. However, these data were based primarily on studies measuring duration of the common cold rather than on COVID-19, and optimal dosing remains unclear. Exercise has been shown to have protective tolerogenic effects against viral infection due to the impact of extracellular superoxide dismutases (EC-SODs). Exercise may have a combination of beneficial and harmful effects on outright resistance to viruses in the short term, but taken as a whole it likely has a net protective effect on the immune system. The evidence is examined through the lens of the open window theory and a thorough investigation of the relationship between EC-SODs and exercise/diet. By better understanding the host-virus relationship, clinicians and researchers alike can collaborate to establish guiding principles regarding the steps that individuals can take to protect against some of the deleterious effects of viral infections. More research in this area is needed to understand the relationships among exercise, nutrition, and viral disease. Keywords: COVID-19, SARS CoV-2, nutrition, zinc, EC-SODs, superoxide dismutase, exercise, enzymatic antioxidant/immune systems

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