The Diagnosis of Viral Disease by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 270-273
Author(s):  
William B. McCombs ◽  
Cameron E. McCoy
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Hospital Stay ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Medical Profession ◽  
Bacterial Pathogens ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
The Past

Recent years have brought a reversal in the attitude of the medical profession toward the diagnosis of viral infections. Identification of bacterial pathogens was formerly thought to be faster than identification of viral pathogens. Viral identification was dismissed as being of academic interest or for confirming the presence of an epidemic, because the patient would recover or die before this could be accomplished. In the past 10 years, the goal of virologists has been to present the clinician with a viral identification in a matter of hours. This fast diagnosis has the potential for shortening the patient's hospital stay and preventing the administering of toxic and/or expensive antibiotics of no benefit to the patient.

Aids-Associated Viral Infections

1999 ◽  
Vol 5 (S2) ◽  
pp. 1098-1099
Author(s):  
Sara E. Miller
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Human Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Immune Defense ◽  
Detection Methods ◽  
Aids Patients ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Immunodeficiency Virus ◽  
Life Threatening

Infection with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) eventually causes a profound decrease in the body's ability to eradicate or control infections with microorganisms, including viruses. Some infections in AIDS patients are due to common organisms which are of little significance in immunocompetent individuals. Other organisms can be harbored continuously, occasionally causing disease, but normally being suppressed after a heightened immune defense; in AIDS patients, these infections can be life-threatening. Further, practices that predispose to HIV infection also permit entry of other organisms, such as hepatitis and herpesviruses. Electron microscopy is beneficial as an adjunct to other modalities for viral detection. Methods for identifying viruses, both in fluids by negative staining and in tissues by thin sectioning, have been published. Some viral pathogens, including HIV itself, are best documented by other means.HIV has been demonstrated by EM in infected individuals, but because it destroys and makes scarce the cells for which it has an affinity, it is difficult to find them.

scholarly journals Plant-derived alkaloids as anti-viral agents

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 (4) ◽  
pp. 6174-6182
Author(s):  
Nagasathiya Krishnan ◽  
Velmurugan Devadasan ◽  
Pachaiappan Raman
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Health And Safety ◽  
Extensive Study ◽  
Human Immune Deficiency Virus ◽  
Pharmacological Activities ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
The Past ◽  
Medicinal Use ◽  
Human Immune ◽  
Made In

Humans are prone to many viral infections, most of them not causing diseases, and some will do. The new pandemic situation in global development and comfort to travel have highlighted their protection as a crucial problem in people’s health and safety even though significant advancements are being made in the making of vaccines and drugs. The provenance of viral mutants generally threatens immunisation and effective anti-viral treatments. The discovery of novel anti-viral drugs is, therefore of paramount importance. The secondary metabolites from the plants with pharmacological activities are regarded as an exemplary repository for this diagnosis.  An extensive study of phytochemicals and their mechanisms of action against the viruses might help in controlling harmful viruses. Many phytochemical entities, including terpenes, flavonoids, polyphenol, and phenolic compounds, have been studied for their anti-viral activity. Particularly in alkaloids, cutting edge study is making way to uncover innovative therapeutic strategies. Most of the alkaloids are being used as anti-viral agents, act against few prominent viral pathogens such as coronavirus (CoV), human immune deficiency virus (HIV), systemic acute respiratory syndrome (SARS) and respiratory virus (RSV). In this review, we intend to summarise the medicinal use of plant-derived alkaloids utilised to cure viral diseases in the past four decades.

Approximations in the Dynamical Theory of Electron Diffract

1978 ◽  
Vol 36 (3) ◽  
pp. 218-229
Author(s):  
S.S. Sheinin
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Diffraction ◽  
Quantitative Information ◽  
Dynamical Theory ◽  
Image Contrast ◽  
Academic Interest ◽  
Crystalline Materials ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Electron Microscopist

The last twenty years have seen a remarkable development in electron microscopy of crystalline materials. This development has, quite naturally, been stimulated by the continuing quest of the electron microscopist for more information about the structure of his specimens and it is not surprising, therefore, that the more qualitative observations of the past have been supplemented by techniques which permit higher resolution, more quantitative information to be extracted. The fundamental role played by the dynamical theory of electron diffraction in this development requires no emphasis on my part. As is true with all physical theories, however, the dynamical theory itself has been the subject of continued development and investigation. This work is not simply of academic interest but has been an important, and in fact necessary, concomitant of the developments in the electron microscopy of crystals referred to above. The reason for this can be easily understood when it is recalled that the form of the dynamical theory used in image contrast calculations has many approximations embodied in it.

scholarly journals Emergent Viral Infections of the CNS

2020 ◽  
Vol 79 (8) ◽  
pp. 823-842
Author(s):  
Clayton A Wiley
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Rift Valley Fever Virus ◽  
Human Microbiome ◽  
Biological Evolution ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Valley Fever ◽  
The Past ◽  
Enterovirus A71 ◽  
Toxic Agents ◽  
Virus Zika

Abstract Biological evolution of the microbiome continually drives the emergence of human viral pathogens, a subset of which attack the nervous system. The sheer number of pathogens that have appeared, along with their abundance in the environment, demand our attention. For the most part, our innate and adaptive immune systems have successfully protected us from infection; however, in the past 5 decades, through pathogen mutation and ecosystem disruption, a dozen viruses emerged to cause significant neurologic disease. Most of these pathogens have come from sylvatic reservoirs having made the energetically difficult, and fortuitously rare, jump into humans. But the human microbiome is also replete with agents already adapted to the host that need only minor mutations to create neurotropic/toxic agents. While each host/virus symbiosis is unique, this review examines virologic and immunologic principles that govern the pathogenesis of different viral CNS infections that were described in the past 50 years (Influenza, West Nile Virus, Zika, Rift Valley Fever Virus, Hendra/Nipah, Enterovirus-A71/-D68, Human parechovirus, HIV, and SARS-CoV). Knowledge of these pathogens provides us the opportunity to respond and mitigate infection while at the same time prepare for inevitable arrival of unknown agents.

scholarly journals Computational Repurposing Model of Curcumin as a Drug

2021 ◽  
Vol 68 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ratna Roy ◽  
Ratul Bhowmik ◽  
Shatarupa Seth ◽  
Snigdha Bhattacharyya ◽  
Sounok Sengupta
Keyword(s):  
Viral Infections ◽  
Drug Repurposing ◽  
Viral Disease ◽  
Global Scale ◽  
Rational Drug Design ◽  
Viral Diseases ◽  
The Novel ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
Positive Effects ◽  
Rational Drug

Viral diseases continue to be a public threat on a global scale day by day and the world is in a continuing battle with the novel deadly viral Diseases and with no prompt medicines accessible the scourge brought about by the disease is expanding step by step. The ongoing need to develop new antiviral drugs with fewer side-effects and that are effective against viral pathogens has spurred the research community to invest in various drug discovery strategies, one of which is drug repurposing the methods of finding most promising existing compounds which has able to give best positive effects against viral infections. We present a docking?based screening using a quantum mechanical scoring of drug Curcumin with Proteins with PDB id’s 4B3V, 5LK0, 6BM8, 4QUZ, 6SJV, 1JLF, 5EG7, 7K40 could display antiviral activity against Rubella, Hanta, Herpes, Noro, papilloma, HIV, Influenza, COVID19. Clearly, these compounds should be further evaluated in experimental assays and clinical trials to confirm their actual activity against the viral disease. We hope that repurposing of the drug from our recommendation may contribute to the rational drug design against the above viruses.

Раннее обнаружение вирусных инфекций с использованием твердотельных пьезокерамических биосенсоров

2020 ◽  
Vol 13 (3-4) ◽  
pp. 188-195
Author(s):  
И.В. Яминский ◽  
А.И. Ахметова ◽  
М.А. Павлова
Keyword(s):  
Early Detection ◽  
Viral Infections ◽  
Effective Solution ◽  
Viral Pathogens ◽  
The Past ◽  
Fundamental Goal

Раннее обнаружение возбудителей вирусных заболеваний является фундаментальной задачей современной биомедицины. Эффективное решение этой задачи особенно востребовано в условиях возникшей в настоящее время мировой коронавирусной пандемии. Вместе с тем и по ее окончании разработка новых и каждый раз более эффективных биосенсоров на вирусные инфекции будет продолжаться интенсивным образом. Вирусы – это попутчики человека в прошлом, настоящем и будущем. The early detection of viral pathogens is a fundamental goal of modern biomedicine. An effective solution of this problem is especially in demand in the context of the current global coronavirus pandemic. At the same time, and upon its completion, the development of new and each time more effective biosensors for viral infections will continue in an intensive manner. Viruses are human companions in the past, present and future.

Ultrastructural Analysis of the Salivary Glands of Gromphadorhina Portentosa (Schaum)

1977 ◽  
Vol 35 ◽  
pp. 638-639
Author(s):  
P.J. Dailey
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Scanning Electron Microscopy ◽  
Salivary Glands ◽  
Secretory Vesicles ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Means Of Transmission ◽  
Gromphadorhina Portentosa ◽  
Scanning Electron ◽  
Topographical Relief

The structure of insect salivary glands has been extensively investigated during the past decade; however, none have attempted scanning electron microscopy (SEM) in ultrastructural examinations of these secretory organs. This study correlates fine structure by means of SEM cryofractography with that of thin-sectioned epoxy embedded material observed by means of transmission electron microscopy (TEM).Salivary glands of Gromphadorhina portentosa were excised and immediately submerged in cold (4°C) paraformaldehyde-glutaraldehyde fixative1 for 2 hr, washed and post-fixed in 1 per cent 0s04 in phosphosphate buffer (4°C for 2 hr). After ethanolic dehydration half of the samples were embedded in Epon 812 for TEM and half cryofractured and subsequently critical point dried for SEM. Dried specimens were mounted on aluminum stubs and coated with approximately 150 Å of gold in a cold sputtering apparatus.Figure 1 shows a cryofractured plane through a salivary acinus revealing topographical relief of secretory vesicles.

Study of the Molecular Architecture of Keratin Filaments by Electron Microscopy

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 118-119
Author(s):  
U. Aebi ◽  
P. Rew ◽  
T.-T. Sun
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Structural Organization ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structural Features ◽  
Molecular Architecture ◽  
The Past ◽  
Keratin Filaments ◽  
Different Types ◽  
10 Nm Filaments ◽  
Different Cell Types

Various types of intermediate-sized (10-nm) filaments have been found and described in many different cell types during the past few years. Despite the differences in the chemical composition among the different types of filaments, they all yield common structural features: they are usually up to several microns long and have a diameter of 7 to 10 nm; there is evidence that they are made of several 2 to 3.5 nm wide protofilaments which are helically wound around each other; the secondary structure of the polypeptides constituting the filaments is rich in ∞-helix. However a detailed description of their structural organization is lacking to date.

Albumins as Embedding Media for Electron Microscopy

1969 ◽  
Vol 27 ◽  
pp. 422-423 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. L. Farrant ◽  
J. D. McLean
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Electron Microscope ◽  
High Temperature ◽  
Biological Material ◽  
Globular Proteins ◽  
The Past ◽  
Antibody Staining ◽  
Thin Sectioning ◽  
Embedding Medium

For electron microscope techniques such as ferritin-labeled antibody staining it would be advantageous to have available a simple means of thin sectioning biological material without subjecting it to lipid solvents, impregnation with plastic monomers and their subsequent polymerization. With this aim in view we have re-examined the use of protein as an embedding medium. Gelatin which has been used in the past is not very satisfactory both because of its fibrous nature and the high temperature necessary to keep its solutions fluid. We have found that globular proteins such as the serum and egg albumins can be cross-linked so as to yield blocks which are suitable for ultrathin sectioning.

On Future Directions in Pathology

1982 ◽  
Vol 40 ◽  
pp. 274-277
Author(s):  
Benjamin F. Trump ◽  
Irene K. Berezesky ◽  
Raymond T. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Electron Microscopy ◽  
Transmission Electron Microscopy ◽  
Clinical Pathology ◽  
Future Directions ◽  
Diagnostic Pathology ◽  
The Past ◽  
Transmission Electron ◽  
Organ Systems ◽  
The Many

The role of electron microscopy and associated techniques is assured in diagnostic pathology. At the present time, most of the progress has been made on tissues examined by transmission electron microscopy (TEM) and correlated with light microscopy (LM) and by cytochemistry using both plastic and paraffin-embedded materials. As mentioned elsewhere in this symposium, this has revolutionized many fields of pathology including diagnostic, anatomic and clinical pathology. It began with the kidney; however, it has now been extended to most other organ systems and to tumor diagnosis in general. The results of the past few years tend to indicate the future directions and needs of this expanding field. Now, in addition to routine EM, pathologists have access to the many newly developed methods and instruments mentioned below which should aid considerably not only in diagnostic pathology but in investigative pathology as well.

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