Immunization Requirements for Pharmacy Students

1994 ◽  
Vol 28 (10) ◽  
pp. 1153-1158 ◽  
Author(s):  
Louise Mallet ◽  
Kathryn K. Bucci
Keyword(s):  
Pharmacy Students ◽  
Health Clinic ◽  
First Year ◽  
Immunization Program ◽  
Purified Protein Derivative ◽  
The Us ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Student Completion

OBJECTIVE: To identify current immunization requirements for pharmacy students throughout the US. DESIGN: Self-administered questionnaire. SETTING: Seventy-five colleges and schools of pharmacy in the US. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES: Immunization policies, immunologic requirements, timing of vaccination in relation to the beginning of clerkship experience, payment, mechanism to revise policies. DATA ANALYSIS: Descriptive statistics. RESULTS: Overall, 57 programs (81 percent) have an immunization program in place, but 13 programs (19 percent) have no immunization program. More than 50 percent of the colleges or schools reported requiring that pharmacy students have measles, mumps, rubella, tetanus, and purified protein derivative of tuberculin (PPD) vaccinations upon entry of clerkship. Only 25 colleges or schools of pharmacy (44 percent) required students to have the hepatitis B vaccine and 8 (14 percent) to have a PPD evaluation upon completion of clerkship experience. Responsibility for the immunization program was shared evenly between the clerkship coordinator and the student health clinic. Approximately 65 percent of programs maintain an immunization record on file for each student. Completion of immunizations was required in 36 schools (64 percent) before entering clerkship activities, 15 (26 percent) before entrance to the professional program, and 3 (5 percent) in the first year of the program. Six schools (11 percent) had a program in place for less than one year, 27 (47 percent) between one and five years, and 24 (42 percent) for more than five years. At the majority of schools, students are responsible for the cost of immunization. CONCLUSIONS: Most schools of pharmacy do not adhere to the specific immunization recommendations described by the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention for healthcare workers. Pharmacy schools need to reexamine their immunization policies and update them to reflect the most current standards. We suggest a policy for immunization of pharmacy students.

P5243Indirect costs of acute myocardial infarction in Portugal

2019 ◽  
Vol 40 (Supplement_1) ◽  
Author(s):  
A T Timoteo ◽  
M Gouveia ◽  
C Soares ◽  
R C Ferreira
Keyword(s):  
Myocardial Infarction ◽  
Employment Status ◽  
Indirect Costs ◽  
First Year ◽  
Total Cost ◽  
St Elevation ◽  
One Year ◽  
Absence From Work ◽  
The Cost

Abstract Introduction Cardiovascular diseases are the main cause of death in Portugal. The high incidence of acute myocardial infarction (AMI) is also a major problem, particularly due to the economic burden caused by productivity losses (indirect costs) associated with temporary absence from work, not yet sufficiently studied in Portugal. Our objective was to quantify the indirect costs of AMI in the first year after admission. Methods All consecutive patients admitted in a single center with <66 years (official retirement age) during one year that survived to discharge were included in the present study. Employment status on admission was assessed in every patient. For each employed patient, working at the time of admission, the monthly wage was estimated from market wage rates from national public sources (grossed up by social security contributions) according to gender and age. A day-cost was calculated to assess the cost of temporary absence from work. A half-day absence was considered for Cardiology medical appointments and exams. The duration of temporary absence from work was assessed by a first follow-up contact at 30-day and a second follow-up evaluation up to one-year after admission. The cost of temporary absence from work per episode was calculated in this sample and results were applied to the total number of MI in Portugal during the year 2016 (last available national data) and separately according to ST-elevation AMI (STEAMI) or non-ST-elevation acute coronary syndrome (NSTACS). Results We included 219 patients (54±7 years, 83% males), from which, 66.2% were working, 16.4% early-retired, 11.9% unemployed and 5.5% in long-term exit from work due to non-cardiac disease. During the one-year follow-up there were no changes in employment status. In our sample, mean monthly labor cost was 1802 euros (69 euros/day). Median number of days absent from work were 34 days (31 days in men and 52 days in women) and a median of 2 half-days were also obtained for Cardiology appointments / exams. We obtained a total cost of 760.521,55 euros. We used available data from 2016 to estimate indirect costs at a national level. There were 4133 patients with <66 years admitted in Portugal due to AMI that survived to discharge. We performed an analysis, using the proportions of 41% of cases with STEAMI and 59% with NSTACS that came out of the Portuguese Registry on Acute Coronary Syndromes and the working patient's proportions in each group. Costs were higher in patients with STEAMI. We estimate an indirect total cost in Portugal of € 10.12 million in the first year after MI. Conclusions In Portugal, the costs to society of disability generated losses of productivity are over ten million euros during the first year after AMI. Strategies to improve time of return to work are very important to lower these costs.

ESTABLISHMENT ATTRIBUTES OF Bouteloua curtipendula (Michx.) Torr. POPULATIONS NATIVE TO MEXICO

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 (3) ◽  
pp. 237-243
Author(s):  
Juan F. Sánchez-Arroyo ◽  
Christian Wehenkel ◽  
Francisco Ó. Carrete-Carreón ◽  
Manuel Murillo-Ortiz ◽  
Esperanza Herrera-Torres ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Permutation Test ◽  
First Year ◽  
Commercial Variety ◽  
Plant Establishment ◽  
Forage Production ◽  
Bouteloua Curtipendula ◽  
The Us ◽  
Second Year ◽  
One Year ◽  
Arid Grasslands

Large areas of arid and semi-arid grasslands in Mexico are severely damaged. Large areas of high-risk rainfed crops have been abandoned. These problems are the result of constant overgrazing, extraction of firewood, overutilization of valuable species, fire and the practice of subsistence agriculture. The aim of this study was to measure the initial performance of the seedlings, as well as forage production and survival in the second year of nine Bouteloua curtipendula populations native to Mexico in comparison with El Reno, a commercial variety from the US. Plant development was visually estimated and dry matter (DM) production was estimated one year after the establishment. Survival was assessed at the end of the growing season in the following year. The experiment was carried out using a complet randomized blocks experimental design, and differences in vigor between genotypes were analyzed by a permutation test. Significant differences in DM production and plant establishment (P ≤ 0.05) were observed between genotypes. The US commercial variety was the least productive population, exhibiting less vigor during the first year than the rest of the genotypes evaluated. Large diversity in seedling establishment capacity, DM yield and survival was observed in the second year. The Mexican populations 241, NdeM-303, 47 and NdeM-5 were superior for plant establishment and DM production.

Teleradiology in a military training area

2001 ◽  
Vol 7 (6) ◽  
pp. 348-352 ◽  
Author(s):  
M R Brumage ◽  
S Chinn ◽  
K Cho
Keyword(s):  
Medical Service ◽  
Service Providers ◽  
Medical Center ◽  
Military Training ◽  
Weather Conditions ◽  
First Year ◽  
Army Medical ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost ◽  
Training Area

A pilot teleradiology project was established for the medical service providers at the Pohakuloa Training Area (PTA) in Hawaii. It connected them with radiologists at Tripler Army Medical Center (TAMC) on the island of Oahu, approximately 400 km away. This involved changing the standard practice of sending soldiers from the PTA to a civilian hospital in Hilo for radiographs. These emergency trips to Hilo, 55 km away, were expensive, manpower intensive, and dangerous due to road and weather conditions. During 51 days of a training exercise involving 2600 personnel, 29 evacuations were avoided, which would have cost $36,569 in total. The expected savings during one year of training were $176,540. The cost of teleradiology during the first year, including the cost of the equipment, was $167,203. Over five years, the costs and savings were estimated to be $349,940 and $882,700, respectively.

scholarly journals INFLUENCE OF BIOPREPARATION VERVA AND VERVA-SPRUCE ON THE SCOTS PINE SEEDLINGS GROWTH

2019 ◽  
pp. 295-300 ◽  
Author(s):  
Татьяна (Tat'yana) Владимировна (Vladimirovna) Хуршкайнен (Khurshkaynen) ◽  
Елена (Elena) Михайловна (Mikhaylovna) Андреева (Andreyeva) ◽  
Светлана (Svetlana) Карленовна (Karlenovna) Стеценко (Stetsenko) ◽  
Геннадий (Gennadiy) Григорьевич (Grigor'evich) Терехов (Terekhov) ◽  
Александр (Aleksandr) Васильевич (Vasil'evich) Кучин (Kuchin)
Keyword(s):  
First Year ◽  
Planting Material ◽  
Pine Seedlings ◽  
Presowing Treatment ◽  
Prolonged Effect ◽  
Second Year ◽  
Processing Control ◽  
Coniferous Wood ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

The results of studying the influence of natural plant growth regulators Verva  and Verva-spruce from coniferous wood greenery on the growth and development of Pinus sylvestris L. pine seedlings under the conditions of a forest nursery are presented. A comparative analysis of morphometric indices and accumulation of phytomass in the first two years of growth of pine seedlings grown from seeds treated with coniferous biopreparations of various concentration (experience) and without processing (control) is lead. Presowing treatment of seeds with Verva and Verva-spruce preparations at concentrations of 0.1 and 0.25 mL/kg by soaking within 6 hours has led to prolonged effect on growth rates of pine seedlings. Experimental seedlings had higher increments of the aerial part compared to the control: the height of the seedling tree of the first year was 40–84% higher, the second year – 29–47%; the diameter increased by 40–43% in one-year seedlings, and by 2–40% in biennial ones. High values of biometric parameters in two-year seedlings in the experimental versions correspond to the requirements for planting material of coniferous plants. The use of preparations Verva and Verva-spruce for seed presowing treatment will shorten the period of seedling cultivation and the cost of planting material.

The cost-utility of the rivastigmine transdermal patch in the management of patients with moderate Alzheimer's disease in the US

2009 ◽  
Vol 36 (S 02) ◽  
Author(s):  
A Brennan ◽  
B Nagy ◽  
A Brandtmüller ◽  
SK Thomas ◽  
M Gallagher ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Alzheimer’S Disease ◽  
Alzheimer's Disease ◽  
Cost Utility ◽  
Transdermal Patch ◽  
The Us ◽  
The Cost

Sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the great saphenous vein

Phlebologie ◽  
2007 ◽  
Vol 36 (06) ◽  
pp. 309-312 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Schulz ◽  
M. Jünger ◽  
M. Hahn
Keyword(s):  
Saphenous Vein ◽  
Great Saphenous Vein ◽  
Clinical Stage ◽  
Clinical Signs ◽  
Cost Effective ◽  
Duplex Sonography ◽  
Foam Sclerotherapy ◽  
Average Loss ◽  
One Year ◽  
The Cost

Summary Objective: The goal of the study was to assess the effectiveness and patient tolerability of single-session, sonographically guided, transcatheter foam sclerotherapy and to evaluate its economic impact. Patients, methods: We treated 20 patients with a total of 22 varicoses of the great saphenous vein (GSV) in Hach stage III-IV, clinical stage C2-C5 and a mean GSV diameter of 9 mm (range: 7 to 13 mm). We used 10 ml 3% Aethoxysklerol®. Additional varicoses of the auxiliary veins of the GSV were sclerosed immediately afterwards. Results: The occlusion rate in the treated GSVs was 100% one week after therapy as demonstrated with duplex sonography. The cost of the procedure was 207.91 E including follow-up visit, with an average loss of working time of 0.6 days. After one year one patient showed clinical signs of recurrent varicosis in the GSV; duplex sonography showed reflux in the region of the saphenofemoral junction in a total of seven patients (32% of the treated GSVs). Conclusion: Transcatheter foam sclerotherapy of the GSV is a cost-effective, safe method of treating varicoses of GSV and broadens the spectrum of therapeutic options. Relapses can be re-treated inexpensively with sclerotherapy.

Preventing Premature Weaning: Management Options for Common Lactation Conditions, Including OMT

2020 ◽  
pp. 20-25
Author(s):  
Denise Sackett ◽  
Tala Dajani ◽  
David Shoup ◽  
Uzoma Ikonne
Keyword(s):  
Postpartum Depression ◽  
Family Physician ◽  
Treatment Options ◽  
World Health ◽  
Management Options ◽  
Pharmacological Management ◽  
Control And Prevention ◽  
Lactational Mastitis ◽  
One Year ◽  
Health Organization

The benefits of breastfeeding are well established. The World Health Organization and the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention recommend that mothers breastfeed infants for at least one year, but most children are not breastfed that long because of many factors. Breastfeeding mothers face many challenges to continued breastfeeding, including medical conditions that arise during this period, such as postpartum depression and lactational mastitis. Because of a perceived lack of consistent guidance on medication safety, it can be difficult for the family physician to treat these conditions while encouraging mothers to continue breastfeeding. The purpose of the current review is to summarize and clarify treatment options for the osteopathic family physician treating lactating mothers. We specifically focus on the pharmacological management of contraception, postpartum depression, and lactational mastitis.

The Application of American Models to the Experiences and Outcomes of Canadian and International Students Studying in Canada

2005 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
pp. 71-97 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Paul Grayson
Keyword(s):  
Academic Achievement ◽  
International Students ◽  
Pilot Study ◽  
Student Outcomes ◽  
First Year ◽  
Program Satisfaction ◽  
Canadian Universities ◽  
General Utility ◽  
American Students ◽  
The Us

In order to test the general utility of models developed in the US for explaining university outcomes of Canadian and international students, a three year study is currently underway at four Canadian universities. As a first step in this research, a pilot study with two objectives was conducted at York University in Toronto. The first objective is to compare the experiences and outcomes of domestic and international students in their first year of study. The second objective is to test the applicability of a parsimonious general model of student outcomes derived from examinations of American students to Canadian and international students studying in Canada. The specific outcomes examined are academic achievement, credit completion, and program satisfaction in the first year of study.

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