scholarly journals Are the Central East European Countries Pollution Havens?

2016 ◽  
Vol 26 (1) ◽  
pp. 25-50 ◽  
Author(s):  
Inmaculada Martínez-Zarzoso ◽  
Martina Vidovic ◽  
Anca M. Voicu
Keyword(s):  
Trade Flows ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Porter Hypothesis ◽  
Full Sample ◽  
East European ◽  
Weak Support ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
Pollution Havens ◽  
The Eu

The aim of this article is to investigate the relationship between environmental stringency and intra–European Union (EU) trade flows. Two main hypotheses are tested. First, we test whether the stringency of a country's environmental regulations may result in pollution havens. Second, we test whether the results differ by industry and by the EU membership tenure (EU-15 vs. the newly added Central East European Countries). An augmented gravity model is estimated using panel data for 21 countries during the period from 1999 to 2013 for the full sample and also separately for the Central East European Countries and the EU-15 members. Our results show weak support for the pollution haven hypothesis for some dirty industries, mainly for net exports from western EU countries to the rest. Instead, support for the “Porter hypothesis” is found for trade in clean goods.

Government failures and non-performing loans in European countries: a spatial approach

2021 ◽  
Vol ahead-of-print (ahead-of-print) ◽  
Author(s):  
Ferdinando Ofria ◽  
Massimo Mucciardi
Keyword(s):  
Public Debt ◽  
Geographically Weighted Regression ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Weighted Regression ◽  
Second Step ◽  
Ols Regression ◽  
Content Type ◽  
The Impact ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

PurposeThe purpose is to analyze the spatially varying impacts of corruption and public debt as % of GDP (proxies of government failures) on non-performing loans (NPLs) in European countries; comparing two periods: one prior to the crisis of 2007 and another one after that. The authors first modeled the NPLs with an ordinary lest square (OLS) regression and found clear evidence of spatial instability in the distribution of the residuals. As a second step, the authors utilized the geographically weighted regression (GWR) to explore regional variations in the relationship between NPLs and the proxies of “Government failures”.Design/methodology/approachThe authors first modeled the NPL with an OLS regression and found clear evidence of spatial instability in the distribution of the residuals. As a second step, the author utilized the Geographically Weighted Regression (GWR) (Fotheringham et al., 2002) to explore regional variations in the relationship between NPLs and proxies of “Government failures” (corruption and public debt as % of GDP).FindingsThe results confirm that corruption and public debt as % of GDP, after the crisis of 2007, have affected significantly on NPLs of the EU countries and the following countries neighboring the EU: Switzerland, Iceland, Norway, Montenegro, and Turkey.Originality/valueIn a spatial prospective, unprecedented in the literature, this research focused on the impact of corruption and public debt as % of GDP on NPLs in European countries. The positive correlation, as expected, between public debt and NPLs highlights that fiscal problems in Eurozone countries have led to an important rise of problem loans. The impact of institutional corruption on NPLs reports that the higher the corruption, the higher is the level of NPLs.

Are Croatian Courts Prepared for the Interpretive Obligation?

2019 ◽  
Vol 44 (4) ◽  
pp. 493-526
Author(s):  
Antonija Ivančan ◽  
Davor Petrić
Keyword(s):  
Legal Culture ◽  
Constitutional Court ◽  
National Courts ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

This article discusses compliance with the interpretive obligation by Croatian courts five years into Croatia’s membership in the EU. Our aim is to analyze whether Croatian courts have (and, if so, to what extent) accepted this obligation. We will first review the Croatian courts’ record of compliance with the interpretive obligation during the pre-accession period, and revisit some of the existing findings. In the second part, we turn to analysis of the Croatian courts’ record of compliance with the interpretive obligation following accession. Some of the key findings are: higher national courts have accepted that the EU interpretive obligation binds all national courts; lower national courts have fully embraced this obligation; the Constitutional Court struggles with adopting a clear position on the interpretive obligation. We conclude by observing whether EU membership has contributed to the transformation of legal culture and the relationship between different judicial instances in Croatia.

Wrestling an Alligator

Peacemakers ◽  
2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
James W. Pardew
Keyword(s):  
European Countries ◽  
American Military ◽  
Deputy Minister ◽  
East European ◽  
Military Equipment ◽  
The Eu ◽  
The Way

The T&E Program moves forward despite constant international interference and difficult relations between the Muslims and the Croats. The EU embargo on Bosnia prevents East European countries from selling equipment to the Federation. However, the Dutch agree to the sale of nonlethal trucks. The Secretaries of State and Defense demand the removal of the Bosnian Muslim Deputy Minister of Defense Cengic from his position. In a compromise, both the Muslim and Croat ministers in Bosnia are fired, clearing the way for the unloading of American military equipment destined for delivery to the Federation. Gradually, T&E makes progress, but serious problems remain between the Federation partners.

scholarly journals CENTRALISED OR DECENTRALISED PUBLIC FINANCING OF CLUSTERS

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 267-282
Author(s):  
Nataša URBANČÍKOVÁ ◽  
Peter BURGER
Keyword(s):  
Central Government ◽  
Innovation Performance ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Cluster Policy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Structural Funds ◽  
Regional Cluster ◽  
Community Programmes ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

The public funds have become a major source of finance for clusters in the last decade, also in European countries. The source of financing clusters and innovation performance of the countries is directly connected to subjects of the national/regional cluster policy, i.e. to its centralisation. The paper examines the relationship between European country attitude towards financial support provided for cluster and country innovative performance in a sample of 125 clusters from 25 European countries. The own empirical investigation is based on primary research using the Kruskal-Wallis test and Mann-Whitney tests with Bonferroni. The investigation is focused on facts whether statistically significant differences in the amount of subsidies from national, regional, local and “European” levels between clusters in European countries influence their level of innovation performance. The finding shows that there are no statistically significant differences in the exploitation of resources from the Structural Funds and community programmes of the EU in the examined clusters in the countries with different levels of innovation performance. However, the clusters in the countries with higher levels of innovation performance receive funds in the form of central government and regional self-government subsidies more frequently than the clusters in the countries with lower levels of innovation performance.

scholarly journals Trade creation and trade diversion effects from Croatia’s CEFTA and EU membership

2021 ◽  
Vol 72 (4) ◽  
pp. 489-521
Author(s):  
Hrvoje Jošić ◽  
Maja Bašić
Keyword(s):  
Random Effects ◽  
Trade Diversion ◽  
Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Flows ◽  
Regional Trade Agreements ◽  
Trade Creation ◽  
Total Trade ◽  
Regional Trade ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
The Eu

This paper provides a detailed empirical study of trade creation and trade diversion effects arising from Croatia's two regional trade agreements, the Central European Free Trade Agreement (CEFTA) and the European Union (the EU). It offers a foundation for discussion about future trade policies in terms of benefits and drawbacks from those regional trade agreements. Croatia’s imports, exports and total trade flows with 180 trading partner countries were examined for the period of 2000 – 2016. Cross-country panel regression using gravity model of international trade assessed pooled OLS, fixed and random effects, as well as more robust Tobit and PPML estimator models. The random effects model found positive effects of Croatia-CEFTA integration evident in trade creation in imports, exports and total trade flows. Croatia-EU integration exhibits no significant effect of trade creation in neither imports, exports nor total trade flows. Nonetheless, there is a trade diversion effect in cases of imports and total trade flows. In the Tobit model CEFTA created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, while the EU diverted trade in imports and total trade flows. Finally, the robust PPML estimator found that: (1) CEFTA membership created trade in imports, exports and total trade flows, and (2) the EU membership diverted trade in imports and exports, and created trade in total trade flows.

scholarly journals Romowie – wszędzie obcy. Przykład Francji i innych krajów europejskich

2017 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adam Pomieciński ◽  
Agnieszka Chwiediuk
Keyword(s):  
The Other ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Starting Point ◽  
The Status ◽  
Relationship Of ◽  
The Relationship ◽  
The Eu

Roma - Others Everywhere. An Example of France and Other European CountriesWhy Europe treats Roma as “others” and why Europe is “foreign” to Roma? The starting point is the relationship of domination of one collective entity – European countries which are affiliated to the EU on the other countries (groups having the status of minorities, the most marginalized and discriminated). This dependence describes the category of foreign, developed by Marc Augé as a concept “close-another”. Following this concept, the authors of the article distinguish four criteria of analysis: endoetnonim, language, habits (routine practices) and a place for life, which show the mechanism of differentiation and domination, present in most collective entities. The proposed approach has been applied to some European countries, in particular to France, which policy of domination/ discrimination against Roma provides many wondering examples, which are still worth a fundamental rethinking of the theoretical plane. Romowie – wszędzie obcy. Przykład Francji i innych krajów europejskichDlaczego Europa traktuje Romów jak „obcych” i dlaczego Romom „obca” jest Europa? Punktem wyjścia jest relacja dominacji jednego podmiotu zbiorowego, jakim są państwa europejskie zrzeszone w UE, nad drugim, czyli grupami mającymi status mniejszości, najczęściej zmarginalizowanej oraz dyskryminowanej. Tę zależność opisuje kategoria obcego, rozwinięta przez Marca Augé jako koncepcja „bliskiego-innego”. W nawiązaniu do niej autorzy artykułu wyodrębniają cztery kryteria analizy: endoetnonim, język, zwyczaje (praktyki rutynowe) oraz miejsce do życia, które ukazują mechanizm różnicowania oraz dominowania, obecny u większości podmiotów zbiorowych. Zaproponowane podejście zostało odniesione do krajów europejskich, w szczególności do Francji, której polityka dominacji/dyskryminacji wobec Romów dostarcza wielu zastanawiających przykładów wartych nadal dogłębnego przemyślenia teoretycznego.

Characteristics Development of Agriculture and Agricultural Policy Southeast European Countries

2016 ◽  
pp. 275-293 ◽  
Author(s):  
Zoran Simonovic ◽  
Predrag Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
Production Subsidies ◽  
Characteristics Development ◽  
The Eu

In general the agricultural policy South East European countries are characterized by high volatility, which is expressed in terms of applied instruments and measures as well as in regard to the products to which it relates. In the first phase of price and trade liberalization, most countries have abolished or significantly reduced non-tariff barriers to the import and export of a wide range of products. Also, most countries have reduced or abolished production subsidies and left import tariffs as the main instrument to protect producers. This chapter emphasizes that the further development of CAP in many ways depended on negotiations with the countries of Southeast Europe. Some of these countries are already in the EU and some candidate countries which are at different levels of negotiation with the EU. Southeast European countries are basically agricultural country with low productivity and low prices of agricultural products to be completely restructured. These countries can be reintegrated into CAP only respect the rules and with the help of EU member states.

Characteristics Development of Agriculture and Agricultural Policy Southeast European Countries

2020 ◽  
pp. 948-966
Author(s):  
Zoran Simonovic ◽  
Predrag Vukovic
Keyword(s):  
Agricultural Policy ◽  
European Countries ◽  
Southeast Europe ◽  
East European ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
High Volatility ◽  
Main Instrument ◽  
Production Subsidies ◽  
Characteristics Development ◽  
The Eu

In general the agricultural policy South East European countries are characterized by high volatility, which is expressed in terms of applied instruments and measures as well as in regard to the products to which it relates. In the first phase of price and trade liberalization, most countries have abolished or significantly reduced non-tariff barriers to the import and export of a wide range of products. Also, most countries have reduced or abolished production subsidies and left import tariffs as the main instrument to protect producers. This chapter emphasizes that the further development of CAP in many ways depended on negotiations with the countries of Southeast Europe. Some of these countries are already in the EU and some candidate countries which are at different levels of negotiation with the EU. Southeast European countries are basically agricultural country with low productivity and low prices of agricultural products to be completely restructured. These countries can be reintegrated into CAP only respect the rules and with the help of EU member states.

scholarly journals Strefa euro a nowe kraje członkowskie Unii Europejskiej - dywergencja czy konwergencja gospodarcza?

2004 ◽  
pp. 25-42
Author(s):  
Aldona Zawojska
Keyword(s):  
Eu Enlargement ◽  
Economic And Monetary Union ◽  
Economic Policies ◽  
Convergence Criteria ◽  
East European ◽  
Eu Member States ◽  
Eu Membership ◽  
Catch Up ◽  
The Eu

Economic and Monetary Union is unique in that it combines centralised conduct of monetary policy by the European Central Bank (ECB) with national sovereignty over fiscal and other economic policies. Its main goals are providing greater macroeconomic stability and improving economic efficiency in the euro area. After implementation of the EU enlargement on l May 2004, the ten new EU member states now face the challenge of joining the Eurozone. Central and East European Countries (CEEC) differ significantly with regards to their economic performance. Of the eight countries in Central and Eastern Europe joined the EU, only Estonia and Lithuania currently meet all the Maastricht convergence criteria. EU membership gives the opportunity to catch up, but the actual economic outcomes depend on the quality of domestic policies.

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