Considering a Meso-Ergonomic Factor: Can Accountability Reduce Errors?

2020 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 288-292
Author(s):  
Pouria Salehi ◽  
Erin K. Chiou
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Job Design ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Group ◽  
Quality Performance ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Security ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
Passive Group

Accountability is an ill-defined and underexplored concept in job design, particularly in highly proceduralized environments that must operate under both high throughput and high-security expectations. Using x-ray images from the Airport Scanner game, this paper investigates two mechanisms of accountability: an active condition, and a passive condition. Each group was shown a list of prohibited items, but different feedback was provided. The active group was asked to be vigilant for any possible threat, whereas the passive group was instructed to stick to the list. Data from 76 participants were collected. The active group took longer (+16%) to process fewer (-10%) x-ray images compared to the passive group. As a result, the active group accomplished fewer hits (-14%), but also fewer misses (-31%) compared to the other group. While the active group worked slower, they provided higher quality performance. We conclude that accountability mechanisms can reduce errors if applied appropriately.

Human Finger Independence: Limitations due to Passive Mechanical Coupling Versus Active Neuromuscular Control

2004 ◽  
Vol 92 (5) ◽  
pp. 2802-2810 ◽  
Author(s):  
Catherine E. Lang ◽  
Marc H. Schieber
Keyword(s):  
Neuromuscular Control ◽  
The Other ◽  
Passive Condition ◽  
Mechanical Coupling ◽  
Complete Independence ◽  
Active Condition ◽  
Middle Ring ◽  
Human Finger ◽  
Passive Movements ◽  
Flexion And Extension

We studied the extent to which mechanical coupling and neuromuscular control limit finger independence by studying passive and active individuated finger movements in healthy adults. For passive movements, subjects relaxed while each finger was rotated into flexion and extension by a custom-built device. For active movements, subjects moved each finger into flexion and extension while attempting to keep the other, noninstructed fingers still. Active movements were performed through approximately the same joint excursions and at approximately the same speeds as the passive movements. We quantified how mechanical coupling limited finger independence from the passive movements, and quantified how neuromuscular control limited finger independence using an analysis that subtracted the indices obtained in the passive condition from those obtained in the active condition. Finger independence was generally similar during passive and active movements, but showed a trend toward less independence in the middle, ring, and little fingers during active, large-arc movements. Mechanical coupling limited the independence of the index, middle, and ring fingers to the greatest degree, followed by the little finger, and placed only negligible limitations on the independence of the thumb. In contrast, neuromuscular control primarily limited the independence of the ring, and little fingers during large-arc movements, and had minimal effects on the other fingers, especially during small-arc movements. For the movement conditions tested here, mechanical coupling between the fingers appears to be a major factor limiting the complete independence of finger movement.

scholarly journals On the distribution of intensity in the X-ray spectra of certain long-chain organic compounds

1925 ◽  
Vol 108 (748) ◽  
pp. 655-666 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Single Molecule ◽  
Complete Solution ◽  
Point Of View ◽  
The Other ◽  
Active Group ◽  
X Rays ◽  
Simple Interpretation ◽  
X Ray ◽  
The One ◽  
Long Chain

Recently, many compounds, having as the basis of their structure a long chain of carbon atoms, have been investigated by means of X-rays. Although the complete solution of the crystal structure of these compounds presents great difficulties, certain measurements, which can readily be made, appear capable of a simple interpretation in terms of the molecular structure. It is found, for example, that there is one plane in the crystal which has a very much larger spacing than any of the others, and the magnitude of this spacing is very simply related to the number of carbon atoms in the molecule. In any series, as the molecular chain is increased by the continued addition of CH 2 groups, this spacing increases uniformly. This must mean that the molecules are oriented lengthwise between such planes, so that an increase in the length of the molecule results in a corresponding increase in the spacing. It does not follow that the molecules are so arranged that the direction of their length is perpendicular to these planes ; but, for any one series, the angle which this direction makes with the normal to the plane must remain very nearly constant; in certain series the molecules appear to be very nearly at right angles to the planes. A consideration of the results of many such measurements led to the conclusion that, from an X-ray point of view, the various series may be divided into two groups, ( a ) those in which the planes are separated by the length of a single molecule, ( b ) those in which the spacing corresponds to the length of two molecules. It is possible to predict with considerable certainty to which of these two classes a series will belong. If, at the end of the molecule, there is a group which is chemically active as in the cases of the fatty acids, alcohols, etc., series, it seems reasonable to conclude that, where the double length is found, the two molecules will be arranged end-to-end in opposite directions, the active group of the one molecule being oriented towards the active group of the other.

Microchemical imaging in biomedical research

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1118-1119
Author(s):  
P. Ingram
Keyword(s):  
Data Analysis ◽  
Electron Probe ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Cell Element ◽  
Physiological Information ◽  
Functional States ◽  
Elemental Maps ◽  
Electron Energy Loss ◽  
Secondary Ion

It is well established that unique physiological information can be obtained by rapidly freezing cells in various functional states and analyzing the cell element content and distribution by electron probe x-ray microanalysis. (The other techniques of microanalysis that are amenable to imaging, such as electron energy loss spectroscopy, secondary ion mass spectroscopy, particle induced x-ray emission etc., are not addressed in this tutorial.) However, the usual processes of data acquisition are labor intensive and lengthy, requiring that x-ray counts be collected from individually selected regions of each cell in question and that data analysis be performed subsequent to data collection. A judicious combination of quantitative elemental maps and static raster probes adds not only an additional overall perception of what is occurring during a particular biological manipulation or event, but substantially increases data productivity. Recent advances in microcomputer instrumentation and software have made readily feasible the acquisition and processing of digital quantitative x-ray maps of one to several cells.

The Electron Effect of Aromatic Group: Control Conformation of 2-Aromatic Cyclododecanone Derivatives

2020 ◽  
Vol 24 (10) ◽  
pp. 1139-1147
Author(s):  
Yang Mingyan ◽  
Wang Daoquan ◽  
Wang Mingan
Keyword(s):  
1H Nmr ◽  
13C Nmr ◽  
Nmr Spectra ◽  
Coupling Constants ◽  
The Other ◽  
Repulsive Interaction ◽  
X Ray Diffraction ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Electron Effect ◽  
Group Control

2-Phenylcyclododecanone and 2-cyclohexylcyclododecanone derivatives were synthesized and characterized by 1H NMR, 13C NMR, HR-ESI-MS and X-ray diffraction. Their preferred conformations were analyzed by the coupling constants in the 1H NMR spectra and X-ray diffraction, which showed the skeleton ring of these derivatives containing [3333]-2-one conformation, and the phenyl groups were located at the side-exo position of [3333]-2-one conformation due to the strong π-π repulsive interaction between the π- electron of benzene ring and π-electron of carbonyl group. The cyclohexyl groups were located at the corner-syn or the side-exo position of [3333]-2-one conformation depending on the hindrance of the other substituted groups. The π-π electron effect played a crucial role in efficiently controlling the preferred conformation of 2-aromatic cyclododecanone and the other 2-aromatic macrocyclic derivatives with the similar preferred square and rectangular conformations.

scholarly journals Database of ab initio L-edge X-ray absorption near edge structure

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Yiming Chen ◽  
Chi Chen ◽  
Chen Zheng ◽  
Shyam Dwaraknath ◽  
Matthew K. Horton ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
Scattering Theory ◽  
Research Community ◽  
Metal Compounds ◽  
Edge Structure ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Initial Release ◽  
Computational Workflow ◽  
X Ray Absorption

AbstractThe L-edge X-ray Absorption Near Edge Structure (XANES) is widely used in the characterization of transition metal compounds. Here, we report the development of a database of computed L-edge XANES using the multiple scattering theory-based FEFF9 code. The initial release of the database contains more than 140,000 L-edge spectra for more than 22,000 structures generated using a high-throughput computational workflow. The data is disseminated through the Materials Project and addresses a critical need for L-edge XANES spectra among the research community.

scholarly journals Adhesion of Triple-Negative Breast Cancer Cells under Fluorescent and Soft X-ray Contact Microscopy

2021 ◽  
Vol 22 (14) ◽  
pp. 7279
Author(s):  
Paulina Natalia Osuchowska ◽  
Przemysław Wachulak ◽  
Wiktoria Kasprzycka ◽  
Agata Nowak-Stępniowska ◽  
Maciej Wakuła ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Breast Cancer ◽  
Cancer Cells ◽  
Breast Cancer Cells ◽  
Cell Imaging ◽  
Triple Negative ◽  
The Other ◽  
Promising Technique ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Microscopy Technique ◽  
Cancer Cell Adhesion

Understanding cancer cell adhesion could help to diminish tumor progression and metastasis. Adhesion mechanisms are currently the main therapeutic target of TNBC-resistant cells. This work shows the distribution and size of adhesive complexes determined with a common fluorescence microscopy technique and soft X-ray contact microscopy (SXCM). The results presented here demonstrate the potential of applying SXCM for imaging cell protrusions with high resolution when the cells are still alive in a physiological buffer. The possibility to observe the internal components of cells at a pristine and hydrated state with nanometer resolution distinguishes SXCM from the other more commonly used techniques for cell imaging. Thus, SXCM can be a promising technique for investigating the adhesion and organization of the actin cytoskeleton in cancer cells.

scholarly journals X-ray variability of the HMXB Cen X-3: evidence for inhomogeneous accretion flows.

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
G Sanjurjo-Ferrín ◽  
J M Torrejón ◽  
K Postnov ◽  
L Oskinova ◽  
J J Rodes-Roca ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Equivalent Width ◽  
Compact Star ◽  
Timing Analysis ◽  
Roche Lobe ◽  
The Other ◽  
Emission Lines ◽  
High Mass ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Accretion Flows ◽  
Inner Radius

Abstract Cen X-3 is a compact high mass X-ray binary likely powered by Roche lobe overflow. We present a phase-resolved X-ray spectral and timing analysis of two pointed XMM-Newton observations. The first one took place during a normal state of the source, when it has a luminosity LX ∼ 1036 erg s−1. This observation covered orbital phases φ = 0.00 − 0.37, i.e. the egress from the eclipse. The egress lightcurve is highly structured, showing distinctive intervals. We argue that different intervals correspond to the emergence of different emitting structures. The lightcurve analysis enables us to estimate the size of such structures around the compact star, the most conspicuous of which has a size ∼0.3R*, of the order of the Roche lobe radius. During the egress, the equivalent width of Fe emission lines, from highly ionized species, decreases as the X-ray continuum grows. On the other hand, the equivalent width of the Fe Kα line, from near neutral Fe, strengthens. This line is likely formed due to the X-ray illumination of the accretion stream. The second observation was taken when the source was 10 times X-ray brighter and covered the orbital phases φ = 0.36 − 0.80. The X-ray lightcurve in the high state shows dips. These dips are not caused by absorption but can be due to instabilities in the accretion stream. The typical dip duration, of about 1000 s, is much longer than the timescale attributed to the accretion of the clumpy stellar wind of the massive donor star, but is similar to the viscous timescale at the inner radius of the accretion disk.

scholarly journals Searching novel complex solid solution electrocatalysts in unconventional element combinations

Nano Research ◽  
2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Olga A. Krysiak ◽  
Simon Schumacher ◽  
Alan Savan ◽  
Wolfgang Schuhmann ◽  
Alfred Ludwig ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Throughput ◽  
High Throughput Screening ◽  
Active Sites ◽  
Search Space ◽  
Reduction Reaction ◽  
Film Material ◽  
X Ray ◽  
High Entropy ◽  
Catalyst Composition ◽  
Scanning Transmission

AbstractDespite outstanding accomplishments in catalyst discovery, finding new, more efficient, environmentally neutral, and noble metal-free catalysts remains challenging and unsolved. Recently, complex solid solutions consisting of at least five different elements and often named as high-entropy alloys have emerged as a new class of electrocatalysts for a variety of reactions. The multicomponent combinations of elements facilitate tuning of active sites and catalytic properties. Predicting optimal catalyst composition remains difficult, making testing of a very high number of them indispensable. We present the high-throughput screening of the electrochemical activity of thin film material libraries prepared by combinatorial co-sputtering of metals which are commonly used in catalysis (Pd, Cu, Ni) combined with metals which are not commonly used in catalysis (Ti, Hf, Zr). Introducing unusual elements in the search space allows discovery of catalytic activity for hitherto unknown compositions. Material libraries with very similar composition spreads can show different activities vs. composition trends for different reactions. In order to address the inherent challenge of the huge combinatorial material space and the inability to predict active electrocatalyst compositions, we developed a high-throughput process based on co-sputtered material libraries, and performed high-throughput characterization using energy dispersive X-ray spectroscopy (EDS), scanning transmission electron microscopy (SEM), X-ray diffraction (XRD) and conductivity measurements followed by electrochemical screening by means of a scanning droplet cell. The results show surprising material compositions with increased activity for the oxygen reduction reaction and the hydrogen evolution reaction. Such data are important input data for future data-driven materials prediction.

scholarly journals Determination of the Height of Hard X-Ray Sources in the Solar Atmosphere by Measurement of Photospheric Albedo Photons

1975 ◽  
Vol 68 ◽  
pp. 239-241
Author(s):  
John C. Brown ◽  
H. F. Van Beek
Keyword(s):  
Solar Atmosphere ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Theoretical Predictions ◽  
Source Models ◽  
The One

SummaryThe importance and difficulties of determining the height of hard X-ray sources in the solar atmosphere, in order to distinguish source models, have been discussed by Brown and McClymont (1974) and also in this Symposium (Brown, 1975; Datlowe, 1975). Theoretical predictions of this height, h, range between and 105 km above the photosphere for different models (Brown and McClymont, 1974; McClymont and Brown, 1974). Equally diverse values have been inferred from observations of synchronous chromospheric EUV bursts (Kane and Donnelly, 1971) on the one hand and from apparently behind-the-limb events (e.g. Datlowe, 1975) on the other.

scholarly journals White Dwarf Masses and Accretion Rates of Recurrent Novae: an X-ray Perspective

2011 ◽  
Vol 7 (S281) ◽  
pp. 186-189
Author(s):  
Koji Mukai ◽  
Jennifer L. Sokoloski ◽  
Thomas Nelson ◽  
Gerardo J. M. Luna
Keyword(s):  
White Dwarf ◽  
Cataclysmic Variables ◽  
The Other ◽  
X Ray ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
Accretion Rates

AbstractWe present recent results of quiescent X-ray observations of recurrent novae (RNe) and related objects. Several RNe are luminous hard X-ray sources in quiescence, consistent with accretion onto a near Chandrasekhar mass white dwarf. Detection of similar hard X-ray emissions in old novae and other cataclysmic variables may lead to identification of additional RNe candidates. On the other hand, other RNe are found to be comparatively hard X-ray faint. We present several scenarios that may explain this dichotomy, which should be explored further.

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