Visual attention and steering wheel control: From engagement to disengagement of Tesla Autopilot

2021 ◽  
Vol 65 (1) ◽  
pp. 1390-1394
Author(s):  
Alberto Morando ◽  
Pnina Gershon ◽  
Bruce Mehler ◽  
Bryan Reimer
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Visual Attention ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Control Level ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Steering Wheel ◽  
Engagement And Disengagement ◽  
Over Time ◽  
Partial Automation

Previous research indicates that drivers may forgo their supervisory role with partial-automation. We investigated if this behavior change is the result of the time automation was active. Naturalistic data was collected from 16 Tesla owners driving under free-flow highway conditions. We coded glance location and steering-wheel control level around Tesla Autopilot (AP) engagements, driver-initiated AP disengagements, and AP steady-state use in-between engagement and disengagement. Results indicated that immediately after AP engagement, glances downwards and to the center-stack increased above 18% and there was a 32% increase in the proportion of hands-free driving. The decrease in driver engagement in driving was not gradual over-time but occurred immediately after engaging AP. These behaviors were maintained throughout the drive with AP until drivers approached AP disengagement. In conclusion, drivers may not be using AP as recommended (intentionally or not), reinforcing the call for improved ways to ensure drivers’ supervisory role when using partial-automation.

Calibration 7" – Cutthroat Flume as New Size for Discharge Measurement at Free Flow Condition

2020 ◽  
Vol 38 (12A) ◽  
pp. 1783-1789
Author(s):  
Jaafar S. Matooq ◽  
Muna J. Ibraheem
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Flow Condition ◽  
Laboratory Experiments ◽  
Free Flow ◽  
Experimental Program ◽  
Steady State Flow ◽  
Empirical Formulas ◽  
State Flow ◽  
Operation Conditions ◽  
Throat Width

 This paper aims to conduct a series of laboratory experiments in case of steady-state flow for the new size 7 ̋ throat width (not presented before) of the cutthroat flume. For this size, five different lengths were adopted 0.535, 0.46, 0.40, 0.325 and 0.27m these lengths were adopted based on the limitations of the available flume. The experimental program has been followed to investigate the hydraulic characteristic and introducing the calibrated formula for free flow application within the discharge ranged between 0.006 and 0.025 m3/s. The calibration result showed that, under suitable operation conditions, the suggested empirical formulas can accurately predict the values of discharge within an error ± 3%.

scholarly journals Steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ above MLSS: evidence that critical speed better represents maximal metabolic steady state in well-trained runners

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rebekah J. Nixon ◽  
Sascha H. Kranen ◽  
Anni Vanhatalo ◽  
Andrew M. Jones
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Critical Speed ◽  
Lactate Concentration ◽  
Practical Interest ◽  
Blood Lactate Concentration ◽  
Distance Runners ◽  
Severe Intensity ◽  
The Stability ◽  
Trained Runners ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe metabolic boundary separating the heavy-intensity and severe-intensity exercise domains is of scientific and practical interest but there is controversy concerning whether the maximal lactate steady state (MLSS) or critical power (synonymous with critical speed, CS) better represents this boundary. We measured the running speeds at MLSS and CS and investigated their ability to discriminate speeds at which $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 was stable over time from speeds at which a steady-state $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 could not be established. Ten well-trained male distance runners completed 9–12 constant-speed treadmill tests, including 3–5 runs of up to 30-min duration for the assessment of MLSS and at least 4 runs performed to the limit of tolerance for assessment of CS. The running speeds at CS and MLSS were significantly different (16.4 ± 1.3 vs. 15.2 ± 0.9 km/h, respectively; P < 0.001). Blood lactate concentration was higher and increased with time at a speed 0.5 km/h higher than MLSS compared to MLSS (P < 0.01); however, pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 did not change significantly between 10 and 30 min at either MLSS or MLSS + 0.5 km/h. In contrast, $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 increased significantly over time and reached $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2\,\,\max }$$ V ˙ O 2 max at end-exercise at a speed ~ 0.4 km/h above CS (P < 0.05) but remained stable at a speed ~ 0.5 km/h below CS. The stability of $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 at a speed exceeding MLSS suggests that MLSS underestimates the maximal metabolic steady state. These results indicate that CS more closely represents the maximal metabolic steady state when the latter is appropriately defined according to the ability to stabilise pulmonary $$\dot{V}{\text{O}}_{2}$$ V ˙ O 2 .

scholarly journals The Importance of Studying Health Behavior in Older Adults

2020 ◽  
Vol 4 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 827-827
Author(s):  
Jaime Hughes ◽  
Susan Hughes ◽  
Mina Raj ◽  
Janet Bettger
Keyword(s):  
Social Support ◽  
Older Adults ◽  
Behavior Change ◽  
Chronic Conditions ◽  
Population Level ◽  
Multiple Chronic Conditions ◽  
Prior Work ◽  
Time Changes ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Over Time

Abstract Behavior change is an inherent aspect of routine geriatric care. However, most research and clinical programs emphasis how to initiate behavior change with less emphasis placed on skills and strategies to maintain behaviors over time, including after an intervention has concluded. This presentation will provide an introduction to the symposium, including a review of prior work and our rationale for studying the critical yet overlooked construct of maintenance in older adults. Several key considerations in our work include the impact of multiple chronic conditions, declines in cognitive and functional capacity over time, changes in environmental context and/or social support, and sustainability of community and population-level programs and services.

scholarly journals Glimpse: A Gaze-Based Measure of Temporal Salience

Sensors ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (9) ◽  
pp. 3099
Author(s):  
V. Javier Traver ◽  
Judith Zorío ◽  
Luis A. Leiva
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Computational Models ◽  
Temporal Evolution ◽  
Temporal Consistency ◽  
Visual Salience ◽  
Temporal Dimension ◽  
Spatial Perspective ◽  
Spatio Temporal ◽  
Scoring Algorithms ◽  
Over Time

Temporal salience considers how visual attention varies over time. Although visual salience has been widely studied from a spatial perspective, its temporal dimension has been mostly ignored, despite arguably being of utmost importance to understand the temporal evolution of attention on dynamic contents. To address this gap, we proposed Glimpse, a novel measure to compute temporal salience based on the observer-spatio-temporal consistency of raw gaze data. The measure is conceptually simple, training free, and provides a semantically meaningful quantification of visual attention over time. As an extension, we explored scoring algorithms to estimate temporal salience from spatial salience maps predicted with existing computational models. However, these approaches generally fall short when compared with our proposed gaze-based measure. Glimpse could serve as the basis for several downstream tasks such as segmentation or summarization of videos. Glimpse’s software and data are publicly available.

Does What We See Shape History? Examining Workload History as a Function of Performance and Ambient/Focal Visual Attention

2021 ◽  
Vol 18 (2) ◽  
pp. 1-17
Author(s):  
Shannon P. Devlin ◽  
Jennifer K. Byham ◽  
Sara Lu Riggs
Keyword(s):  
Visual Attention ◽  
Eye Tracking ◽  
Performance Measure ◽  
Task Demands ◽  
Unexpected Finding ◽  
Impact Performance ◽  
History Effects ◽  
And Performance ◽  
Workload History ◽  
Over Time

Changes in task demands can have delayed adverse impacts on performance. This phenomenon, known as the workload history effect, is especially of concern in dynamic work domains where operators manage fluctuating task demands. The existing workload history literature does not depict a consistent picture regarding how these effects manifest, prompting research to consider measures that are informative on the operator's process. One promising measure is visual attention patterns, due to its informativeness on various cognitive processes. To explore its ability to explain workload history effects, participants completed a task in an unmanned aerial vehicle command and control testbed where workload transitioned gradually and suddenly. The participants’ performance and visual attention patterns were studied over time to identify workload history effects. The eye-tracking analysis consisted of using a recently developed eye-tracking metric called coefficient K , as it indicates whether visual attention is more focal or ambient. The performance results found workload history effects, but it depended on the workload level, time elapsed, and performance measure. The eye-tracking analysis suggested performance suffered when focal attention was deployed during low workload, which was an unexpected finding. When synthesizing these results, they suggest unexpected visual attention patterns can impact performance immediately over time. Further research is needed; however, this work shows the value of including a real-time visual attention measure, such as coefficient K , as a means to understand how the operator manages varying task demands in complex work environments.

scholarly journals Stability of Auditory Steady State Responses Over Time

2018 ◽  
Vol 39 (2) ◽  
pp. 260-268 ◽  
Author(s):  
Maaike Van Eeckhoutte ◽  
Robert Luke ◽  
Jan Wouters ◽  
Tom Francart
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Steady State Responses ◽  
Auditory Steady State Responses ◽  
State Responses ◽  
Over Time

Exploration of an Electroactive Polymer as an Actuator for Microrobotics

2003 ◽  
Vol 785 ◽  
Author(s):  
C. Bielmeier ◽  
W. Walter
Keyword(s):  
Steady State ◽  
Power Consumption ◽  
Parallel Plate ◽  
Electroactive Polymers ◽  
Electroactive Polymer ◽  
Low Power Consumption ◽  
Parallel Plate Capacitor ◽  
Steady State Current ◽  
A Current ◽  
Over Time

ABSTRACTThe development of lightweight low power consumption actuators is critical to the development of micro-robotics. Electroactive Polymers (EAP), i.e. Nafion N-117, meet these requirements. In the actuation of an EAP, the current does not remain constant over time. The development of a circuit model of current draw over time to best predict a current dynamic has been explored. While the material mimics a parallel plate capacitor, it has been found that capacitance plays no role in achieving steady state current levels. This development is critical to understanding and developing the material as an actuator.

Optical Studies of porous Silicon

1993 ◽  
Vol 298 ◽  
Author(s):  
T. Lin ◽  
M. E. Sixta ◽  
J. N. Cox ◽  
M. E. Delaney
Keyword(s):  
Optical Properties ◽  
Fourier Transform ◽  
Steady State ◽  
Porous Silicon ◽  
Ftir Spectroscopy ◽  
Optical Studies ◽  
Etched Silicon ◽  
Bending Modes ◽  
P Type ◽  
Over Time

AbstractThe optical properties of both electrochemically anodized and chemically stain-etched porous silicon are presented. Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy showed that absorbance in stain-etched samples was 3x and 1.7x greater than in anodized samples for the SiH/SiH2 stretch and scissors-bending modes, respectively. Also, oxygen is detected in stain-etched samples immediately after formation, unlike anodized samples. Photoluminescence measurements showed different steady state characteristics. Electrochemical-etched silicon samples stored in air increased in photoluminescent intensity over time, unlike the stain-etched samples. A photoluminescent device made by anodization on epitaxial p-type material (0.4 Ωm) on n-type substrate (0.1 Ω-cm) did not exhibit electroluminescence.

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