Legal and Ethical Analysis of Advertising for Elective Egg Freezing

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 748-764 ◽  
Author(s):  
Michelle J. Bayefsky
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Medical Evidence ◽  
Younger Women ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Balanced Approach ◽  
American Society ◽  
Egg Freezing

This paper reviews common advertising claims by egg freezing companies and evaluates the medical evidence behind those claims. It then surveys legal standards for truth in advertising, including FTC and FDA regulations and the First Amendment right to free speech. Professional standards for medical advertising, such as guidelines published by the American Society for Reproductive Medicine (ASRM), the American College of Obstetricians and Gynecologists (ACOG), and the American Medical Association (AMA), are also summarized. A number of claims, many of which relate to the targeting of younger women for eOC, are found to breach legal and ethical standards for truth in advertising. The ethical implications of misleading advertising claims are also discussed, and the central narrative woven by OC ads — that egg freezing is empowering to women — is examined. The paper concludes that a more balanced approach to the risks and benefits of OC is necessary to truly respect women's autonomy. Moreover, justice requires us to look beyond a medical procedure accessible only to a minority of women in order to address inequities in the workplace.

Difficulties in Providing Intensive Care

PEDIATRICS ◽  
1979 ◽  
Vol 64 (1) ◽  
pp. 10-16
Author(s):  
Joel E. Frader
Keyword(s):  
Intensive Care ◽  
Life Support ◽  
Medical Science ◽  
Pediatric Intensive Care ◽  
Pilot Project ◽  
Functional Responses ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Catastrophic Illness ◽  
Decision Making Processes ◽  
American Society

The results of a pilot project investigating the feelings, attitudes, and behavior of physicians working in a pediatric intensive care unit are presented. With recent technologic advances in our capacity to help patients suffering from catastrophic illness, various segments of American society have become concerned about the unrestricted use of medical science. Questions have arisen about the economic costs, long-term medical out-come, emotional costs to patients and families, legal problems, and ethical implications of "heroic" therapy. By contrast, we have asked relatively few questions about the social processes involved in providing intensive care. We know little about the emotional and functional responses of the physicians in critical care facilities, and their decision making processes remain obscure. This investigation evolved from the conviction that environments comprised of sophisticated medical technology and extensive life support systems pose pressing problems for those working and learning in them.

Step 1: Preparing

2013 ◽  
pp. 42-56
Author(s):  
Mary Alice Fisher
Keyword(s):  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Practice Model ◽  
Ethical Implications

Chapter 4 walks therapists through Step 1 - some of the preparation that is required for protecting patients’ confidentiality rights. This is presented as the first Step in the Confidentiality Practice Model (Box 3.1 in Chapter 3) because some of the most important decisions a therapist makes about confidentiality must be made before the patient arrives. It includes learning ethical standards that define confidentiality, learning laws that can affect therapists’ ability to protect confidentiality, organizing laws based on their ethical implications, obtaining consultation and developing resources, making difficult decisions, and practice pointers.

Anticoagulation in Regional Anesthesia

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Issam A. Mardini ◽  
Jiabin Liu ◽  
Nabil Elkassabany
Keyword(s):  
Elderly Patient ◽  
Regional Anesthesia ◽  
The Elderly ◽  
Orthopedic Procedures ◽  
Pain Medicine ◽  
Cardiovascular Risks ◽  
Nerve Blocks ◽  
Peripheral Nerve Blocks ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
American Society

Regional anesthesia and analgesia provide attractive options for patients undergoing major orthopedic procedures. The use of anticoagulation medications in the elderly patient population and in patients with cardiovascular risks is very common. The guidelines from the American Society of Regional Anesthesia and Pain Medicine (ASRA) and other societies have been adopted widely over many years. The guidelines provide a basis for adequate delay intervals between dosing of medications and performing neuraxial or peripheral nerve blocks (PNBs), thus allowing for safer practice of regional anesthesia. Following guidelines never eliminates risk, but it allows balanced clinical practice by physicians in regard to the risks and benefits for individual patients.

Ethical and Legal Standards in Social Work: Consistency and Conflict

2005 ◽  
Vol 86 (2) ◽  
pp. 163-169 ◽  
Author(s):  
Frederic G. Reamer
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Social Work ◽  
Social Workers ◽  
Legal Issues ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Comprehensive Overview ◽  
Case Examples ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Ethical And Legal Issues ◽  
The Relationship

Social workers frequently encounter circumstances involving ethical and legal issues. In many instances, relevant ethical and legal standards complement each other; however, in some circumstances, ethical and legal standards conflict. This article provides a comprehensive overview of the relationship between U.S. ethical and legal standards in social work. The author presents a conceptually based typology of 4 types of relationships between legal and ethical standards. Case examples are included. The author concludes with a decision-making framework designed to enhance social workers' constructive management of difficult decisions involving ethical and legal standards.

scholarly journals Nerve Surgeons’ Assessment of the Role of Eduard Pernkopf ’s Atlas of Topographic and Applied Human Anatomy in Surgical Practice

2021 ◽  
Vol 45 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Andrew Yee ◽  
Demetrius M. Coombs ◽  
Sabine Hildebrandt ◽  
William E. Seidelman ◽  
J. Henk Coert ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Peripheral Nerves ◽  
Surgical Planning ◽  
Third Reich ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
The Holocaust ◽  
The Third Reich ◽  
American Society ◽  
Medical University

Pernkopf's Atlas of Anatomy contains anatomical plates with detailed images of the peripheral nerves. Its use is controversial due to the author's association with the "Third Reich" and the potential depiction of victims of the Holocaust. The ethical implications of using this atlas for informing surgical planning have not been assessed. Our objectives were: (1) assess the role of Pernkopf's atlas in nerve surgeons' current practice, and (2) determine whether a proposal for its ethical handling may provide possible guidance for use in surgery and surgical education. Published in NEUROSURGERY, Volume 84, Number 2, February 2019Presented at the American Society of Peripheral Nerve, 27th Annual Meeting,Phoenix, Arizona, January 12-14, 2018.Copyright ©2018 by the Congress of Neurological Surgeons, republished in the JBC Special Issue with permission. Image credit: Table of Contents image provided by the Medical University of Vienna, MUW-AD-003250-5-ABB-376  

Synthetic biology in space: considering the broad societal and ethical implications

2012 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 133-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Margaret S. Race ◽  
Jacob Moses ◽  
Christopher McKay ◽  
Kasthuri J. Venkateswaran
Keyword(s):  
Decision Making ◽  
Synthetic Biology ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Analytical Framework ◽  
Space Applications ◽  
Planetary Protection ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Long Duration ◽  
Similarities And Differences

AbstractAlthough the field of synthetic biology is still in its infancy, there are expectations for great advances in the coming decades, both on Earth and potentially in space. Promising applications for long duration space missions include a variety of biologically engineered products and biologically aided processes and technologies, which will undoubtedly be scrutinized for risks and benefits in the broad context of ethical, legal and social realms. By comparing and contrasting features of Earth-based and space-applied synthetic biology, it is possible to identify the likely similarities and differences, and to identify possible challenges ahead for space applications that will require additional research, both in the short and long terms. Using an analytical framework associated with synthetic biology and new technologies on Earth, this paper analyses the kinds of issues and concerns ahead, and identifies those areas where space applications may require additional examination. In general, while Earth- and space-based synthetic biology share many commonalities, space applications have additional challenges such as those raised by space microbiology and environmental factors, legal complications, planetary protection, lack of decision-making infrastructure(s), long duration human missions, terraforming and the possible discovery of extraterrestrial (ET) life. For synthetic biology, the way forward offers many exciting opportunities, but is not without legitimate concerns – for life, environments and society, both on Earth and beyond.

Why we disagree about assisted migration: Ethical implications of a key debate regarding the future of Canada's forests

2011 ◽  
Vol 87 (06) ◽  
pp. 755-765 ◽  
Author(s):  
I. Aubin ◽  
C.M. Garbe ◽  
S. Colombo ◽  
C.R. Drever ◽  
D.W. McKenney ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Climate Change ◽  
Conservation Biology ◽  
Ethical Question ◽  
Current Debate ◽  
Ecological Risks ◽  
Assisted Migration ◽  
Natural Systems ◽  
Ethical Implications ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
The Future

Assisted migration has been proposed as one tool to reduce some of the negative ecological consequences of climate change. The idea is to move species to locations that could better suit them climatically in the future. Although humanmediated movements are not a recent phenomenon, assisted migration has lately been the source of debate, in particular within conservation biology circles. In this paper, we outline the major perspectives that help define differing views on assisted migration and shed some light on the ethical roots of the debate in the context of Canadian forests. We emphasize that there are many different forms of assisted migration, each responding to different (often unstated) objectives and involving unique risks and benefits, thus making the debate more nuanced than often portrayed. We point out certain seeming contradictions whereby the same argument may be used to both support and oppose assisted migration. The current debate on assisted migration primarily focuses on ecological risks and benefits; however, numerous uncertainties reduce our capacity to quantitatively assess these outcomes. In fact, much of the debate can be traced back to fundamental perspectives on nature, particularly to the ethical question of whether to deliberately manage natural systems or allow them to adapt on their own. To facilitate discussion, we suggest that the focus should move towards a clearer identification of values and objectives for assisted migration.

Duration of immunity induced by companion animal vaccines

2010 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 165-190 ◽  
Author(s):  
James A. Roth ◽  
Anna Rovid Spickler
Keyword(s):  
Adverse Effects ◽  
Companion Animal ◽  
Host Factors ◽  
Medical Procedure ◽  
Individual Animal ◽  
Risks And Benefits ◽  
Population Immunity ◽  
Advisory Groups ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
Areas Of Concern

AbstractConcerns about possible adverse effects from annual vaccination have prompted the reanalysis of vaccine protocols for cats and dogs. In the last decade, several veterinary advisory groups have published protocols that recommend extended revaccination intervals for certain ‘core’ vaccines. In addition, practicing veterinarians have been asked to consider vaccination as an individualized medical procedure, based on an analysis of risks and benefits for each vaccine in an individual animal. The calls for extended revaccination intervals prompted considerable debate in USA and internationally. Areas of concern include the amount of evidence to support prolonged immunity from various vaccines, the risk of poor responses in individual animals and the possible effects on population immunity. This review examines how the duration of immunity (DOI) to a vaccine is established in animals and humans. It reviews factors that can affect the DOI in an individual animal, including the types of immune defenses stimulated by the pathogen, and the vaccine, host factors such as age and the level of exposure to the pathogen. In addition, it examines DOI studies that were published for canine and feline core vaccines.

How Should Ethics Consultants Weigh the Law (and other Authoritative Directives)?

2020 ◽  
Vol 48 (4) ◽  
pp. 768-777
Author(s):  
Peter Koch
Keyword(s):  
Clinical Ethics ◽  
Institutional Setting ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
Recent Scholarship ◽  
Exclusionary Reason ◽  
The Law ◽  
Normative Considerations

In the continuing debate about the role of the Clinical Ethics Consultant in performing clinical ethics consultations, it is often assumed that consultants should operate within ethical and legal standards. Recent scholarship has focused primarily on clarifying the consultant's role with respect to the ethical standards that serve as parameters of consulting. In the following, however, I wish to address the question of how the ethics consultant should weigh legal standards and, more broadly, how consultants might weigh authoritative directives, whether legal, institutional, or professional, against other normative considerations. I argue that consultants should reject the view that authoritative directives carry exclusionary reason for actions and, further, ethicists should interpret directives as lacking any moral weight qua authoritative directive. I then identify both implications and limitations of this view with respect to the evolving role of the ethics consultant in an institutional setting, and in doing so propose the kinds of considerations the ethicist should weigh when presented with an authoritative directive.

scholarly journals REPRODUCTIVE CHOICE: INTERNATIONAL ETHICAL STANDARDS AND PROSPECTS FOR LEGAL REGULATION IN CERTAIN EUROPEAN COUNTRIES

2020 ◽  
Vol 73 (9) ◽  
pp. 2056-2061
Author(s):  
Kateryna V. Nykolyna
Keyword(s):  
Legal Regulation ◽  
European Countries ◽  
World Health ◽  
Ethical Standards ◽  
Reproductive Choice ◽  
Reproductive Autonomy ◽  
The Public ◽  
Legal Standards ◽  
The Usa ◽  
Health Organization

The aim: The article is aimed at elucidating the prospects for the formation of universal ethical and legal standards in the work of medical workers in order to ensure the reproductive choice of a person according to the analysis of international documents, court practice of the ECHR, and the national legislation of individual European countries. Materials and methods: Research materials include scientific developments of both domestic and Western theorists and human rights defenders in the field of medical law in the aspect of reproductive choice. The recommendations of the Center for Reproductive Rights in the USA, the World Health Organization, the United Nations, and the ECHR practices were of great importance. This article used the methods of searching, analyzing, organizing, and summarizing information. Conclusions: It is necessary to ensure the provision and guarantee of reproductive choice for everyone at the level of the Constitution. Given the public debate about the contradictions of individual manifestations of reproductive autonomy, it is proposed at the first stage of legal regulation to develop national principles and ethical standards for medical workers in this area

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