Leonardo da Vinci on the Brain and Eye

1997 ◽  
Vol 3 (5) ◽  
pp. 347-355 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles G. Gross
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Da Vinci ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Leonardo Da Vinci ◽  
The Body ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Deep Interest

Leonardo Da Vinci had a deep interest in the structure and function of the body. His drawings are the oldest surviving naturalistic depictions of human anatomy. This article examines seven of his drawings of the nervous system. In the earlier ones, he is almost totally bound by medieval tradition. Later, his drawings become more closely tied to his own dissections, and he invents new ways of representing the results of anatomical investigation. NEUROSCIENTIST 3:347–354, 1997

scholarly journals VII. The David Ferrier Lecture - On some correlations between skull and brain

1932 ◽  
Vol 221 (474-482) ◽  
pp. 391-429 ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
National Tradition ◽  
Degree Of Exactness ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Made In

Mr . President and Gentlemen, My most pleasant duty to-day is to thank your Council for the honour that it has conferred upon me by inviting me to give the second lecture in memory of the late Sir David Ferrier. I have accepted this invitation with feelings of gratitude, not only to your Council, but also for the contributions made in this country to our knowledge of the structure and function of the nervous system. Among these, the works of Sir David Ferrier, however prominent, only stand out as a conspicuous example of a national tradition, maintained in recent years, both in the Physiology and Anatomy of the brain. The task I have accepted is not an easy one, the less so as the first Ferrier lecture was given by Sir Charles Sherrington who, in both the methods and results of his investigations, attained a degree of exactness at which morphologists aim in vain.

scholarly journals Die brein soos beskou deur die Grieke en Romeine

2015 ◽  
Vol 34 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Francois P. Retief ◽  
Louise Cilliers
Keyword(s):  
Brain Function ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Ancient Egypt ◽  
Human Anatomy ◽  
Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
Human Anatomy And Physiology ◽  
And Function ◽  
Remarkable Advance ◽  
The Brain

In Ancient Egypt mummification was associated with extensive organ resection, but the brain was removed through a hole cut in the ethnocide bone. It was thus not observed as an organ. Greek writers of the 6th and 5th centuries BC originally said the brain was the seat of intelligence, the organ of sensory perception and partially the origin of sperm. The substance pneuma, originating from fresh air, played an essential role in brain function. Hippocrates initially described the brain as a double organ, covered by meninges and responsible for perception. Contemporaries like Plato, Aristotle and Diocles confirmed the findings though the latter two considered the heart to be the centre of intelligence. During the late 4th century BC, with the onset of the Hellenistic era of medicine, dissection of the human body was temporarily allowed at the medical school of Alexandria, and this led to a remarkable advance in the understanding of human anatomy and physiology under Herophilus and Erasistratus. Their excellent descriptions of the structure and function of the brain was only matched and surpassed by Galen in the 2nd century AD.

Traumatic brain injuries and transportation occupations

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (05) ◽  
Author(s):  
Jasmine Davis ◽  
Danielle Henry
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Injuries ◽  
New Technologies ◽  
Traumatic Brain Injuries ◽  
The Body ◽  
Learning Ability ◽  
Post Traumatic Stress ◽  
Emotional Ability ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

The human brain is a very powerful tool. It allows us to see, remember, understand, and learn. With new technologies being discovered every day, scientists are able to discover how people acquire, process, and store information. New technologies such as magnetic resonance imaging (MRIs) allow scientist understand how the brain reacts to a particular stimulus or how brain structure can affect a person’s health and personality. The brain and nervous system works hand-in-hand and coexist in order to function everyday life. The study of the function and structure of the nervous system is neuroanatomy. These nerves work together to receive and send messages from the central nervous system to the rest of the body. The messages travels almost instantly to any part of the body within seconds. Brain communication and function correlates to the ability to do work with information. This includes cognitive thinking and behavior. The cognition aspect of the brain involves the intellect and learning ability of the brain. On the other hand, the behavior aspect of the brain involves the emotional ability of the brain. The cognitive and behavioral aspects are not just singled out to humans with normal, operable abilities. These aspects stretch as far as aging in dogs, people who suffer with depression and cannot cope with proper thinking, people who have suffered from traumatic brain injuries, and those who suffer with Post-traumatic stress disorder (PTSD).

scholarly journals The Octopus: A Unique Animal for Studying the Brain

2021 ◽  
Vol 9 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tal Shomrat ◽  
Nir Nesher
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Human Brain ◽  
First Grade ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Complex Learning ◽  
Grade Teacher ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

What are the structures and functions of the brain that are important for complex learning, such as the ability to quickly figure out how to activate a new application in your smartphone? What are the brain mechanisms that allow memories, like the name of your first-grade teacher, to be stored and quickly recalled, even many years later? Which part of the brain generates the creativity and flexibility of thought necessary for learning a new smartphone interface, for example? These questions are some of the most studied in neuroscience, which is the science that studies the brain and nervous system. In this article, we will tell you how research on the octopus’s brain could help us find answers to these questions. By comparing the structure and function of the octopus brain to the brains of other animals, we might even obtain clues about the workings of the human brain.

scholarly journals Tumors of the Central Nervous System: An Update

Cancers ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 12 (9) ◽  
pp. 2507
Author(s):  
Carla Mucignat-Caretta
Keyword(s):  
Central Nervous System ◽  
Nervous System ◽  
Brain Structure ◽  
Cell Types ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Brain Structure And Function ◽  
The Central Nervous System ◽  
And Function ◽  
Different Cell Types ◽  
The Brain

The brain may be affected by a variety of tumors of different grade, which originate from different cell types at distinct locations, thus impacting on the brain structure and function [...]

Plant hormones, plant growth regulators

2014 ◽  
Vol 155 (26) ◽  
pp. 1011-1018 ◽  
Author(s):  
György Végvári ◽  
Edina Vidéki
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Growth And Development ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Essential Role ◽  
Higher Plants ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Wide Sense ◽  
Large Scale Integration ◽  
Scale Integration ◽  
And Function

Plants seem to be rather defenceless, they are unable to do motion, have no nervous system or immune system unlike animals. Besides this, plants do have hormones, though these substances are produced not in glands. In view of their complexity they lagged behind animals, however, plant organisms show large scale integration in their structure and function. In higher plants, such as in animals, the intercellular communication is fulfilled through chemical messengers. These specific compounds in plants are called phytohormones, or in a wide sense, bioregulators. Even a small quantity of these endogenous organic compounds are able to regulate the operation, growth and development of higher plants, and keep the connection between cells, tissues and synergy beween organs. Since they do not have nervous and immume systems, phytohormones play essential role in plants’ life. Orv. Hetil., 2014, 155(26), 1011–1018.

The musculature and nervous system of the plerocercoid larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.)

Parasitology ◽  
1941 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 373-389 ◽  
Author(s):  
Gwendolen Rees
Keyword(s):  
Nervous System ◽  
Muscle Mass ◽  
Nerve Cells ◽  
The Body ◽  
Lateral Nerve ◽  
Posterior Median ◽  
The Brain ◽  
Ventral Muscle ◽  
Nerve Cords ◽  
Extrinsic Muscles

1. The structure of the proboscides of the larva of Dibothriorhynchus grossum (Rud.) is described. Each proboscis is provided with four sets of extrinsic muscles, and there is an anterior dorso-ventral muscle mass connected to all four proboscides.2. The musculature of the body and scolex is described.3. The nervous system consists of a brain, two lateral nerve cords, two outer and inner anterior nerves on each side, twenty-five pairs of bothridial nerves to each bothridium, four longitudinal bothridial nerves connecting these latter before their entry into the bothridia, four proboscis nerves arising from the brain, and a series of lateral nerves supplying the lateral regions of the body.4. The so-called ganglia contain no nerve cells, these are present only in the posterior median commissure which is therefore the nerve centre.

The role of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function in epilepsy

2006 ◽  
Vol 34 (5) ◽  
pp. 863-867 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Mizielinska ◽  
S. Greenwood ◽  
C.N. Connolly
Keyword(s):  
Gabaa Receptor ◽  
Structure And Function ◽  
Inhibitory Synapses ◽  
Normal Brain ◽  
Synaptic Targeting ◽  
Acid Type ◽  
Normal Brain Function ◽  
And Function ◽  
The Brain

Maintaining the correct balance in neuronal activation is of paramount importance to normal brain function. Imbalances due to changes in excitation or inhibition can lead to a variety of disorders ranging from the clinically extreme (e.g. epilepsy) to the more subtle (e.g. anxiety). In the brain, the most common inhibitory synapses are regulated by GABAA (γ-aminobutyric acid type A) receptors, a role commensurate with their importance as therapeutic targets. Remarkably, we still know relatively little about GABAA receptor biogenesis. Receptors are constructed as pentameric ion channels, with α and β subunits being the minimal requirement, and the incorporation of a γ subunit being necessary for benzodiazepine modulation and synaptic targeting. Insights have been provided by the discovery of several specific assembly signals within different GABAA receptor subunits. Moreover, a number of recent studies on GABAA receptor mutations associated with epilepsy have further enhanced our understanding of GABAA receptor biogenesis, structure and function.

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