Juvenile Sex Offending Through a Developmental Life Course Criminology Perspective

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 29 (1) ◽  
pp. 51-80 ◽  
Author(s):  
Patrick Lussier
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Rate ◽  
At Risk Youth ◽  
Sex Offending ◽  
Sexual Offenses ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Current American policies and responses to juvenile sex offending have been criticized for being based on myths, misconceptions, and unsubstantiated claims. In spite of the criticism, no organizing framework has been proposed to guide policy development with respect to the prevention of juvenile sex offending. This article proposes a developmental life course (DLC) criminology perspective to investigate the origins, development, and termination of sex offending among youth. It also provides a review of the current state of knowledge regarding various parameters characterizing the development of sex offending (e.g., prevalence, age of onset, frequency, persistence, continuity in adulthood, and versatility). The review highlights some heterogeneity across these developmental parameters suggesting the presence of different sex offending patterns among youth. In fact, it is proposed that, based on the current knowledge, such heterogeneity can be accounted for by a dual taxonomy of adolescents involved in sexual offenses: (a) the adolescent-limited and (b) the high-rate/slow-desister. The DLC criminology approach and the dual taxonomy are proposed as organizing frameworks to conduct prospective longitudinal research to better understand the origins and development of sex offending and to guide policy development and responses to at-risk youth and those who have committed sexual offenses.

Do Developmental and Life-Course Theory Risk Factors Equally Predict Age of Onset Among Juvenile Sexual and Nonsexual Offenders?

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-78 ◽  
Author(s):  
Melanie Rosa ◽  
Bryanna Fox ◽  
Wesley G. Jennings
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Sex Offenders ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Juvenile Sex Offenders ◽  
Criminological Theory ◽  
Sex Offending ◽  
Data Set ◽  
Florida Department ◽  
Nonsexual Offenders

Previous empirical inquiries into the etiology of juvenile sex offending have been largely atheoretical. Consequently, a call for studies conducted utilizing developmental and life-course (DLC) criminological theory has been made to better understand the onset, development, risk, and protective factors of juvenile sex offending. Therefore, this study contributes to the discussion by testing key predictions proposed by the DLC framework regarding the theoretical correlates of early onset offending, as applied to juvenile sex offenders (JSOs) and juvenile nonsex offenders (JNSOs). Drawing on a data set of more than 64,000 youth referred to the Florida Department of Juvenile Justice, results indicate that although the number and severity of risk factors for early age of onset differ between the JSOs and JNSOs, the specific type of risk factors that emerged align with DLC theory predictions. The implications of these findings and contributions for DLC theory are also discussed.

Conclusions and Implications for Developmental and Life-Course Criminology

2018 ◽  
pp. 748-756
Author(s):  
David P. Farrington ◽  
Lila Kazemian ◽  
Alex R. Piquero
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Life Course ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Criminal Career ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Life Course Criminology

This concluding chapter summarizes current knowledge about developmental and life-course criminology based on the previous chapters, reviews some areas in need of further research, and makes some recommendations about how future research can address these gaps in current knowledge. It shows how a great deal is known about risk factors for offending in general (especially for the prevalence of offending), but less is known about risk factors for specific criminal career features, such as the age of onset, the frequency of offending per year, and so on. The chapter discusses the limitations and challenges to current research and provides some recommendations for research that can expand on the topics already covered in this volume. Finally, this chapter suggests some methods for further research. It also provides some examples of studies undertaken along these lines.

scholarly journals Older Individuals Convicted of Sexual Offenses: A Literature Review

Sexual Abuse ◽  
2021 ◽  
pp. 107906322110242
Author(s):  
Rebecca L. Crookes ◽  
Carlo Tramontano ◽  
Sarah J. Brown ◽  
Kate Walker ◽  
Hayley Wright
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Clinical Practice ◽  
Literature Review ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Sexual Offending ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Older Individuals ◽  
Adult Lifespan ◽  
Sexual Offenses

The population of older individuals convicted of sexual offenses (OSOs) is rapidly increasing. However, we have little understanding of their characteristics (e.g., demographic, psychological, individual, offense, and risk) and needs. To identify any similarities or differences that are unique to older individuals convicted of sexual offending, it is important to compare such characteristics across the adult lifespan. Therefore, the aim of this systematic review was to specify and synthesize the current knowledge of characteristics across the adult lifespan of the population of individuals convicted of sexual offenses. Five databases were searched and 10,680 results were screened, resulting in 100 studies included in the final review. The findings were grouped into four emergent themes: age of onset and prevalence; offender and offense characteristics; age and the risk of reoffending; and treatment. Implications of the findings from this review are discussed in relation to future research and clinical practice.

scholarly journals Risk Factors for Interpersonal Violence in Prison: Evidence From Longitudinal Administrative Prison Data in Northern Ireland

2021 ◽  
pp. 088626052110063
Author(s):  
Michelle Butler ◽  
Catherine B. McNamee ◽  
Dominic Kelly
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Northern Ireland ◽  
Interpersonal Violence ◽  
Cultural Context ◽  
Longitudinal Research ◽  
Adult Males ◽  
Prison Misconduct ◽  
Medical Issues ◽  
Services And Supports ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

The present study uses a prospective longitudinal research design to examine whether previously identified risk factors for prison interpersonal violence can predict violent prison misconduct in Northern Ireland (NI). Administrative data drawn from the records of 429 adult males imprisoned on November 22, 2017 were used to predict involvement in violent prison misconduct during a 1-year follow-up period. The results revealed that only a small number of previously identified risk factors were found to be significant in the NI context. Nationality, neighborhood deprivation, history of addiction, submission of prison complaints, past involvement in prison misconduct, and number of incarcerations emerged as significant, while religion, head injury/epilepsy, property offences, and prison visits were significant at the marginal level. Given the variation in risk factors identified as significant in the NI context compared to previous research, it is argued that cultural context matters when attempting to generalize the risk factors for prison interpersonal violence from one jurisdiction to another. These results offer some support for the importation theory, although it should be noted that the inclusion of prison environmental factors was limited due to the nature of the data. It is argued that specialist services and supports should be provided to address the factors contributing to interpersonal prison violence, including interventions to improve feelings of fairness, identify and treat underlying medical issues, as well as support visitation.

Molecular pathogenesis and clinical implications of eczema herpeticum

2008 ◽  
Vol 10 ◽  
Author(s):  
Caroline Bussmann ◽  
Wen-Ming Peng ◽  
Thomas Bieber ◽  
Natalija Novak
Keyword(s):  
Atopic Dermatitis ◽  
Age Of Onset ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Allergen Challenge ◽  
Skin Lesions ◽  
Molecular Pathogenesis ◽  
Type I Interferons ◽  
Total Serum ◽  
Type I ◽  
Eczema Herpeticum

A subgroup of patients with atopic dermatitis develops one or more episodes of a severe viral skin infection caused by herpes simplex virus superimposed on eczematous skin lesions. This condition is named atopic dermatitis complicated by eczema herpeticum. Characteristic features of patients developing eczema herpeticum include an early age of onset of atopic dermatitis with a persistent and severe course into adulthood, predilection for eczematous skin lesions in the head and neck area, elevated total serum IgE levels and increased allergen sensitisation. Deficiencies at the level of both the innate and the adaptive immune system, which have been identified in atopic dermatitis, are much more pronounced in this subgroup. Predisposing cellular factors include a reduced number of plasmacytoid dendritic cells in the epidermis and a modified capacity of these cells to produce type I interferons after allergen challenge. In addition, lower levels of antimicrobial peptides in the skin of atopic dermatitis patients, resulting in part from a Th2-prone micromilieu, contribute to the lack of an effective defence against viral attack. In this review, we summarise the current knowledge of the molecular pathogenesis of eczema herpeticum.

scholarly journals High-Intensity Focused Ultrasound Circular Cyclocoagulation in Glaucoma: A Step Forward for Cyclodestruction?

2017 ◽  
Vol 2017 ◽  
pp. 1-14 ◽  
Author(s):  
Rodolfo Mastropasqua ◽  
Vincenzo Fasanella ◽  
Alessandra Mastropasqua ◽  
Marco Ciancaglini ◽  
Luca Agnifili
Keyword(s):  
High Intensity ◽  
Ciliary Body ◽  
Focused Ultrasound ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
High Intensity Focused Ultrasound ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Dose Effect ◽  
Computer Assisted ◽  
Refractory Glaucoma ◽  
High Level

The ciliary body ablation is still considered as a last resort treatment to reduce the intraocular pressure (IOP) in uncontrolled glaucoma. Several ablation techniques have been proposed over the years, all presenting a high rate of complications, nonselectivity for the target organ, and unpredictable dose-effect relationship. These drawbacks limited the application of cyclodestructive procedures almost exclusively to refractory glaucoma. High-intensity focused ultrasound (HIFU), proposed in the early 1980s and later abandoned because of the complexity and side effects of the procedure, was recently reconsidered in a new approach to destroy the ciliary body. Ultrasound circular cyclocoagulation (UC3), by using miniaturized transducers embedded in a dedicated circular-shaped device, permits to selectively treat the ciliary body in a one-step, computer-assisted, and non-operator-dependent procedure. UC3 shows a high level of safety along with a predictable and sustained IOP reduction in patients with refractory glaucoma. Because of this, the indication of UC3 was recently extended also to naïve-to-surgery patients, thus reconsidering the role and timing of ciliary body ablation in the surgical management of glaucoma. This article provides a review of the most used cycloablative techniques with particular attention to UC3, summarizing the current knowledge about this procedure and future possible developments.

scholarly journals Spatio-temporal epidemiology of the tuberculosis incidence rate in Iran 2008 to 2018

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Behzad Kiani ◽  
Amene Raouf Rahmati ◽  
Robert Bergquist ◽  
Soheil Hashtarkhani ◽  
Neda Firouraghi ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
High Risk ◽  
Incidence Rate ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Temporal Pattern ◽  
Temporal Analysis ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Spatial Scan Statistic ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Risk Areas ◽  
Spatio Temporal

Abstract Background Effective reduction of tuberculosis (TB) requires information on the distribution of TB incidence rate across time and location. This study aims to identify the spatio-temporal pattern of TB incidence rate in Iran between 2008 and 2018. Methods This cross-sectional study was conducted on aggregated TB data (50,500 patients) at the provincial level provided by the Ministry of Health in Iran between 2008 and 2018. The Anselin Local Moran’s I and Getis-Ord Gi* were performed to identify the spatial variations of the disease. Furthermore, spatial scan statistic was employed for purely temporal and spatio-temporal analyses. In all instances, the null hypothesis of no clusters was rejected at p ≤ 0.05. Results The overall incidence rate of TB decreased from 13.46 per 100,000 (95% CI: 13.19–13.73) in 2008 to 10.88 per 100,000 (95% CI: 10.65–11.11) in 2018. The highest incidence rate of TB was observed in southeast and northeast of Iran for the whole study period. Additionally, spatial cluster analysis discovered Khuzestan Province, in the West of the country, having significantly higher rates than neighbouring provinces in terms of both total TB and smear-positive pulmonary TB (SPPTB). Purely temporal analysis showed that high-rate and low-rate clusters were predominantly distributed in the time periods 2010–2014 and 2017–2018. Spatio-temporal results showed that the statistically significant clusters were mainly distributed from centre to the east during the study period. Some high-trend TB and SPPTB statistically significant clusters were found. Conclusion The results provided an overview of the latest TB spatio-temporal status In Iran and identified decreasing trends of TB in the 2008–2018 period. Despite the decreasing incidence rate, there is still need for screening, and targeting of preventive interventions, especially in high-risk areas. Knowledge of the spatio-temporal pattern of TB can be useful for policy development as the information regarding the high-risk areas would contribute to the selection of areas needed to be targeted for the expansion of health facilities.

Procedures and Policies for Regulating Field-Based Behavioral Technology

1982 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 32-40 ◽  
Author(s):  
Thomas S. Woods
Keyword(s):  
Human Service ◽  
Policy Development ◽  
Behavioral Interventions ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Individual Rights ◽  
Behavioral Technology ◽  
Ultimate Objective ◽  
And Control ◽  
Basic Philosophy ◽  
Behavioral Perspective

Discussions of policy development and regulation within the human service professions usually begin with statements of principle and basic philosophy. These in turn generally focus upon issues of accountability and client rights—indeed, the reconciliation of accountable professional practices with an enlightened view of individual rights would seem to be the ultimate objective of any internal or external body which seeks to regulate the helping professional. This paper specifically addresses efforts which have been made to monitor and control the applications of behavioral technology. It begins with a brief review of accountability from a behavioral perspective. Following this, the viewpoints of writers on the rights of clients who are subject to behavioral interventions are presented. Finally, three state/provincial efforts at creating policy and guidelines are examined from the above perspective. Strengths and shortcomings of the existing regulation machinery, in light of current knowledge, are then highlighted.

Administration of medications through enteral feeding catheters

1997 ◽  
Vol 6 (5) ◽  
pp. 382-392 ◽  
Author(s):  
DC Belknap ◽  
CF Seifert ◽  
M Petermann
Keyword(s):  
Critical Care ◽  
Enteral Feeding ◽  
Current Knowledge ◽  
Primary Source ◽  
Critical Care Nurses ◽  
Inservice Training ◽  
High Rate ◽  
Study Characteristics ◽  
Enteric Coated ◽  
Descriptive Survey

BACKGROUND: Enteral feeding catheters are commonly used to administer both nutritional feedings and oral forms of medications. Obstruction of the catheters is a major concern. OBJECTIVES: To study characteristics of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters in ICU patients and current knowledge and practices of ICU nurses of administering medications through such catheters. METHODS: A postcard invitation to participate in this descriptive survey was mailed to a random sample of 12,069 members of the American Association of Critical-Care Nurses. The 52-item investigator-designed questionnaire was mailed to the 1700 critical care nurses who agreed to participate; 1167 (68.6%) returned completed survey questionnaires. RESULTS: Nurses estimated that 33.8% of their patients received 8.9 doses of medication per day through the enteral feeding catheter. The rate of obstruction of the tube by medications was 15.6%. Crushed medications contributed to obstruction, although liquid forms of the medications often were available. Nurses' primary source of knowledge about administering medications through enteral feeding catheters was clinical practice (56.9%) and consultation with peers (21.7%); only 19% had had inservice training on the topic. Written agency guidelines varied considerably, and 74% of nurses used two or more techniques that were contrary to recommendations. Factors significantly associated with lower rates of obstruction of enteral feeding catheters included (1) assistance from the pharmacy service to ensure liquid forms of medications, (2) nurses' attendance at a relevant seminar or inservice training program, and (3) not routinely crushing and administering enteric-coated or sustained-release medications through the enteral feeding catheter. CONCLUSIONS: Collaboration between nursing and pharmacy services to ensure delivery of liquid medications and avoid use of crushed medications may reduce the high rate of catheter obstruction due to medications. Research-based guidelines and a more formal dissemination of information to nurses are needed.

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