Descriptive Sensory Analysis and Acceptance of Stingless Bee Honey

2009 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 251-258 ◽  
Author(s):  
E.L. Ferreira ◽  
C. Lencioni ◽  
M.T. Benassi ◽  
M.O. Barth ◽  
D.H.M. Bastos

Stingless bee honey samples were evaluated by sensory descriptive analysis using free choice profile methodology. Appearance, flavor, and aroma were described and the data were treated with Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Individual descriptive terms ranged from 8 to 20. Plotting the samples in a bidimensional plan indicated that appearance attributes (color and viscosity) and sweet, sour and acid flavor were strongly correlated with x axis (Dimension 1) while coconut, wood, acid, sour, and sweet flavor aroma attributes were correlated with y axis (Dimension 2). The affective test was also performed and with the exception of the Melipona scutellaris honey, all the other samples showed good acceptance. Honeys that were described as sweeter and less acid were preferred by nontrained assessors, indicating that the regular consumer recognizes honey produced by Apis mellifera bee as a standard.

Animals ◽  
2019 ◽  
Vol 9 (6) ◽  
pp. 381 ◽  
Author(s):  
Freisha Patel ◽  
Françoise Wemelsfelder ◽  
Samantha J. Ward

Human-Animal Relationships (HAR) in zoos develop from repeated interactions between animals and their caretakers. HAR have been shown to affect health and welfare in farm animals, but limited zoo-based studies exist. This study investigates the association between the qualitative behaviour assessment (QBA) of emotional expression in giraffes and keeper action score in four types of keeper-animal interaction (KAI). Three giraffes generating 38 clips. QBA, using a free-choice profiling methodology, was applied instructing 18 observers to assess giraffe expressions shown in these clips. QBA scores were analysed using Generalized Procrustes Analysis. Keeper actions during each KAI event were rated by an independent marker, resulting in cumulative scores for keeper action quality. The association between QBA and the keeper action was analyzed using Spearman’s rank correlations. Two main QBA dimensions were identified explaining 59% of the variation between clips. There were significant effects of giraffe and KAI type on QBA dimension 2 (inquisitive/impatient—calm/distracted), and significant positive associations between keeper action quality rating and QBA dimensions 1 and 2, indicating that positive keeper actions resulted in calm and confident giraffes with a willingness to interact. This is the first successful application of QBA for empirically addressing HARs in zoos, however given the small sample size of giraffes in this study, it can be regarded as a pilot study only, and further research is needed to validate the use of QBA in this context.


Author(s):  
MARISE BONIFÁCIO QUEIROZ ◽  
NELSON HORÁCIO PEZOA GARCIA

Utilizou-se a análise descritiva quantitativa (ADQ) para desenvolver terminologia descritiva e perfil sensorial de amêndoas de cupuaçu e cacau torradas. Quatro amostras de cupuaçu torradas em forno elétrico rotativo a 150 ºC por 38, 40, 42 e 44 minutos e uma amostra de cacau torrada por 38 minutos foram avaliadas sensorialmente e comparadas entre si. Foram gerados 12 termos que melhor descreveram as similaridades e diferenças entre as amostras, sendo apontados 8 com maior predominância segundo a análise de componente principal (ACP). Equipe de 9 julgadores foi selecionada com base no poder de discriminação (F amostra significativo para p≤0,50), repetibilidade (F repetição não significativo para p>0,05) e concordância de cada um com a equipe. A intensidade de cada descritor ou atributo foi fixada em escala não estruturada de 10 cm, ancorada por extremos que variavam de fraco para forte, baixa para alta, etc. Os dados obtidos foram avaliados estatisticamente (ANOVA, Teste de Tukey e ACP). Observou-se que o cacau torrado apresentou características sensoriais diferentes do cupuaçu, sendo bem mais ácido e amargo, com coloração mais escura e acentuado sabor de chocolate. Já o cupuaçu apresentou sabor de chocolate mais suave e mais doce que o cacau. Abstract Descriptive terminology and sensory profile of cupuasu and cocoa roasted bean were developed by sensory descriptive analysis (QDA). Four cupuasu samples roasted in an electrical rotating oven at 150 ºC and time of 38, 40, 42 and 44 minutes and one cocoa sample roasted for 38 minutes were sensory evaluated and compared. Twelve terms which best described similarities and differences among the samples were generated, being noted eight terms with greater predominance, according to the Principal Component Analysis (PCA). Nine panelists were selected on the basis of their discriminative ability (F sample significant for p≤0.50), reproducibility of judgments (F reproducibility significant for >0.05) and panel agreement. The intensity of each descriptor or attribute were fixed in an 10 cm unstructured scale, anchored in the ends on the terms “weak” and “strong”, “low” and “high”, etc. Data were analyzed by ANOVA, Tukey test and PCA, presenting results in tables and charts. It was observed that roasted cocoa presented different sensory characteristics, being sourer, bitter, darker and with accentuated chocolate taste than cupuasu. In the other hand the cupuasu presented smoother chocolate taste and sweeter than cocoa.


2016 ◽  
Vol 2016 ◽  
pp. 1-6 ◽  
Author(s):  
José M. Lorenzo ◽  
Laura Purriños ◽  
Javier Carballo

The influence of livestock production system [Freedom Extensive System (FES) versus Semi-Extensive System (SES)] and finishing feed (1.5 kg versus 3.0 kg of commercial feed in the finishing period) diet on sensory properties of foal meat using Generalized Procrustes Analysis (GPA) was studied. For this work, a total of 24 foals (8 from FES and 16 from SES) were used. Samples were evaluated by eight panelists for eight sensory attributes: colour, marbling, odour intensity, sweetness, springiness, hardness, chewiness, and juiciness. Data were analyzed using a GPA to minimize differences among testers. Highly appreciated sensory properties (odour intensity, red colour, marbling, and juiciness) were mostly associated with foals from the Semi-Extensive System. On the other hand, the three groups studied (FES, 1.5SES, and 3SES) were clearly recognized by panelists on the consensus configuration and they were clearly separated on the map. This study concluded that sensory characteristics of foal meat from a Semi-Extensive Production System with a finishing diet of 3 kg concentrate were more preferable than the other ones.


2015 ◽  
Vol 39 (6) ◽  
pp. 613-623 ◽  
Author(s):  
Dayane Angélica Machado dos Santos ◽  
Juliana da Silva Tomé Lobo ◽  
Lidiane Medella Araújo ◽  
Rosires Deliza ◽  
Paulo Sérgio Marcellini

ABSTRACT The increased demand for differentiated and health-oriented food has driven the development of bakery products with specific nutritional and sensory characteristics. The aim of this study was to compare four different biscuits: two commercial (sugar-free and gluten-free) and two experimental formulations (standard and source of extra fiber). The cookie with added fiber had passion fruit albedo and pumpkin peel added to its formulation, as well as reduced wheat flour content compared with the standard formulation. These alterations aimed to achieve both nutritional and economic benefits. The Free Choice Profiling methodology was used, and the data were subjected to Generalized Procrustes Analysis. The analysis was performed separately by attribute classes (appearance, aroma, flavor and texture). The percentage of variance explained in the first dimension was 87.6% for texture, and the sum of the first two dimensions was greater than 90% for all four attributes. Both experimental formulations were characterized as having a yellowish color, flattened appearance, passion fruit aroma, natural aroma, passion fruit flavor, passion fruit residual flavor, soft texture and compact texture. Therefore, the addition of byproducts in the standard formulation did not qualitatively change the characteristic attributes. The products were also evaluated on a 9-point hedonic scale, and the data were statistically evaluated by analysis of variance (ANOVA). When compared by affective analysis, the formulation with added fiber and the commercial biscuits showed no significant difference regarding flavor and intent to purchase. Thus, the cookie developed herein has promising market potential, and it presents additional benefits due to its economic and nutritional appeal.


2016 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 1-15
Author(s):  
Frederich Oscar Lontoh

This research is titled " The influence of sermon, church music and church facilities on the level of attendance”. The purpose of research is to identify and analyze whether sermon, church music and church facilities have influence on the the level of attendance. The target population in this study is a Christian church members who live in the city of Surabaya.. Sample required is equal to 47 respondents. Through sampling stratified Random techniques.These influence was measured using Pearson correlation coefficient and multiple regression analysis, t-test and analysis of variance. Descriptive  analysis  were taken to analyze the level of attendance according to demographic groups.The hypothesis in this study are the sermon, church music and church facilities have positive and significant on the level of attendance. The results showed that collectively, there are positive and significant correlation among the sermon, church music and church facilities on the level of attendance  96,2%. It means that 96,2 % of level of attendance influenced by sermon, church music and church facilities and the other 28,9% by others. All of the variable partially have significant correlation to level of attendance.


Author(s):  
V.N. Voloshin ◽  
I.S. Voloshina ◽  
I.Yu. Vash

The aim of the paper is to study thymus variability in white rats, which were exposed to formaldehyde, and to compare these data with the indicators in control animals. Materials and Methods. The trial enrolled 72 white male rats, initial body weight 40–50 g. The animals were divided into 2 groups (36 rats in each). The first group consisted of control rats. Animals of the second group were exposed to formaldehyde inhalation, 2.766 mg/m3. To characterize the variability of the organ size, centroids were determined. The superposition of landmark configurations was performed using the generalized Procrustes analysis method, MorphoJ 1.06d program. The principal component analysis and canonical analysis of the obtained data were carried out. Results. One-Way ANOVA revealed a high level of intergroup differences in Procrust distance (F=1.34; p<0.0001). The significant effect of the duration of formaldehyde exposure on centroid size was established. The Kruskal-Wallis criterion was 19.778 (p=0.0014). The analysis of the principal components indicated that each of the first 10 components stands for more than 1 % of Procrustes coordinate variance. In this case, the first 7 components compatibly explain 91.398 % of thymus variability. The proportion of the first main component to the total variance of the Procrustes coordinates is 40.236 %. PC1 (-) shows changes in the thymus shape, mostly affecting the tops of its lobes, the middle part of the right boundary and the entire left thymus boundary. The scattering ellipses of the thymus ordinates in rats exposed to formaldehyde, in the first two canonical variables are located higher than those in the control animals. Conclusion. Formaldehyde inhalation leads to thymus changes in white rat. The most significant differences with control data are determined along the second canonical variable. Keywords: thymus, form, rat, formaldehyde, geometric morphometry. Цель. Изучение изменчивости формы тимуса белых крыс, находившихся в условиях влияния формальдегида, и сравнение этих данных с показателями, полученными у контрольных животных. Материалы и методы. Работа выполнена на 72 белых крысах-самцах с начальной массой тела 40–50 г. Животные были разделены на 2 серии (по 36 крыс). Первую серию составляли контрольные крысы. Животные второй серии подвергались ингаляционному воздействию формальдегида (ФА) в концентрации 2,766 мг/м3. Для характеристики изменчивости размеров органов определяли размер их центроидов. Процедуру суперимпозиции конфигураций ландмарок выполняли методом генерализованного прокрустова анализа с использованием программы MorphoJ 1.06d. Проводили анализ главных компонент и канонический анализ полученных данных. Результаты. Однофакторный дисперсионный анализ выявил высокий уровень межгрупповых различий по показателю прокрустовых расстояний (F=1,34; р<0,0001). Установлено значительное влияние продолжительности нахождения животных в условиях воздействия ФА на размер центроида. Критерий Краскела–Уоллиса составил 19,778 (р=0,0014). Анализ главных компонент указывал на то, что каждая из первых 10 компонент объясняет более 1 % дисперсии прокрустовых координат. При этом первые 7 компонент совместно объясняют 91,398 % изменчивости формы тимуса. Вклад первой главной компоненты в общую дисперсию прокрустовых координат составляет 40,236 %. РС1 (–) показывает изменения формы тимуса, в большей степени затрагивающие верхушки его долей, среднюю часть правого контура и весь левый контур тимуса. Эллипсы рассеивания ординат тимусов, принадлежащих крысам, подвергавшимся влиянию ФА, в пространстве первых двух канонических переменных расположены выше по отношению к таковым контрольных животных. Заключение. Ингаляционное воздействие формальдегида приводит к изменению формы тимуса белых крыс. Наибольшие различия с контрольными данными определяются вдоль второй канонической переменной. Ключевые слова: тимус, форма, крыса, формальдегид, геометрическая морфометрия.


Animals ◽  
2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (3) ◽  
pp. 826
Author(s):  
Ilaria Pollastri ◽  
Simona Normando ◽  
Barbara Contiero ◽  
Gregory Vogt ◽  
Donatella Gelli ◽  
...  

This study aimed to investigate how three groups of people of differing ages, and with differing knowledge of the species, perceived the emotional state of African elephants (Loxodonta africana) managed in captive and semi-captive environments. Fifteen video-clips of 18 elephants, observed during three different daily routines (release from and return to the night boma; interactions with visitors), were used for a free choice profiling assessment (FCP) and then analyzed with quantitative methods. A general Procrustes analysis identified two main descriptive dimensions of elephant behavioral expression explaining 27% and 19% of the variability in the children group, 19% and 23.7% in adults, and 21.8% and 17% in the expert group. All the descriptors the observers came up with showed a low level of correlation on the identified dimensions. All three observers’ groups showed a degree of separation between captive and semi-captive management. Spearman analyses showed that stereotypic “trunk swirling” behavior correlated negatively with first dimension (free/friendly versus sad/bored) in the children’s group; second dimension (agitated/confident versus angry/bored) amongst the adults; and first dimension (active/excited versus agitated/bored) amongst the experts. More studies are needed to investigate other potential differences in assessing elephants’ emotional states by visitors of different ages and backgrounds.


2011 ◽  
Vol 25 (3) ◽  
pp. 511-536 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter M. Johnson ◽  
Thomas J. Lopez ◽  
Juan Manuel Sanchez

SYNOPSIS We provide a comprehensive analysis of special items and the characteristics of the firms that recognize them. Our analysis reveals that the temporal frequency, magnitude, and persistence of special items has increased significantly in the last 30 years, and that such increases are primarily driven by negative special items. More recently, however, our evidence is consistent with both a decline in frequency and magnitude of negative special items. On the other hand, we find that the frequency of reporting of positive special items, which remained relatively constant through 2002, has increased in more recent years. We also find strong evidence that subsequent special item reporting is an increasing function of the frequency of “prior” special item reporting. Using a random subsample of firms reporting special items, we document that 22 percent of the amounts reported in Compustat do not reconcile with the amounts reported on the firms' actual financial statements. Our comprehensive analysis should be of interest to regulators, academics, and managers interested in the implications of special items on firm-related consequences such as future earnings and firm value. Our examination can also serve as a catalyst for researchers interested in extending this important area of inquiry.


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