Microbiology of cooked and dried edible Mediterranean field crickets (Gryllus bimaculatus) and superworms (Zophobas atratus) submitted to four different heating treatments

2016 ◽  
Vol 23 (1) ◽  
pp. 17-23 ◽  
Author(s):  
Nils Th Grabowski ◽  
Günter Klein
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Field Crickets ◽  
Drying Procedures ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Zophobas Atratus ◽  
Total Bacteria

To increase the shelf life of edible insects, modern techniques (e.g. freeze-drying) add to the traditional methods (degutting, boiling, sun-drying or roasting). However, microorganisms become inactivated rather than being killed, and when rehydrated, many return to vegetative stadia. Crickets ( Gryllus bimaculatus) and superworms ( Zophobas atratus) were submitted to four different drying techniques (T1 = 10′ cooking, 24 h drying at 60℃; T2 = 10′ cooking, 24 h drying at 80℃; T3 = 30′ cooking, 12 h drying at 80℃, and 12 h drying at 100℃; T4 = boiling T3-treated insects after five days) and analysed for total bacteria counts, Enterobacteriaceae, staphylococci, bacilli, yeasts and moulds counts, E. coli, salmonellae, and Listeria monocytogenes (the latter three being negative throughout). The microbial counts varied strongly displaying species- and treatment-specific patterns. T3 was the most effective of the drying treatments tested to decrease all counts but bacilli, for which T2 was more efficient. Still, total bacteria counts remained high ( G. bimaculatus >  Z. atratus). Other opportunistically pathogenic microorganisms ( Bacillus thuringiensis, B. licheniformis, B. pumilis, Pseudomonas aeruginosa, and Cryptococcus neoformans) were also encountered. The tyndallisation-like T4 reduced all counts to below detection limit, but nutrients leakage should be considered regarding food quality. In conclusion, species-specific drying procedures should be devised to ensure food safety.

Impact of processing methods on microbial load of reared and wild-caught edible crickets (Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus) in Kenya

2019 ◽  
Vol 5 (3) ◽  
pp. 171-183 ◽  
Author(s):  
J.W. Gatheru ◽  
F.M. Khamis ◽  
F.L.O. Ombura ◽  
J. Nonoh ◽  
C.M. Tanga ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Dry Weight ◽  
Microbial Load ◽  
Deep Frying ◽  
Fresh Weight ◽  
Gryllus Bimaculatus ◽  
Microbial Composition ◽  
Processing Methods ◽  
Microbial Counts ◽  
Fungal Populations

The microbial composition of farmed and wild Scapsipedus icipe and Gryllus bimaculatus is presented. The aim of this study is to determine the microbial load of the two cricket species and evaluate the efficiency of processing methods (boiling, sun-drying, freeze-drying, snap-freezing and deep-frying) in reducing microbial counts. Farmed and wild species were compared based on microbial diversity. Fresh crickets had high microbial counts, bacterial and fungal populations ranged from 4.26-4.58 log cfu/g and 3.48-4.48 log cfu/g fresh weight, respectively. Upon processing, microbial counts reduced, bacterial counts ranged from 1.00-2.08 log cfu/g dry weight (boiled) and 2.70-3.34 log cfu/g dry weight (sun-dried). Fungal counts ranged from1.85-1.95 log cfu/g dry weight (boiled) and 2.95-3.51 log cfu/g dry weight (sun-dried). Deep-frying, freeze-drying and snap-freezing emerged as the best processing methods. Although there is no alarm in consuming fresh crickets, a processing method is advisable to minimize any possible risks.

scholarly journals Quantitative tissue isolation from Drosophila freeze-dried in acetone

1987 ◽  
Vol 243 (1) ◽  
pp. 97-104 ◽  
Author(s):  
S C Fujita ◽  
H Inoue ◽  
T Yoshioka ◽  
Y Hotta
Keyword(s):  
Phosphatidic Acid ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Mutant Line ◽  
Genetic Dissection ◽  
Two Dimensional ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Drying Procedures ◽  
Degradative Enzymes ◽  
Species Specific

Freeze-drying procedures were developed to enable collection of tissues from Drosophila flies. The flies were frozen in acetone at -86 or -94 degrees C, and dehydrated therein. After drying, many tissues could be easily taken in entirety and free of neighbouring tissues without action of degradative enzymes. Seven polypeptide species specific to retina, and nine specific to cornea, were identified on two-dimensional electrophoretograms. Phospholipids of the dried tissues could be studied by t.l.c., and phosphatidic acid of the fly head was found to occur predominantly in the retina. Activity of three enzymes in the dried tissues could be assayed. The results of protein, phospholipid and enzyme analyses were corroborated by analyses by ‘genetic dissection’ using an eyeless mutant line.

Water Quality of Swimming Pools in Jerusalem

1993 ◽  
Vol 27 (7-8) ◽  
pp. 287-294 ◽  
Author(s):  
S. Lerman ◽  
O. Lev ◽  
A. Adin ◽  
E. Katzenelson
Keyword(s):  
Water Quality ◽  
Fecal Coliforms ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Swimming Pools ◽  
Indicator Organisms ◽  
Indicator Microorganisms ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Safe Water ◽  
Indirect Information

The Israel Ministry of Health is now revising its regulations for the assurance of safe water quality in public swimming pools. Since it is not possible to monitor each of the pathogenic microorganisms, it is often recommended to monitor indicator bacteria which provide indirect information on the water quality in the swimming pool. Three indicator microorganisms are often recommended: coliform counts (total coliforms, fecal coliforms or E. Coli), staphylococcus aureus and pseudomonas aeruginosa. A four year survey of the water quality of swimming pools in the Jerusalem District was conducted in order to determine whether the monitoring of all three indicators is necessary to assure safe water quality or is it sufficient to monitor only a single microorganism. A statistical analysis, conducted by using several different statistical techniques, reveals that the populations of the three indicator organisms are significantly interdependent but the correlations between each pair of these indicators are not sufficient to base a prediction of any of the organisms based on the measurements of the others. Therefore, it is concluded that monitoring of all three indicators should be recommended in order to provide an adequate picture of the water quality in swimming pools.

scholarly journals The Production of the Recombinant Protein of Anthrax Bacteriolysine PlyPH and In Vitro Study of the Lytic Properties of the Protein Coded for them Against Bacillus anhracis Microbial Cells

2019 ◽  
pp. 5-22
Author(s):  
Onuchina N.V., Soybanov V.D.
Keyword(s):  
In Vitro Study ◽  
Coli Strain ◽  
Vitro Study ◽  
Chromosomal Dna ◽  
Lytic Enzymes ◽  
Microbial Cells ◽  
Phage Gene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Species Specific

The causative agent of anthrax - Bacillus anthracis, due to the prevalence of its natural foci in Russia, high virulence for humans and most mammals, the unique resistance of spore forms to environmental factors and repeated use in terrorist acts, is an extremely dangerous biological agent. Therefore, the search for new effective drugs for the diagnosis and treatment of anthrax, including diseases caused by antibiotic-resistant strains of B. anthracis is necessary. The use of lytic enzymes of species-specific bacteriophages is a new trend in the diagnosis, prevention and treatment of infectious diseases. The goal of this work is the cloning of the anthrax bacteriolysin PlyPH gene as part of the pTrcHis2C vector in Escherichia coli and the in vitro study of the lytic properties of the protein encoded by it against B. anthracis microbial cells. According to the complete sequencing of the B. anthracis genomes of the Ames, Stern 34F2 and JB17 strains, a prophage was found in their chromosomal DNA, which lost part of the structural genes necessary for its replication, but retained a gene with a high degree of homology with the bacteriolysin γ phage gene. For amplification and subsequent cloning of the PlyPH gene, we developed primers containing EcoRI and BamHI restriction enzyme recognition sites. Amplification of the PlyPH gene in a polymerase chain reaction (PCR) with a developed pair of primers was performed using the Stern 34F2 strain of the anthrax microbe as a template. Based on the obtained amplification products and the pTrcHis2C vector, we constructed a recombinant plasmid containing the bacteriolysin synthesis PlyPH gene and stably functioning in the cells of the recombinant E. coli strain. In the course of research, it has been established that microbial cells of the E. coli recombinant TOP10 strain provide for the production of the bacteriolysin of the anthrax prophage, PlyPH , which has the ability to in vitro lyse the vegetative cells of the STI-1 vaccine strain of B. anthracis

scholarly journals The Existence test of Salmonella thypii and Eschericia coli of Corn Ice at Padang Bulan’s Traditional Market, Medan

2020 ◽  
Vol 6 (1) ◽  
pp. 96-102
Author(s):  
Toberni S. Situmorang
Keyword(s):  
Plate Count ◽  
Gram Negative Bacteria ◽  
Food Hygiene ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Gram Staining ◽  
Hygiene Factors ◽  
Existence Test ◽  
Descriptive Method ◽  
Total Bacteria

Food hygiene is an important factor to protect ourselves from the contamination of germs and bacteria that enter through these food intermediaries. Food contaminated by bacteria will cause disease and can cause death if not treated immediately. Common bacteria that contaminate food are Salmonella thypii and Eschericia coli. Both types of bacteria are a group of gram-negative bacteria in the form of bacilli. This study aims to analyze and identify the bacteria S. thypii and E. coli found in corn ice samples. The study was conducted with a descriptive method by conducting a bacteriological examination to determine the quality of sample cleanliness. There are 3 stages in this study, the first stage is calculation of amount of total bacteria (total plate count), analysis of S. thypii and E. coli bacteria and identification with Gram staining. The results showed 40% of samples tested is positive for S. thypii and 60% for E. coli. The largest amount of total bacteria was shown by samples 1 and 3, which were 78 cfu and 52 cfu, respectively. The presence of S. thypii and E. coli bacteria in the sample is thought to be due to poor hygiene factors in the processing of the drink

scholarly journals Application of Freeze-Dryers of Chamber Type in the Collections of Pathogenic Microorganisms

2014 ◽  
pp. 65-68 ◽  
Author(s):  
N. S. Chervyakova ◽  
T. V. Valova ◽  
A. V. Osin
Keyword(s):  
Shelf Life ◽  
Freeze Drying ◽  
Pathogenic Bacteria ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Biological Safety ◽  
Freeze Dried ◽  
Mass Reproduction ◽  
Long Storage

By the example of Martin Christ Epsilon 2-6D device carried out was assessment of the possibility to use freeze-dryers of the chamber type for conservation of pathogenic microorganisms collection strains. Elaborated was algorithm of lyophilisation of the III-IV pathogenicity groups bacteria, which incorporated conditions of freeze-drying and biological safety provision of this process. Indices of viability and survivability were defined for freeze-dried cells of pathogenic bacteria strains. Using thermostability test calculated were predicted timelines of storage of collection strains preparations freeze-dried in the flasks in Martin Christ Epsilon 2-6D. It was determined that in the collections of pathogenic microorganisms freeze-dryers of the chamber type could be used most prospectively for the III-IV pathogenicity groups bacteria conservation requiring mass reproduction and not intended for long storage. At the same time their application for freeze-drying of the strains of the I-II pathogenicity groups bacteria intended for a long storage, requires further adaptation of these devices as regards biological safety provision and prolongation of the shelf life.

scholarly journals Escherichia coli is not a suitable fecal indicator to assess water fecal contamination by otters

2017 ◽  
Vol 78 (1) ◽  
pp. 155-159 ◽  
Author(s):  
M. Oliveira ◽  
D. Freire ◽  
N. M. Pedroso
Keyword(s):  
Escherichia Coli ◽  
Fecal Contamination ◽  
Microbiological Quality ◽  
Aquatic Environments ◽  
Pathogenic Microorganisms ◽  
Fecal Indicator ◽  
Fecal Samples ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Paulo State

Abstract The detection of pathogenic microorganisms in aquatic environments is extremely relevant in terms of public health. As these laboratorial methodologies are usually difficult, expensive and time-consuming, they are frequently replaced by the assessment of fecal indicator bacteria, such as Escherichia coli. This study aimed to assess the presence of E. coli in fecal samples from Neotropical otters, to evaluate its potential as fecal indicator to be applied to the determination of water microbiological quality in areas where otters’ populations are high. Twenty-six otter fecal samples, collected in Alto Paranapanema river basin, São Paulo State, Brazil, were analyzed for the presence of E. coli, using conventional bacteriological methods. Only 8 scat samples (30%) were E. coli positive, indicating that this microorganism is not a suitable fecal indicator to assess water fecal contamination by Neotropical otters, and should not be used to infer the presence of otter related pathogens in waters.

​Detection of Carbapenemase Genes (bla-NDM, bla-KPC, bla-OXA-48) in Escherichia coli and Klebsiella species, Isolated from Milk Samples of Bovine in Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Vibha Yadav ◽  
Rajesh Kumar Joshi ◽  
Namita Joshi ◽  
Amit Kumar ◽  
Satyavrat Singh
Keyword(s):  
Bovine Milk ◽  
Uttar Pradesh ◽  
Polymyxin B ◽  
Multidrug Resistant ◽  
Pcr Analysis ◽  
Rrna Gene ◽  
Klebsiella Species ◽  
E Coli ◽  
Species Specific ◽  
Klebsiella Spp

Background: Among enterobacteria E. coli and Klebsiella spp. are of great concern in health care settings, as these bacteria sometimes may contaminate the milk due to unhygienic practices and poor udder condition which have been associated with various illnesses. Therefore, this study aimed to detect the carbapenem resistant E. coli and Klebsiella spp. of bovine milk origin with regard to the risk of human transfer via the food chain in community. Methods: Total 240 samples were collected from Ayodhya and Sultanpur districts of Eastern Plain Zone of Uttar Pradesh (India). Confirmation of E. coli and Klebsiella spp. isolates was done by using species specific uidA and 16S rRNA gene, respectively. Then, carbapenemase positive E. coli and Klebsiella spp. were confirmend by DDST, MBL E-strip test and PCR analysis by targeting (bla-NDM, bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC). Antibiogram of all carbapenemase positive isolates was performed against 20 antibiotics of 12 different classes. Result: In the present study, total 74(30.83%) isolates were identified including 55(22.92%) E. coli and 19(7.92%) Klebsiella spp. by PCR, out of which 12(16.21%) isolates were confirmed as carbapenemase producers comprising 7(12.72%) E. coli and 5(26.31%) Klebsiella spp by DDST and E-strip. All carbapenemase positive E. coli were found 100% sensitive to polymyxin-B and chloramphenicol, while all Klebsiella spp. were 100% sensitive to amikacin and polymyxin-B. Resistance against imipenem, meropenem, cefotaxime, cefpodoxime, ceftazidime, ceftriazone, aztreonam and ampicillin ranged between 80.0%-100%. All carbapenemase positive isolates were found multidrug resistant. Carbapenemase genes bla-NDM and bla-KPC were detected in E. coli while bla-OXA-48 and bla-KPC were detected in Klebsiella spp.

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