scholarly journals Factors Affecting Articulation Skills in Children with Velocardiofacial Syndrome and Children with Cleft Palate or Velopharyngeal Dysfunction: A Preliminary Report

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (2) ◽  
pp. 193-207 ◽  
Author(s):  
Adriane L. Baylis ◽  
Benjamin Munson ◽  
Karlind T. Moller
Keyword(s):  
Speech Perception ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Velocardiofacial Syndrome ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Nonverbal Intelligence ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Phonological Representations ◽  
Factors Affecting

Objective: To examine the influence of speech perception, cognition, and implicit phonological learning on articulation skills of children with velocardiofacial syndrome (VCFS) and children with cleft palate or velopharyngeal dysfunction (VPD). Design: Cross-sectional group experimental design. Participants: Eight children with VCFS and five children with nonsyndromic cleft palate or VPD. Methods and Measures: All children participated in a phonetic inventory task, speech perception task, implicit priming nonword repetition task, conversational sample, nonverbal intelligence test, and hearing screening. Speech tasks were scored for percentage of phonemes correctly produced. Group differences and relations among measures were examined using nonparametric statistics. Results: Children in the VCFS group demonstrated significantly poorer articulation skills and lower standard scores of nonverbal intelligence compared with the children with cleft palate or VPD. There were no significant group differences in speech perception skills. For the implicit priming task, both groups of children were more accurate in producing primed nonwords than unprimed nonwords. Nonverbal intelligence and severity of velopharyngeal inadequacy for speech were correlated with articulation skills. Conclusions: In this study, children with VCFS had poorer articulation skills compared with children with cleft palate or VPD. Articulation difficulties seen in the children with VCFS did not appear to be associated with speech perception skills or the ability to learn new phonological representations. Future research should continue to examine relationships between articulation, cognition, and velopharyngeal dysfunction in a larger sample of children with cleft palate and VCFS.

scholarly journals Engagement with daily testing instead of self-isolating in contacts of confirmed cases of SARS-CoV-2

2021 ◽  
Vol 21 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Alex F. Martin ◽  
Sarah Denford ◽  
Nicola Love ◽  
Derren Ready ◽  
Isabel Oliver ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Pilot Study ◽  
Minority Groups ◽  
Service Evaluation ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional Survey ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Negative Test ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Close Contacts

Abstract Background In December 2020, Public Health England with NHS Test and Trace initiated a pilot study in which close contacts of people with confirmed COVID-19 were given the option to carryout lateral flow device antigen tests at home, as an alternative to self-isolation for 10–14 days. In this study, we evaluated engagement with daily testing, and assessed levels of adherence to the rules relating to behaviour following positive or negative test results. Methods We conducted a service evaluation of the pilot study, examining survey responses from a subset of those who responded to an evaluation questionnaire. We used an online cross-sectional survey offered to adult contacts of confirmed COVID-19 cases who consented to daily testing. We used a comparison group of contacts who were not offered testing and instead self-isolated. Results Acceptability of daily testing was lower among survey respondents who were not offered the option of testing and among people from ethnic minority groups. Overall, 52% of respondents reported being more likely to share details of people that they had been in contact with following a positive test result, if they knew that their contacts would be offered the option of daily testing. Only 2% reported that they would be less likely to provide details of their contacts. On the days that they were trying to self-isolate, 19% of participants reported that they left the house, with no significant group differences. Following a negative test, 13% of respondents reported that they increased their contacts, but most (58%) reported having fewer risky contacts. Conclusions Our data suggest that daily testing is potentially acceptable, may facilitate sharing contact details of close contacts among those who test positive for COVID-19, and promote adherence to self-isolation. A better understanding is needed of how to make this option more acceptable for all households. The impact of receiving a negative test on behaviour remains a risk that needs to be monitored and mitigated by appropriate messaging. Future research should examine attitudes and behaviour in a context where infection levels are lower, testing is more familiar, and restrictions on activity have been reduced.

Phonetic, Phonological, and Language Skills of Children with a Cleft Palate

2003 ◽  
Vol 40 (5) ◽  
pp. 460-470 ◽  
Author(s):  
Helen Morris ◽  
Anne Ozanne
Keyword(s):  
Language Development ◽  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Language Proficiency ◽  
Language Skills ◽  
Expressive Language ◽  
Speech Development ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Language Abilities ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Language Measures

Objective To evaluate the language, phonetic, and phonological skills at age 3 years of two groups of young children with a cleft palate, with different expressive language proficiency at 2 years of age. Design Two groups of children with a cleft palate with differing abilities in early expressive language skills were identified at age 2 years. Comparisons across groups were made over a range of speech and language measures at age 3 years. Participants Twenty children with cleft palate were allocated to two groups dependent on expressive language abilities at age 2 years. One group had normal language development, and the second group had been identified as having significantly delayed (8 to 12 months’ delay) expressive language development. Main Outcome Measures The children were assessed at 3 years of age using standardized assessments and spontaneous speech samples. Comparisons between the two groups were made on a range of language measures including comprehension, expressive language, and speech. Results Group differences were found on both language and speech abilities at age 3 years. Significant group differences were found in expressive language, percentage of consonants correct, phonetic inventory, and phonological process usage. The group with delayed early expressive language abilities at 2 years continued to have expressive language difficulties at 3 years of age and had more disordered speech development, compared with the nondelayed group. Conclusions A subgroup of children with a cleft palate was identified who exhibited delays in early expressive language and continued to have delayed language and disordered phonological patterns at a later age. Support for three possible etiologies including a structural/anatomical deficit, cognitive/linguistic delay, or language/phonological disorder are discussed.

Breaching confidentiality to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators

2019 ◽  
Vol 30 (2) ◽  
pp. 216-226
Author(s):  
Rahsan Sivis-Cetinkaya
Keyword(s):  
Risk Taking ◽  
School Administrators ◽  
Ethics Training ◽  
School Level ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
School Counsellors ◽  
And Gender

AbstractThis study examined Turkish school counsellors’ (SCs) ratings of the importance of factors in deciding to report students’ risk-taking behaviours to school administrators (SAs). A sample of Turkish SCs (N = 252) were surveyed. Most and least important factors were determined. Group differences in terms of gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were investigated. Mann-Whitney U and Kruskal Wallis tests were used in group comparisons. ‘Protecting the student’ was rated as the most important factor, and ‘Gender of the student’ was the least important factor. Statistically significant group differences with respect to gender, school level of employment, and attending mandatory counselling ethics training were identified. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

A Longitudinal Investigation of Speaking Rate in Preschool Children Who Stutter

1999 ◽  
Vol 42 (6) ◽  
pp. 1367-1377 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kelly Dailey Hall ◽  
Ofer Amir ◽  
Ehud Yairi
Keyword(s):  
Preschool Children ◽  
Age Groups ◽  
Preschool Age ◽  
Speaking Rate ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Control Group ◽  
Older Children ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Rate Of Speech

Both clinical and theoretical interest in stuttering as a disorder of speech motor control has led to numerous investigations of speaking rate in people who stutter. The majority of these studies, however, has been conducted with adult and school-age groups. Most studies of preschoolers have included older children. Despite the ongoing theoretical and clinical focus on speaking rate in young children who stutter and their parents, no longitudinal or cross-sectional studies have been conducted to answer questions about the possible developmental link between stuttering and the rate of speech, or about differences in rate development between preschool children who stutter and normally fluent children. This investigation compared changes in articulatory rate over a period of 2 years in subgroups of preschool-age children who stutter and normally fluent children. Within the group of stuttering children, comparisons also were made between those who exhibited persistent stuttering and those who eventually recovered without intervention. Furthermore, the study compared two metrics of articulatory rate. Spontaneous speech samples, collected longitudinally over a 2-year period, were analyzed acoustically to determine speaking rate measured in number of syllables and phones per second. Results indicated no differences among the 3 groups when articulation rate was measured in syllables per second. Using the phones per second measure, however, significant group differences were found when comparing the control group to the recovered and persistent groups.

scholarly journals Common and disorder-specific upregulation of the inflammatory markers TRAIL and CCL20 in depression and schizophrenia

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Federica Klaus ◽  
Karoline Guetter ◽  
Rebecca Schlegel ◽  
Tobias R. Spiller ◽  
Erich Seifritz ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Immune System ◽  
Inflammatory Markers ◽  
Multiple Testing ◽  
Mental Disease ◽  
Treatment Strategies ◽  
Adaptive Immune System ◽  
High Sensitivity ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Significant Group

AbstractSchizophrenia (SZ) and major depressive disorder (MDD) are severe mental disorders, which have been associated with alterations of the peripheral inflammatory network. However, studies for both disorders have not been fully consistent and have focused on few canonical markers with high relevance to the innate immune system, while the role of the adaptive immune system is studied less. Furthermore, it is unclear to what extent inflammatory abnormalities are diagnosis-specific or transdiagnostic. The purpose of this study was to investigate 75 peripheral inflammatory markers including the acute phase protein high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hsCRP) in patients with MDD (n = 37), SZ (n = 42) and healthy controls (HC) (n = 17), while considering possible confounders and correcting rigorously for multiple testing in group comparisons. We identified C–C chemokine ligand 20 (CCL20) and tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL) as the inflammatory markers with significant group differences after controlling for multiple comparisons and adjusting for BMI, sex and smoking as confounders. TRAIL was elevated in both MDD and SZ compared to HC. CCL20 was specifically increased in SZ compared to MDD and HC. There were no significant group differences in hsCRP after correcting for multiple testing. Finally, we observed no significant correlations among CCL20, TRAIL and CRP. TRAIL is a transdiagnostic marker for SZ and MDD, with both markers being independent from CRP and body mass index (BMI). CCL20 may be a novel and specific biomarker of schizophrenia, but an influence of antipsychotic medication cannot be excluded. Identifying novel markers in mental disease bears the potential for future research towards novel treatment strategies by modifying inflammation-related processes.

Timing of Palatal Surgery and Speech Outcome

2008 ◽  
Vol 45 (3) ◽  
pp. 297-308 ◽  
Author(s):  
Kathy L. Chapman ◽  
Mary A. Hardin-Jones ◽  
Jeffrey A. Goldstein ◽  
Kelli Ann Halter ◽  
Robert J. Havlik ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Cleft Palate ◽  
Speech Production ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Lexical Status ◽  
Group 2 ◽  
Manner Of Articulation ◽  
The Impact ◽  
Palatal Surgery ◽  
Group 1

Objective: To examine the impact of age and lexical status at the time of primary palatal surgery on speech outcome of preschoolers with cleft palate. Participants: Forty children (33 to 42 months) with nonsyndromic cleft palate participated in the study. Twenty children (Group 1) were less lexically advanced and younger (mean age  =  11 months) and 20 children (Group 2) were more lexically advanced and older (mean age  =  15 months) when palatal surgery was performed. Main Outcome Measures: Samples of the children's spontaneous speech were compared on 11 speech production measures (e.g., size of consonant inventory, total consonants correct, % correct for manner of articulation categories, compensatory articulation usage, etc.). Next, listeners rated a 30-second sample of each child's connected speech for articulation proficiency and hypernasality, separately, using direct magnitude estimation (DME). Results: Group differences were noted for 4 of the 11 speech production measures. Children in Group 1 exhibited larger consonant inventories (and true consonant inventories) and more accurate production of nasals and liquids compared to children in Group 2. On the DME task, significant group differences were found for ratings of articulation proficiency and hypernasality. Children in Group 1 exhibited better articulation and less hypernasality than children in Group 2. Conclusions: The findings suggested that children who were less lexically advanced and younger at the time of palatal surgery exhibited better articulation and resonance outcomes at 3 years of age.

scholarly journals Job Satisfaction and Evidence of Burnout Comparing Arab and Non-Arab Urologists with a Migration Background Working in German Hospitals

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
Matthias May ◽  
Mohammad Shaar
Keyword(s):  
Job Satisfaction ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Significant Group ◽  
Intervention Measures ◽  
Shortage Of Physicians ◽  
Group A ◽  
Group B ◽  
Study Participants ◽  
Prospective Longitudinal

Abstract Background In German hospitals, severe shortage of physicians can currently be partially compensated by hiring foreign physicians. Results on job satisfaction (JS) and physician burnout (PBO) in this important occupational group are currently not available. Methods The cross-sectional “Assessment of their urological work environment by foreign clinicians in Germany (EUTAKD)” study was conducted in 2020 using a 101-item questionnaire among physicians working in German urological departments who were born in a country outside Germany and having non-German citizenship. This study compared JS and the occurrence of PBO between Arab (group A, n = 57) and non-Arab (group B, n = 39) participants. Results Significant group differences with advantages for group B were analyzed in overall JS and also in other JS items. High scores in the PBO dimensions, that is, “emotional exhaustion” and “depersonalization,” were shown by 27.9 and 51.5% of the study participants, respectively, although there were no group differences found (p = 0.972 and 0.237, respectively). Conclusion Prospective longitudinal studies of appropriate intervention measures aimed at increasing JS and decreasing PBO are needed.

scholarly journals PYY Levels and Relationship to Appetite Across Different Presentations of Anorexia Nervosa

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. A632-A632
Author(s):  
Maged Muhammed ◽  
Franziska Plessow ◽  
Kendra Rosamond Becker ◽  
Helen B Murray ◽  
Lauren Breithaupt ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Anorexia Nervosa ◽  
Peptide Yy ◽  
General Characteristic ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Wilcoxon Test ◽  
Group Differences ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Desire To Eat ◽  
The Relationship

Abstract Objectives: While the pathophysiology of eating disorders is not well understood, there is evidence that anorexigenic peptide YY (PYY) may play a role. We have shown that PYY levels are high in individuals with anorexia nervosa (AN) and associated with subjective appetite. However, it is unclear whether this represents a general characteristic across AN presentations. Here we investigate PYY levels and their associations with subjective appetite in individuals with atypical (atypAN), binge/purge type (AN-BP), and restricting type (AN-R) AN compared to healthy controls (HC). We hypothesized that PYY levels would be high in all AN presentations compared to HC and associated with subjective appetite. Methods: We performed a cross-sectional study of 106 females (26 atypAN, 11 AN-BP, 29 AN-R and 40 HC, age 10-22 yrs). Research diagnoses were conferred using the Eating Disorder Examination. Fasting blood was drawn for PYY and visual analog scales were administered to assess hunger and desire to eat one’s favorite food. We performed Wilcoxon test to determine between-group differences in clinical characteristics. Spearman’s correlation coefficient was used to determine the relationship between PYY levels and appetite within each group. Results: Mean age±SD of atypAN (18.3±3.3 yrs) and AN-BP (19.9±1.5 yrs) did not differ (ps≥0.11) while AN-R (19.5±2.4 yrs) were older (p=0.013) than HC (17.8±3.1 yrs). BMI was lower in atypAN (18.7±1.2 kg/m2), AN-BP (17.3±0.8 kg/m2), and AN-R (16.6±1.0 kg/m2) than in HC (21.3±2.0 kg/m2; ps<0.0001). Fasting PYY levels were higher in atypAN (107.4±40.8 pg/mL), AN-BP (118.4±56.8 pg/mL) and AN-R (124.1±48.5 pg/mL) than HC (83.2±31.7 pg/mL, ps≤0.045). Hunger and desire to eat one’s favorite food were lower in atypAN and AN-BP compared to HC (ps≤0.042). Between group differences in PYY and appetite remained significant after controlling for age (ps≤0.032). The relationship between PYY and hunger was negative in AN-BP (ρ= -0.71, p=0.012), positive in AN-R (ρ=0.40, p=0.035), and not significant in atyp AN (ρ=0.02, p=0.90). The relationship between PYY and desire to eat favorite food was negative in AN-BP at trend level (ρ=-0.56, p=0.071), positive in AN-R (ρ=0.52, p=0.005), and not significant in atypAN (ρ=0.09, p=0.65). Conclusions: Compared to HC, fasting PYY levels were higher and appetite lower in all AN presentations. Higher fasting PYY levels were associated with lower appetite in AN-BP and greater appetite in AN-R, while no relationship was found in atypAN. The absence of an association in atypAN, which includes females who do not meet low weight criteria for AN-R or AN-BP, may reflect opposing relationships in those who restrict vs. binge/purge. Future research is required to further understand the differences in relationships between PYY levels and subjective appetite across AN presentations.

The Connection Between Deception Detection and Financial Exploitation of Older (vs. Young) Adults

2021 ◽  
pp. 073346482110497
Author(s):  
Christopher A. Gunderson ◽  
Leanne ten Brinke
Keyword(s):  
Young Adults ◽  
Deception Detection ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Detection Accuracy ◽  
High Stakes ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Financial Exploitation ◽  
Financial Consequences ◽  
Cross Sectional Design

Although poor deception detection accuracy is thought to be an important risk factor for fraud among older adults, this link has not been explicitly studied. Using a cross-sectional design, older and young adults viewed and made judgments of real, high-stakes truths and lies with financial consequences. Older (vs. young) adults exhibited a greater truth bias when evaluating individuals pleading for help in finding a missing relative, which was associated with greater donations to deceptive pleaders. However, all participants were highly vulnerable to fraud. Future research should consider both risk and protective factors affecting financial fraud across the lifespan.

PERCEPTION OF FARMERS TOWARD ORGANIC PESTICIDE

2019 ◽  
Vol 4 (2) ◽  
pp. 235-244
Author(s):  
Haryadi Sarjono ◽  
Berliana Nathalia Jadi
Keyword(s):  
Primary Data ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Internal Factors ◽  
Factors Affecting ◽  
Level Of Education ◽  
Central Java ◽  
Internal And External Factors ◽  
Organic Pesticides ◽  
Perception Score

This study aims to analyze the perception of farmers in Central Java, toward the organic pesticides regarding their benefits, the safety of use, price and quality, easiness level, usage, the internal, and external factors affecting the perception of farmers, then level of education and knowledge of pesticide organic. This study is cross-sectional research with a sample of 36 potato farmers from Dieng Plateau, uses primary data obtained from the questionnaire. The results showed that the main perception of using organic pesticide was influenced by internal factors, the lowest perception score is for the usage. The components of this paper consist of introduction, literature review, materials and methods, result and discussions, conclusions with limitation and future research. Keywords : Farmer, potato, pesticide, perception

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