Intercohort and Intracohort Redistribution under Old Age Insurance: The 1962–1972 Retirement Cohorts

1987 ◽  
Vol 15 (3) ◽  
pp. 259-281 ◽  
Author(s):  
Charles W. Meyer ◽  
Nancy L. Wolff

Although Social Security Old Age Insurance (OAI) is similar in some respects to a private annuity, benefits typically contain large intercohort and intra-cohort redistribution components. The former are declining over time but the latter are a permanent feature of the program. This study disentangles the actuarially fair and redistributive elements in OAI benefit payments to a sample of individuals from the 1962–1972 retirement cohorts. Incidence of benefits, actuarially fair annuity payments, and redistributive components across income groups are presented in tabular form. Regression analysis is used to estimate the relationship between redistribution components, as a percentage of benefits, and various characteristics of the retirement population.

2021 ◽  
Vol 8 (1) ◽  
pp. 52
Author(s):  
Natasha Eftimovska

This research aims to examine the relationship between factors that act as enablers or barriers to financial inclusion, as independent variables, and the environment for financial inclusion, as a dependent variable, for the case of North Macedonia. For accomplishing the main research objective, first, the factors that act as enablers or barriers to financial inclusion were identified by collecting primary data using questionnaires and performing comparative analysis on our country’s position with different regions categorized by income groups and World, through the benchmarking model of Global Microscope (Economist Intelligence Unit, 2018. Global Microscope 2018. The Enabling Environment for Financial Inclusion. The EIU, The Economist). Second, primary data from questionnaires served to furtherly examine the correlation between each identified enabler or barrier to financial inclusion and the overall environment for financial inclusion through multiple regression analysis. Results revealed important information and recommendations for the future focus of national priorities, institutional arrangements, policies, and strategies in terms of creating enabling environment for financial inclusion, benefits of which can be felt by the overall society.


2021 ◽  
Vol 2021 (139) ◽  
pp. 52-74
Author(s):  
Henrique Espada Lima

Abstract This article examines postmortem inventories and notarial records from Brazilian slaveholders in southern Brazil in the nineteenth century. By discussing selected cases in detail, it investigates the relationship between “precarious masters” (especially the poor and/or disabled, widows without family, and single elderly slaveholding women and men) and their slaves and former slaves to whom they bequeathed, in their testaments and final wills, manumission and property. The article reads these documents as intergenerational contractual arrangements that connected the masters’ expectations for care in illness and old age with the slaves’ and former slaves’ expectations for compensation for their work and dedication. Following these uneven relationships of interdependence and exploitation as they developed over time, the article suggests a reassessment of the role of paternalism in Brazil during the country’s final century of slavery. More than a tool to enforce relations of domination, paternalism articulated with the dynamics of vulnerability and interdependency as they changed over the life courses of both enslaved people and slave owners. This article shows how human aging became a terrain of negotiation and struggle as Brazilian slave society transformed throughout the nineteenth century.


2014 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 49-68
Author(s):  
Dariusz Jarosz

Abstract The history of old age has only relatively recently become explored as a research topic in Poland. This sketch focuses on the relationship between old age and poverty in People’s Republic of Poland. Old age, however, was a significant object of interest of the PRL authorities in at least two aspects. The first was the social security system, particularly in relation to old age and disability pensions, and the second, social care for the aged.


2000 ◽  
Vol 40 (4) ◽  
pp. 547-559 ◽  
Author(s):  
Esme Fuller-Thomson

This study explores the relationship between sibling conflict and parental loss. Logistic regression analysis of the first wave of the National Survey of Families and Households ( n = 8,654), indicates that respondents who have experienced the death of at least one parent and those who have a parent in ill-health are more likely to report that they do not get along well with a sibling. Older respondents, African Americans, Hispanics, and respondents in good or excellent health are less likely to have conflict with a sibling. Sibling conflict may have serious consequences for the exchange of sibling support in old age. Implications of these findings for research, practice, and policy are discussed.


Author(s):  
Eduardo Bericat

El objetivo del artículo es responder a dos importantes preguntas relacionadas con la igualdad intergeneracional en bienestar emocional: ¿Son las personas mayores tan felices como las jóvenes? ¿Cuál es la relación entre edad y felicidad? El actual consenso académico considera que tal relación adopta la forma de una curva en “U”, es decir, la felicidad sería alta en la juventud, descendería llegando a un mínimo hacia la mitad del curso vital, y remontaría hasta alcanzar de nuevo un alto nivel en la vejez. Según esta tesis, las personas mayores serían tan felices como las jóvenes. Sin embargo, estos resultados están condicionados por las propias limitaciones metodológicas del análisis de regresión. Además, estos análisis pretenden describir la relación genérica y universal existente entre un concepto abstracto de edad y la felicidad. Pero como era previsible, la variable edad, desprovista de todo contenido social, tiene una escasa influencia en la felicidad de las personas. Estos estudios carecen de interés sociológico alguno porque ocultan la verdadera relación existente entre la “edad social” de las personas y su felicidad. Tras exponer una crítica a los análisis de regresión, tal y como son habitual y convencionalmente aplicados por los científicos sociales, se propone segmentar la variable edad, estudiando el bienestar emocional de las personas en las distintas etapas de su ciclo vital (niñez, juventud, edad adulta, edad madura y vejez) utilizando análisis descriptivos multivariables. Se demuestra, así, que la relación edad-felicidad adopta la forma de una “ola” o “S” tumbada y que, por tanto, la felicidad de los mayores es bastante inferior a la de los jóvenes.The article aims to answer two important questions, both linked to emotional well-being throughout lifetime: Are old as happy as young people? What is the relationship between age and happiness? The current academic consensus states that the relationship between age and subjective well-being follows a "U-Shape". Happiness would be high in youngsters, would decrease to a minimum about midlife, and would ascend to reach again a high point in old age. Then, according to this thesis, old would be as happy as young people. However, we show that these research results come from the own methodological constraints of regression analysis. Additionally, these analyses try to find the generic and universal relationship between age, considered as an abstract variable, and happiness. But, not surprisingly, an age variable devoid of any social content and context has a meagre influence on people happiness. These inquiries lack any sociological interest because hide more than reveal the actual relationship between “social age” and happiness. The article deploys a critique of the irreflexive and conventional way in which regression analysis is used by social scientists. The segmentation of age in five stages (childhood, youthfulness, adulthood, maturity and old age), and descriptive multivariate analysis are proposed as the best methodology to study happiness throughout the lifetime. Finally, it is proved that the age-happiness relationship follows the pattern of a “wave” or “S lying down-shape”. Therefore, the happiness of the old is much lower than that of young people.


2005 ◽  
Vol 22 (3) ◽  
pp. 87-93 ◽  
Author(s):  
Aideen Freyne ◽  
Sabina Fahy ◽  
Angela McAleer ◽  
Fiona Keogh ◽  
Margo Wrigley

AbstractObjectives: To ascertain the relationship between social network type and depression over time.Method: A longitudinal outcome study of depressed elderly patients attending an old age psychiatric service was carried out. Subjects were seen at baseline and regular intervals over two years.Results: Depression severity at baseline and at follow-up times differed according to subjects' social network. Those with more socially integrated networks had the best outcome and those who had more dependent networks had a poorer outcome. There was a lot of movement between networks over time for subjects, with many moving towards more dependent networks.Conclusions: When treating depression in the elderly it is important to consider the social network and milieu in which the patient resides. Treatments should include strategies encouraging the maintenance and formation of social integration.


GeroPsych ◽  
2020 ◽  
Vol 33 (4) ◽  
pp. 246-251
Author(s):  
Gozde Cetinkol ◽  
Gulbahar Bastug ◽  
E. Tugba Ozel Kizil

Abstract. Depression in older adults can be explained by Erikson’s theory on the conflict of ego integrity versus hopelessness. The study investigated the relationship between past acceptance, hopelessness, death anxiety, and depressive symptoms in 100 older (≥50 years) adults. The total Beck Hopelessness (BHS), Geriatric Depression (GDS), and Accepting the Past (ACPAST) subscale scores of the depressed group were higher, while the total Death Anxiety (DAS) and Reminiscing the Past (REM) subscale scores of both groups were similar. A regression analysis revealed that the BHS, DAS, and ACPAST predicted the GDS. Past acceptance seems to be important for ego integrity in older adults.


2013 ◽  
Vol 34 (2) ◽  
pp. 82-89 ◽  
Author(s):  
Sophie von Stumm

Intelligence-as-knowledge in adulthood is influenced by individual differences in intelligence-as-process (i.e., fluid intelligence) and in personality traits that determine when, where, and how people invest their intelligence over time. Here, the relationship between two investment traits (i.e., Openness to Experience and Need for Cognition), intelligence-as-process and intelligence-as-knowledge, as assessed by a battery of crystallized intelligence tests and a new knowledge measure, was examined. The results showed that (1) both investment traits were positively associated with intelligence-as-knowledge; (2) this effect was stronger for Openness to Experience than for Need for Cognition; and (3) associations between investment and intelligence-as-knowledge reduced when adjusting for intelligence-as-process but remained mostly significant.


2020 ◽  
Vol 19 (3) ◽  
pp. 135-141
Author(s):  
Kenneth D. Locke

Abstract. Person–job (or needs–supplies) discrepancy/fit theories posit that job satisfaction depends on work supplying what employees want and thus expect associations between having supervisory power and job satisfaction to be more positive in individuals who value power and in societies that endorse power values and power distance (e.g., respecting/obeying superiors). Using multilevel modeling on 30,683 European Social Survey respondents from 31 countries revealed that overseeing supervisees was positively associated with job satisfaction, and as hypothesized, this association was stronger among individuals with stronger power values and in nations with greater levels of power values or power distance. The results suggest that workplace power can have a meaningful impact on job satisfaction, especially over time in individuals or societies that esteem power.


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