Against evidence-based oppression: Marginalized youth and the politics of risk-based assessment and intervention

2016 ◽  
Vol 21 (2) ◽  
pp. 151-167 ◽  
Author(s):  
Tim Goddard ◽  
Randolph R Myers
Keyword(s):  
Lived Experience ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Marginalized Youth ◽  
Youth Justice ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Needs Assessments ◽  
Actuarial Risk ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Causes Of Crime

Actuarial risk/needs assessments exert a formidable influence over the policy and practice of youth offender intervention. Risk-prediction instruments and the programming they inspire are thought not only to link scholarship to practice, but are deemed evidence-based. However, risk-based assessments and programs display a number of troubling characteristics: they reduce the lived experience of racialized inequality into an elevated risk score; they prioritize a very limited set of hyper-individualistic interventions, at the expense of others; and they privilege narrow individual-level outcomes as proof of overall success. As currently practiced, actuarial youth justice replicates earlier interventions that ask young people to navigate structural causes of crime at the individual level, while laundering various racialized inequalities at the root of violence and criminalization. This iteration of actuarial youth justice is not inevitable, and we discuss alternatives to actuarial youth justice as currently practiced.

scholarly journals A Multi-level Review of Engineering Ethics Education: Towards a Socio-technical Orientation of Engineering Education for Ethics

2021 ◽  
Vol 27 (5) ◽  
Author(s):  
Diana Adela Martin ◽  
Eddie Conlon ◽  
Brian Bowe
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Ethics Education ◽  
Engineering Ethics ◽  
Theoretical Research ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Multi Level ◽  
Engineering Ethics Education ◽  
Four Levels ◽  
The Individual

AbstractThis paper aims to review the empirical and theoretical research on engineering ethics education, by focusing on the challenges reported in the literature. The analysis is conducted at four levels of the engineering education system. First, the individual level is dedicated to findings about teaching practices reported by instructors. Second, the institutional level brings together findings about the implementation and presence of ethics within engineering programmes. Third, the level of policy situates findings about engineering ethics education in the context of accreditation. Finally, there is the level of the culture of engineering education. The multi-level analysis allows us to address some of the limitations of higher education research which tends to focus on individual actors such as instructors or remains focused on the levels of policy and practice without examining the deeper levels of paradigm and purpose guiding them. Our approach links some of the challenges of engineering ethics education with wider debates about its guiding paradigms. The main contribution of the paper is to situate the analysis of the theoretical and empirical findings reported in the literature on engineering ethics education in the context of broader discussions about the purpose of engineering education and the aims of reform programmes. We conclude by putting forward a series of recommendations for a socio-technical oriented reform of engineering education for ethics.

Evidence‐Based Practice in the Classroom: Evaluating a Procedure for Reducing Perseverative Requesting in an Adolescent with Autism and Severe Intellectual Disability

2008 ◽  
Vol 32 (1) ◽  
pp. 55-65
Author(s):  
Jeff Sigafoos ◽  
Jennifer Ganz ◽  
Mark O’Reilly ◽  
Giulio Lancioni
Keyword(s):  
Special Education ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Special Educators ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Severe Intellectual Disability ◽  
Speech Generating Device ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Response Interruption

Management of inappropriate behaviour is a major priority in special education. Evidence‐based practice dictates that interventions to reduce inappropriate behaviour should be evaluated at the individual level to demonstrate their efficacy in the classroom. This study illustrates the evaluation of an evidence‐based procedure (response interruption) for reducing perseverative requesting in an adolescent boy with autism and severe intellectual disability. The boy used a speech‐generating device to request snacks during baseline and response interruption conditions. During both conditions, the boy had to wait 30 seconds while the snack was being prepared. Requests that occurred during this wait interval were defined as perseverative. Intervention involved blocking perseverative requests and prompting the child to wait. An ABAB design was used to evaluate the effects of the response interruption procedure. The results demonstrated that response interruption effectively reduced perseverative requesting, while maintaining appropriate requesting at other times. The study illustrates how special educators might evaluate evidence‐based practice in the classroom.

scholarly journals Barriers and Facilitators Implementation of Evidence-Based Nursing practice in Hospitals: A Literature Review

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (2) ◽  
pp. 1504-1511
Author(s):  
Ikar Swito ◽  
Indahwaty Sidin
Keyword(s):  
Literature Review ◽  
Group Dynamics ◽  
Work Experience ◽  
Role Models ◽  
Complex Structure ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Strategic Support ◽  
The Individual

The results of the literature review study clearly show: that attitudes and beliefs, knowledge about EBP, a capability to interpret faithful journals, nurses' demographic characteristics including the level of education, work experience, and age influenced the implementation of EBP. At the organizational level, the obstacles in implementing EBP consist of facilities and infrastructure, leadership, conflict, group dynamics, workplace, and organizational culture, lack of human resources, workload, lack of time, lack of internet access, the need for role models in the implementation of EBP. The results clearly showed that the implementation of evidence-based practice was a complex structure where the support of both individuals and organizations was very influential. It was necessary at the individual level to increase knowledge and skills in implementing EBP. However, workplace organizational management and strategic support integrated into the hospital's vision became the initial capital in implementing EBP

scholarly journals Peculiarity of Efficiency Assessment for Educational and Psychological Interventions Used with Children with ASD

2020 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 58-67
Author(s):  
A.B. Sorokin ◽  
E.Yu. Davydova ◽  
A.V. Khaustov
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Data ◽  
Autism Spectrum Disorder ◽  
Children With Autism ◽  
Autism Spectrum ◽  
Psychological Interventions ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Efficiency Assessment ◽  
Children With Asd ◽  
The Individual

Timely identification of appropriate intervention is prerequisite for amelioration of deficits in children with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). It is a complicated choice because of the high heterogeneity of ASD manifestations and insufficient state of knowledge about intervention efficiency. The article introduces an approach that will allow professionals who plan educational and psychological interventions for children with ASD and caregivers to assess the methods in terms of their congruence with the evidence-based criteria. Such assessment is conducted based on published experimental data. The article presents characteristics that are worth considering while making an informed decision about the preferred intervention. They include formal features, such as sample sizes, study length, compliance with the target group description, and validity, as well as subjective criteria that enable appropriate choice of intervention at the individual level.

scholarly journals An exploration of sociological factors that contribute to physician burnout

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jennifer Gray
Keyword(s):  
Medical Profession ◽  
Medical Community ◽  
Sociocultural Factors ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Canadian Society ◽  
Physician Burnout ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Sociological Factors ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Based Medicine

A discussion about mental health and how it relates to the medical profession is incomplete without exploring the concept of burnout.  The implications of physician burnout are profound, and it is plaguing the medical community at epidemic rates.  Current research focuses on which occupational factors may be contributing to this problem.  Other approaches involve investigating the efficacy of building resilience at the individual level as a means of combatting burnout.  Examining this issue through a broader lens and considering sociocultural factors that may be influencing how medicine is experienced by those in the field is remarkably untouched in the literature.  This article will discuss how several changes in contemporary Canadian society may be underlying factors in physician burnout. The increasing penetrance of the internet into patient-physician interactions, the rise of online review platforms and widespread secularization in a domain that continues to face issues that evidence-based medicine fails to explain will all be addressed.  This is merely a preliminary discussion to fortify current initiatives aimed at promoting awareness of and preventing physician burnout. 

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

Professional practice.

2021 ◽  
pp. 148-185
Author(s):  
James Woodall ◽  
Simon Rowlands
Keyword(s):  
Health Promotion ◽  
Ethical Issues ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Private And Public ◽  
Settings Approach ◽  
Societal Level ◽  
The Individual

Abstract This book chapter seeks to: (i) explore the role of the settings approach to health promotion and the need for organizational change; (ii) discuss the importance of evidence-based practice and evaluation; (iii) describe some of the ethical issues in practising health promotion; (iv) suggest a means of overcoming the top-down/bottom-up tensions in practice; (v) explore the need for developing partnerships between civil society, NGOs, and private and public sectors; and (vi) outline the skills and competencies of health promoters practising in the 21st century. This chapter has attempted to discuss some challenges in the practice of health promotion, ending on the challenges in terms of the skills required to do health promotion work. Some of these challenges reoccur in the next chapter, particularly when discussing capacity building for health promotion at a societal level rather than the individual level.

Paradoxes of evidence-based medicine in lower-grade glioma

Neurology ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 91 (14) ◽  
pp. 657-662 ◽  
Author(s):  
Hugues Duffau
Keyword(s):  
Evidence Based Medicine ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Lower Grade ◽  
Brain Organization ◽  
Large Variability ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Standardized Protocol ◽  
Lower Grade Glioma ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Based Medicine

Brain lower-grade gliomas (LGG) usually occur in young adults who enjoy an active life. This tumor has a high risk of malignant transformation resulting in neurologic deterioration and finally death. Early and multistage therapeutic management can increase survival over 10 years. Preservation of functional neural networks and quality of life is crucial. In the era of evidence-based medicine, the issues discussed are those associated with the design, analysis, and clinical application of randomized controlled trials (RCTs) for LGG. RCTs should take account of the following: considerable variability in the natural course of LGG; limited prognostic value of molecular biology at the individual level; large variability of brain organization across patients; technical and conceptual progress of therapies over years; combination or repetition of iterative treatments, taken as a whole and not only in isolation; and long-term consequences on oncologic and functional outcomes. As it is difficult to translate the results of an RCT into benefits for a unique patient with LGG, personalized decisions must be made by considering the tumor behavior, individual pattern of neuroplasticity, and patient needs, and not by administrating a standardized protocol exclusively based on an RCT.

scholarly journals Barriers to Implementation of Evidence Based Practice in Zahedan Teaching Hospitals, Iran, 2014

2015 ◽  
Vol 2015 ◽  
pp. 1-5 ◽  
Author(s):  
Mohammad Khammarnia ◽  
Mahsa Haj Mohammadi ◽  
Zahra Amani ◽  
Shahab Rezaeian ◽  
Fatemeh Setoodehzadeh
Keyword(s):  
English Language ◽  
Evidence Based Practice ◽  
Cross Sectional Study ◽  
Organizational Level ◽  
Teaching Hospitals ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Individual Level ◽  
Barriers To Implementation ◽  
The Individual

This study aimed to determine the barriers to implementation of EBP among nurses. This cross-sectional study was conducted in Zahedan City, South East of Iran, in 2014. The questionnaire of barriers to implementation of EBP consists of 27 statements which was distributed among 280 nurses. More than half of the participants agreed that 56% and 57% of barriers to implementation of evidence based practice are related to organizational and individual aspects, respectively. Participants identified barriers at organizational level included the lack of human resources (78.3%), lack of internet access at work (72.2%), and heavy workload (70.0%). Barrier at individual level included lack of time to read literature (83.7%), lack of ability to work with computer (68.8%), and insufficient proficiency in English language (62.0%). Age, educational level, job experience, and employment status were associated with organizational barriers to implementation of EBP. At the individual level only education was associated with barriers to implementation of EBP. Barriers to implementation of EBP occur at both individual and organizational levels. The indicator of quality in nursing practice is EBP. Hence, familiarity with EBP is recommended for Iranian nurses. In addition, knowledge of barriers will help health care system and policy makers to provide a culture of EBP.

scholarly journals Challenging the Reductionism of “Evidence-Based” Youth Justice

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (4) ◽  
pp. 1735
Author(s):  
Stephen Case
Keyword(s):  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Research Evidence ◽  
Evidence Base ◽  
Evidence Based ◽  
Sociological Research ◽  
Youth Justice ◽  
Policy And Practice ◽  
Integral Means ◽  
Children And Young People ◽  
Policy Practice

The generation of empirical evidence to explain offending by children and young people has been a central driver of criminological and sociological research for more than two centuries. Across the international field of youth justice, empirical research evidence has become an integral means of complementing and extending the knowledge and understanding of offending offered by the official enquiries and data collection of professional stakeholders and an essential tool for informing ‘evidence-based’ policy, practice and ‘effective intervention’. However, it will be argued that the hegemonic empirical evidence-base created by youth justice research over the past two decades has been generated through methodological reductionism - the oversimplification of complexity, the restriction of conceptual lens and the relative exclusion of competing explanatory paradigms and empirical methodologies, which in turn, has reduced the scope and validity of the policy and practice recommendations derived from it.

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