scholarly journals Can cross-group contact turn advantaged group members into allies? The role of inequality-delegitimizing contact and interpersonal connection

2021 ◽  
pp. 136843022110152
Author(s):  
Julia C. Becker ◽  
Stephen C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Negative Effects ◽  
Disadvantaged Groups ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Group Contact ◽  
Intergroup Inequality ◽  
Contact Partner ◽  
First Time ◽  
Group Member

Previous research shows that positive contact with members of disadvantaged groups can have positive, neutral, or negative effects on advantaged group members’ support of actions for social change towards more equality. The present work provides an experimental test of this effect and introduces two moderators which highlight the fundamental role of (a) communication about perception of the illegitimacy of intergroup inequality and (b) interpersonal connection with the contact partner. In two experiments ( N = 88 and N = 192), first-time cross-group contact was initiated between members of two universities that differ on social status. Results revealed that cross-group contact per se did not increase advantaged group members’ solidarity-based action to reduce inequality. However, cross-group contact did increase advantaged group members’ solidarity-based actions when the disadvantaged group partner engaged in inequality-delegitimizing contact by describing the intergroup inequality as illegitimate and when the advantaged group member reported a strong interpersonal connection with the disadvantaged contact partner.

scholarly journals Intergroup Discrimination in Cooperation Among Moral and Non-Moral Groups

2021 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 28-33
Author(s):  
Hirotaka Imada ◽  
Daniel Codd ◽  
Daqing Liu
Keyword(s):  
Group Membership ◽  
Moral Values ◽  
Group Cooperation ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

In-group favouritism is ubiquitous and previous studies have consistently found that individuals cooperate more with in-group members than out-group members in diverse contexts. Yet, there has not been much research on the role of the nature of groups in intergroup cooperation. A recent study found stronger levels of in-group favouritism amongst groups formed on the basis of shared moral values. However, it remained unclear whether the increased favouritism was caused by a greater tendency to act favourably towards the in-group or derogatorily towards the out-group. The present study thus investigated intergroup cooperation among morality-based and non-morality-based groups and examined the levels of cooperation with an in-group member and an out-group member as compared to a person whose group membership was unknown. Regardless of how groups were formed, in-group favouritism was present, while out-group derogation was absent. Furthermore, we found that the shared morality promoted in-group cooperation indirectly via low perceived out-group warmth. Our study provides further evidence that in-group favouring behaviour does not include derogating out-groups and points to the importance of further investigation into the role of the shared morality in intergroup cooperation.

scholarly journals Vicarious intergroup contact effects

2011 ◽  
Vol 14 (2) ◽  
pp. 255-274 ◽  
Author(s):  
Agostino Mazziotta ◽  
Amélie Mummendey ◽  
Stephen C. Wright
Keyword(s):  
Social Cognitive ◽  
Cognitive Theory ◽  
Intergroup Contact ◽  
Indirect Contact ◽  
Direct Cross ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Contact ◽  
Willingness To Engage ◽  
Contact Effects

This contribution examines the role of vicarious contact (observing in-group members having successful cross-group contact) as a tool to improve intergroup relations. Expanding previous research on indirect intergroup contact, vicarious contact (1) integrates and applies concepts of social-cognitive theory ( Bandura, 1986 ) to the field of intergroup contact research; (2) broadens the study of indirect contact effects to the observation of successful cross-group interactions; and (3) proposes to increase people’s intention for direct cross-group contact. Two video-based experiments indicate that vicarious contact improves attitudes towards the out-group and increases participants’ willingness to engage in direct cross-group contact. These studies provide evidence that the relation between vicarious contact and intergroup attitudes (and willingness to engage in direct contact) is sequentially mediated by self-efficacy expectancy and perceived intergroup uncertainty. Implications of these findings for further research on the (indirect) contact hypothesis and their application will be discussed.

In spite of technology: a failure in student project ownership

2020 ◽  
Vol 17 (1) ◽  
pp. 36-42
Author(s):  
Pauline Stamp ◽  
Theodore Peters ◽  
Andrew Gorycki
Keyword(s):  
Organizational Behavior ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Google Docs ◽  
Face To Face ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Trust In Technology ◽  
Class Presentation ◽  
Classroom Presentation ◽  
Group Member

Purpose Students often complain about doing group work, which may lead them to be less engaged as a group and to seek shortcuts in developing their presentations. The purpose of his essay is identify and preferentially rectify student behavioral errors arising from placing too much trust in technology that can lead to too little personal interaction and engagement. The authors present their viewpoint on the classroom presentation outcome of a student group that used Google Docs to “prepare” for their presentation. Design/methodology/approach In a recent organizational behavior course, the authors had one such group arrive for their in-class presentation, only to discover that one group member was absent. The group had used Google Docs to share their research, yet no member read what the others had submitted. As a result, none of the group members could present the missing student’s material, with the obvious negative grading and finger-pointing outcomes. Findings The authors recognized that students needed more management direction than simply being proficient with technology. They lacked engagement behaviors leading to project responsibility. Engagement behaviors would include voice/face-to-face communication and content-related discussions questioning assumptions while strategically planning and operationalizing their topic of presentation. Originality/value The educational implications suggest an expanded role for the instructor to emphasize the role of student engagement behavior and the over-reliance on technology. Practical implications suggest making stronger connections to workplace expectations, making the student experience more transferable to their incipient workplaces and promoting the concept of team over group in terms of responsibility and conscientiousness and ultimately justifying their participation in providing value for their employer.

scholarly journals Peran Penyuluh dan Sikap Petani dalam Pengembangan Kelompok di Kecamatan Barusjahe

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 281-283
Author(s):  
Ray Damen Sitepu ◽  
Diana Chalil
Keyword(s):  
Extension Agents ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Agriculture Extension ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Group Member

Kabupaten Karo merupakan sentra produksi tanaman hortikultura di Sumatera Utara dengan jumlah kelompok tani yang mencapai 3.003 kelompok. Namun hanya 44 kelompok yang berada pada kelas “Lanjutan” sementara sisanya berada di kelas “Pemula”. Untuk menganalisis kondisi tersebut, dilakukan penelitian di Kecamatan Barusjahe, sebab daerah tersebut memiliki perkembangan kelompok tani yang paling baik (Bapeluh Kabupaten Karo, 2014). Data diperoleh dari penyuluh dan kelompok tani yang ditentukan dengan metode sensus dan purposive sampling. Selanjutnya data diolah dengan menggunakan metode skoring terhadap 49 indikator untuk menentukan peran penyuluh dan 20 pernyataan positif dan negatif untuk menentukan sikap anggota kelompok tani terhadap peran penyuluh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total skor peran penyuluh adalah sebesar 114,53 dan termasuk dalam kategori “sedang”, dan 72,22% anggota kelompok tani bersikap positif terhadap peran penyuluh pertanian tersebut. Kondisi tersebut merupakan peluang untuk pengembangan kelompok tani di Kecamatan Barusjahe, namun perlu perbaikan dalam beberapa hambatan seperti kesadaran pengurus dan anggota kelompok, partisipasi anggota kelompok, perencanaan dan pelaksanaan program yang memiliki komoditi berbeda dan areal lahan yang tidak pada satu hamparan, jumlah tenaga penyuluh, kelengkapan dan kesesuaian sarana dan prasarana yang dimiliki. Diharapkan dengan perbaikan hambatan tersebut kelompok tani di Kecamatan Barusjahe dapat mencapai tingkat kelas yang lebih tinggi.   Karo Regency is a center for horticulture production in North Sumatra with a total of 3,003 farmer groups. However, only 44 groups were in the "Continuation" class while the rest were in the "Beginner" class. To analyze these conditions, research was conducted in Barusjahe District, because the area had the best development of farmer groups (Bapeluh Karo District, 2014). Data obtained from extension agents and farmer groups were determined by the census method and purposive sampling. Furthermore, the data were processed using the scoring method on 49 indicators to determine the role of extension agents and 20 positive and negative statements to determine the attitude of members of farmer groups to the role of extension agents. The results showed that the total score of the instructor's role was 114.53 and included in the category of "midwife", and 72.22% of members of the farmer group were positive towards the role of the agriculture extension agents. This condition was an opportunity for the development of farmer groups in Barusjahe Subdistrict, but still needed to be improved in several obstacles such as awareness of administrators and group members, group member participation, planning and implementation of programs that had different commodities and land areas that were not in one overlay and suitability of facilities and infrastructure owned. It was expected that by improving these barriers, farmer groups in Barusjahe Sub-district could reach a higher class level.

scholarly journals Developing the Leader-Member Exchange Theory in Nursing: Seeing from an Introvert Eye

2018 ◽  
Vol 3 (1) ◽  
Author(s):  
Laksita Barbara
Keyword(s):  
Affective Commitment ◽  
Intention To Leave ◽  
Personality Types ◽  
Nursing Profession ◽  
Leader Member Exchange ◽  
Lmx Theory ◽  
Member Exchange ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Group Member

Objective:  This paper aims to find a gap in the current findings and provide a recommendation by exploring the Leader-Member Exchange (LMX) theory with regards of introversion  Methods:  A literature review is conducted to analyse the current findings of the development and application of LMX theory.Results: The LMX theory focuses on the interaction that happens in leadership and reveals the role of relationship in affecting the organisation outcomes. The LMX theory has been developed in four stages to meet the needs of the application at various organisational levels. In the nursing profession, the application of LMX theory shows positive outcomes in affective commitment, job satisfaction, and reduced intention to leave. However, the studies of this theory in nursing has hardly provided the solution to overcome the limitations of out-group members. The studies show the discrimination that is caused by the different treatment of the leader to each member. The other issue is subjectivity. The high-quality interaction is more likely to be formed by people with sociable traits compared to those with solitaire personality. One of the personality types which might have a less likeliness to be the in-group member is introverted personality.Conclusion: The LMX theory has given a pivotal awareness in nursing profession regarding the different relationship developed by a supervisor with each nurse. However, there is hardly prescriptive approach to escalating the exchange quality to the higher level. Thus, this paper emphasises the need to enhance justice climate and identify as well as be aware of the leader’s and member’s characteristics.

scholarly journals Peran Penyuluh dan Sikap Petani dalam Pengembangan Kelompok di Kecamatan Barusjahe

2018 ◽  
Vol 1 (1) ◽  
pp. 239-242
Author(s):  
Ray Damen Sitepu ◽  
Diana Chalil
Keyword(s):  
Extension Agents ◽  
Scoring Method ◽  
Purposive Sampling ◽  
Class Level ◽  
Group Members ◽  
Farmer Groups ◽  
Agriculture Extension ◽  
North Sumatra ◽  
Group Member

Kabupaten Karo merupakan sentra produksi tanaman hortikultura di Sumatera Utara dengan jumlah kelompok tani yang mencapai 3.003 kelompok. Namun hanya 44 kelompok yang berada pada kelas ―Lanjutan‖ sementara sisanya berada di kelas ―Pemula‖. Untuk menganalisis kondisi tersebut, dilakukan penelitian di Kecamatan Barusjahe, sebab daerah tersebut memiliki perkembangan kelompok tani yang paling baik (Bapeluh Kabupaten Karo, 2014). Data diperoleh dari penyuluh dan kelompok tani yang ditentukan dengan metode sensus dan purposive sampling. Selanjutnya data diolah dengan menggunakan metode skoring terhadap 49 indikator untuk menentukan peran penyuluh dan 20 pernyataan positif dan negatif untuk menentukan sikap anggota kelompok tani terhadap peran penyuluh. Hasil penelitian menunjukkan bahwa total skor peran penyuluh adalah sebesar 114,53 dan termasuk dalam kategori ―sedang‖, dan 72,22% anggota kelompok tani bersikap positif terhadap peran penyuluh pertanian tersebut. Kondisi tersebut merupakan peluang untuk pengembangan kelompok tani di Kecamatan Barusjahe, namun perlu perbaikan dalam beberapa hambatan seperti kesadaran pengurus dan anggota kelompok, partisipasi anggota kelompok, perencanaan dan pelaksanaan program yang memiliki komoditi berbeda dan areal lahan yang tidak pada satu hamparan, jumlah tenaga penyuluh, kelengkapan dan kesesuaian sarana dan prasarana yang dimiliki. Diharapkan dengan perbaikan hambatan tersebut kelompok tani di Kecamatan Barusjahe dapat mencapai tingkat kelas yang lebih tinggi.   Karo Regency is a center for horticulture production in North Sumatra with a total of 3,003 farmer groups. However, only 44 groups were in the "Continuation" class while the rest were in the "Beginner" class. To analyze these conditions, research was conducted in Barusjahe District, because the area had the best development of farmer groups (Bapeluh Karo District, 2014). Data obtained from extension agents and farmer groups were determined by the census method and purposive sampling. Furthermore, the data were processed using the scoring method on 49 indicators to determine the role of extension agents and 20 positive and negative statements to determine the attitude of members of farmer groups to the role of extension agents. The results showed that the total score of the instructor's role was 114.53 and included in the category of "midwife", and 72.22% of members of the farmer group were positive towards the role of the agriculture extension agents. This condition was an opportunity for the development of farmer groups in Barusjahe Subdistrict, but still needed to be improved in several obstacles such as awareness of administrators and group members, group member participation, planning and implementation of programs that had different commodities and land areas that werenot in one overlay and suitability of facilities and infrastructure owned. It was expected that by improving these barriers, farmer groups in Barusjahe Sub-district could reach a higher class level.

Rule of Reason (ROR): Gains and Risks

2018 ◽  
Vol 2018 (1) ◽  
pp. 65-81
Author(s):  
Andrej Makarov
Keyword(s):  
Economic Theory ◽  
Antitrust Policy ◽  
Negative Effects ◽  
Rule Of Reason ◽  
The Us ◽  
Rapid Formation ◽  
Per Se ◽  
Type 2 Errors

This article discusses the rapid formation of the Rule of Reason (ROR) approach in antitrust policy in the field of anti — competitive agreements. In many countries (the US, EU) there was a significant reduction of the use of per se approach (prohibition on the base of formal characteristics) in favor of the ROR approach, nowadays agreements are usually permitted or prohibited on the basis of the analysis of positive and negative effects. The article analyzes and summarizes the experience of these jurisdictions in the development of the ROR approach, the chronology for agreements of various types (horizontal, vertical agreements). The role of discussions in economic theory in this process was provided the argumentation for the expansion of effects evaluation. At the same time, the article examines the problems of this transformation, taking into account the problems of legal uncertainty, growing risks of type 2 errors.

scholarly journals Strategic Self-Regulation in Groups: Collective Implementation Intentions Help Cooperate When Cooperation Is Called for

2020 ◽  
Vol 11 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. Lukas Thürmer ◽  
Frank Wieber ◽  
Peter M. Gollwitzer
Keyword(s):  
Implementation Intentions ◽  
Self Regulation ◽  
Social Dilemmas ◽  
Investment Game ◽  
Prisoners Dilemma ◽  
Group Members ◽  
The Individual ◽  
Group Member

Groups need contributions that are personally costly to their members. Such cooperation is only adaptive when others cooperate as well, as unconditional cooperation may incur high costs to the individual. We argue that individuals can use We-if-then plans (collective implementation intentions, cIIs) to regulate their group-directed behavior strategically, helping them to cooperate selectively with group members in the situation planned for. In line with this prediction, a cII to consider group earnings increased cooperative decisions in a prisoners’ dilemma game when playing against another group member but not when playing against a stranger (i.e., non-group member). Moreover, cIIs to cooperate in the prisoners’ dilemma game did not increase cooperation in a structurally similar investment game that participants had not planned for. We discuss the role of collective planning in solving social dilemmas.

The power of norms to sway fused group members

2018 ◽  
Vol 41 ◽  
Author(s):  
Winnifred R. Louis ◽  
Craig McGarty ◽  
Emma F. Thomas ◽  
Catherine E. Amiot ◽  
Fathali M. Moghaddam
Keyword(s):  
Evolutionary Anthropology ◽  
Normative Systems ◽  
Violent Extremism ◽  
Identity Fusion ◽  
Group Members

AbstractWhitehouse adapts insights from evolutionary anthropology to interpret extreme self-sacrifice through the concept of identity fusion. The model neglects the role of normative systems in shaping behaviors, especially in relation to violent extremism. In peaceful groups, increasing fusion will actually decrease extremism. Groups collectively appraise threats and opportunities, actively debate action options, and rarely choose violence toward self or others.

Psychological Resilience Provides No Independent Protection From Suicidal Risk

Crisis ◽  
2016 ◽  
Vol 37 (2) ◽  
pp. 130-139 ◽  
Author(s):  
Danica W. Y. Liu ◽  
A. Kate Fairweather-Schmidt ◽  
Richard Burns ◽  
Rachel M. Roberts ◽  
Kaarin J. Anstey
Keyword(s):  
Risk Factors ◽  
Well Being ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Psychological Resilience ◽  
Cross Sectional ◽  
Life Project ◽  
Resilience Factors ◽  
First Time

Abstract. Background: Little is known about the role of resilience in the likelihood of suicidal ideation (SI) over time. Aims: We examined the association between resilience and SI in a young-adult cohort over 4 years. Our objectives were to determine whether resilience was associated with SI at follow-up or, conversely, whether SI was associated with lowered resilience at follow-up. Method: Participants were selected from the Personality and Total Health (PATH) Through Life Project from Canberra and Queanbeyan, Australia, aged 28–32 years at the first time point and 32–36 at the second. Multinomial, linear, and binary regression analyses explored the association between resilience and SI over two time points. Models were adjusted for suicidality risk factors. Results: While unadjusted analyses identified associations between resilience and SI, these effects were fully explained by the inclusion of other suicidality risk factors. Conclusion: Despite strong cross-sectional associations, resilience and SI appear to be unrelated in a longitudinal context, once risk/resilience factors are controlled for. As independent indicators of psychological well-being, suicidality and resilience are essential if current status is to be captured. However, the addition of other factors (e.g., support, mastery) makes this association tenuous. Consequently, resilience per se may not be protective of SI.

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