An investigation of the cooling performance of air-conditioning systems in seven Chinese hub airport terminals

2019 ◽  
pp. 1420326X1989164 ◽  
Author(s):  
Xiaochen Liu ◽  
Xiaohua Liu ◽  
Tao Zhang ◽  
Lingshan Li
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Normal Operation ◽  
Cooling Performance ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ac Systems ◽  
Airport Terminals ◽  
Hub Airport

Airport terminals are key infrastructures with rapid development currently, where the air-conditioning (AC) systems aim to guarantee the normal operation. This research investigated the AC systems in seven Chinese hub airport terminals by a large-scale on-site measurement. The average annual electricity consumption was 177 kWh/(m2 · year), in which 30–60% was consumed by AC systems. The terminal device of AC systems is one of the key components restricting the cooling performance. The commonly used terminal devices (i.e. air handling units) accounted for 40–74% of the AC electricity consumption. As an alternative, the AC system combining radiant floor and displacement ventilation could save 34% of the AC electricity consumption in one investigated airport terminal. Furthermore, the designed cooling capacities were 132–176 W/m2, while the measured values were only 43–90 W/m2. Thus, the AC systems, especially the terminal devices, should have the ability to adjust cooling capacity over a wide range to cope with this prevailing situation of low load rates. This study is beneficial for the design and operation of AC systems in airport terminals.

Study on Industrial Waste Sites Monitoring Based on Remote Sensing Technology

2011 ◽  
Vol 201-203 ◽  
pp. 2607-2610
Author(s):  
Wen Hui Zhao ◽  
She Liu
Keyword(s):  
Industrial Waste ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Dynamic Environment ◽  
High Spectral Resolution ◽  
Ground Vegetation ◽  
High Time Resolution ◽  
Mountainous Area ◽  
Observation Data ◽  
Wide Range

Large scale of the industrial waste is not timely disposed of due to economic rapid development. It is the main reason why environmental pollution problem is getting more and more serious and we should monitor the pollution of industrial waste. A MODIS (Moderate Resolution Imaging Spectroradiometer) senor is used for long-time and dynamic environment monitor because it has advantages of high time resolution and high spectral resolution characteristics etc. SPOT satellite data is used to analyze the ground vegetation for its higher ground resolution and rich product data bases. The influence of industrial waste on environment is analyzed and the result of research is verifyed with the information of local meteorological agent and observation data of site. This method can be used for monitoring wide-range industrial waste and have good performance of monitoring and early warning industrial waste sites which are in mountainous area.

Cash for Coolers: Evaluating a Large-Scale Appliance Replacement Program in Mexico

2014 ◽  
Vol 6 (4) ◽  
pp. 207-238 ◽  
Author(s):  
Lucas W. Davis ◽  
Alan Fuchs ◽  
Paul Gertler
Keyword(s):  
Energy Efficient ◽  
Carbon Dioxide Emissions ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Energy Use ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Program Cost ◽  
Air Conditioners ◽  
Household Level ◽  
The Universe

This paper evaluates a large-scale appliance replacement program in Mexico that from 2009 to 2012 helped 1.9 million households replace their old refrigerators and air conditioners with energy-efficient models. Using household-level billing records from  the universe of Mexican residential customers, we find that refrigerator replacement reduces electricity consumption by 8 percent, about one-quarter of what was predicted by ex ante analyses. Moreover, we find that air conditioning replacement actually increases electricity consumption. Overall, we find that the program is an expensive way to reduce externalities from energy use, reducing carbon dioxide emissions at a program cost of over $500 per ton. (JEL L68, L94, O12, O13, Q41, Q54)

Impacts of Air Conditioning Equipment Sizing on Energy Performance of US Office Buildings

2021 ◽  
pp. 1-24
Author(s):  
Franklin Chiu ◽  
Moncef Krarti
Keyword(s):  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Energy Performance ◽  
Office Buildings ◽  
Peak Demand ◽  
Capital Costs ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Ac Systems ◽  
Equipment Sizing ◽  
Conditioning Equipment

Abstract The paper summarizes the results of a systematic and comprehensive analysis to investigate the impacts of inadequate sizing air conditioning (AC) systems on the overall energy consumption of medium and large office buildings located in representative US cities. The effects of proper sizing on the overall and disaggregated AC systems are evaluated in terms of energy consumption, peak demand, equipment run-time, and indoor thermal comfort. The presented analysis covers the performance a wide range of AC equipment components that serve US office buildings including packaged rooftop units as well as central cooling plants. The analysis results indicate that oversizing penalties can be significant on the annual energy consumption and electrical peak demand as well as capital costs for both medium and large office buildings. In particular, the reliance on simplified calculation methods and rules-of-thumb to determine equipment capacities can lead to significantly oversizing AC systems for office buildings in the vast majority of US climates and can result in increases of annual energy consumption and electrical peak demand of up to 29%. Moreover, oversizing increases capital costs required for air conditioning office buildings and extends cycling periods and associated structural stresses and failures of AC equipment.

scholarly journals Generation, Distribution and Utilization of an Electrical Energy in Industrial and Domestic Buildings

2020 ◽  
Vol 9 (3) ◽  
pp. 426-432
Keyword(s):  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
Electrical Energy ◽  
Current Status ◽  
Demand And Supply ◽  
The Sustainable Development ◽  
The World ◽  
Building Occupancy ◽  
Oil Gas

If we look back few years into the past, we come to know that with the rapid development of human societies, day to day modern life and smart industries, etc. becomes so hungry and greedy for electrical energy. Today, Electrical energy is being consumed by every single machine used in almost each and every application. Conventional and nonrenewable sources like coal, oil, gas, etc. have been depleting very fast, and the world should now shift more towards renewable sources like solar, wind, tidal, etc. for harnessing electricity. Electricity consumption is increased in the industrial and domestic sectors due to the increased comfort (air conditioning) requirements, increment in the usage of power-consuming devices and the sudden increment in building occupancy area. This paper shows the current status of demand and supply scenario of electrical energy in the world and India. Generation capacities as per the renewable and nonrenewable sources in India have been discussed in detail. Almost 45% share of the electrical energy consumed in the industrial or commercialized and domestic buildings is consumed for air conditioning purposes. the brief discussion is presented in this paper on the sales and distribution of the air conditioning units and future possibilities in the same field as per the sustainable development scenario.

scholarly journals Reducing High Energy Demand Associated with Air-Conditioning Needs in Saudi Arabia

Energies ◽  
2018 ◽  
Vol 12 (1) ◽  
pp. 87 ◽  
Author(s):  
Jubran Alshahrani ◽  
Peter Boait
Keyword(s):  
Saudi Arabia ◽  
Energy Consumption ◽  
Energy Demand ◽  
Air Conditioning ◽  
Residential Buildings ◽  
Electricity Consumption ◽  
High Energy ◽  
Residential Sector ◽  
Smart Control ◽  
Ac Systems

Electricity consumption in the Kingdom of Saudi Arabia (KSA) has grown at an annual rate of about 7% as a result of population and economic growth. The consumption of the residential sector accounts for over 50% of the total energy generation. Moreover, the energy consumption of air-conditioning (AC) systems has become 70% of residential buildings’ total electricity consumption in the summer months, leading to a high peak electricity demand. This study investigates solutions that will tackle the problem of high energy demand associated with KSA’s air-conditioning needs in residential buildings. To reduce the AC energy consumption in the residential sector, we propose the use of smart control in the thermostat settings. Smart control can be utilized by (i) scheduling and advance control of the operation of AC systems and (ii) remotely setting the thermostats appropriately by the utilities. In this study, we model typical residential buildings and, crucially, occupancy behavior based on behavioral data obtained through a survey. The potential impacts in terms of achievable electricity savings of different AC operation modes for residential houses of Riyadh city are presented. The results from our computer simulations show that the solutions intended to reduce energy consumption effectively, particularly in the advance mode of operation, resulted in a 30% to 40% increase in total annual energy savings.

scholarly journals Epidemiology: Past, Present, and Future Impacts on Understanding Disease Dynamics and Improving Plant Disease Management—A Summary of Focus Issue Articles

2017 ◽  
Vol 107 (10) ◽  
pp. 1092-1094 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. S. Ojiambo ◽  
J. Yuen ◽  
F. van den Bosch ◽  
L. V. Madden
Keyword(s):  
Population Biology ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Plant Disease ◽  
Spatial Scales ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Plant Diseases ◽  
Disease Spread ◽  
Disease Assessment ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Disease Epidemics

Epidemiology has made significant contributions to plant pathology by elucidating the general principles underlying the development of disease epidemics. This has resulted in a greatly improved theoretical and empirical understanding of the dynamics of disease epidemics in time and space, predictions of disease outbreaks or the need for disease control in real-time basis, and tactical and strategic solutions to disease problems. Availability of high-resolution experimental data at multiple temporal and spatial scales has now provided a platform to test and validate theories on the spread of diseases at a wide range of spatial scales ranging from the local to the landscape level. Relatively new approaches in plant disease epidemiology, ranging from network to information theory, coupled with the availability of large-scale datasets and the rapid development of computer technology, are leading to revolutionary thinking about epidemics that can result in considerable improvement of strategic and tactical decision making in the control and management of plant diseases. Methods that were previously restricted to topics such as population biology or evolution are now being employed in epidemiology to enable a better understanding of the forces that drive the development of plant disease epidemics in space and time. This Focus Issue of Phytopathology features research articles that address broad themes in epidemiology including social and political consequences of disease epidemics, decision theory and support, pathogen dispersal and disease spread, disease assessment and pathogen biology and disease resistance. It is important to emphasize that these articles are just a sample of the types of research projects that are relevant to epidemiology. Below, we provide a succinct summary of the articles that are published in this Focus Issue .

Estimating the Completeness of Range Queries over Structured P2P Databases

2012 ◽  
pp. 251-281
Author(s):  
Alfredo Cuzzocrea ◽  
Marcel Karnstedt ◽  
Manfred Hauswirth ◽  
Kai-Uwe Sattler ◽  
Roman Schmidt
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Web Applications ◽  
Rapid Development ◽  
Database Systems ◽  
Range Queries ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Efficient Processing ◽  
Processing Techniques

Range queries are a very powerful tool in a wide range of data management systems and are vital to a multitude of applications. The hierarchy of structured overlay systems can be utilized in order to provide efficient techniques for processing them, resulting in the support of applications and techniques based on range queries in large-scale distributed information systems. On the other hand, due to the rapid development of the Web, applications based on the P2P paradigm gain more and more interest, having such systems started to evolve towards adopting standard database functionalities in terms of complex query processing support. This goes far beyond simple key lookups, as provided by standard distributed hashtables (DHTs) systems, which makes estimating the completeness of query answers a crucial challenge. Unfortunately, due to the limited knowledge and the usually best-effort characteristics, deciding about the completeness of query results, e.g., getting an idea when a query is finished or what amount of results is still missing, is very challenging. There is not only an urgent need to provide this information to the user issuing queries, but also for implementing sophisticated and efficient processing techniques based on them. In this chapter, the authors propose a method for solving this task. They discuss the applicability and quality of the estimations, present an implementation and evaluation for the P-Grid system, and show how to adapt the technique to other overlays. The authors also discuss the semantics of completeness for complex queries in P2P database systems and propose methods based on the notion of routing graphs for estimating the number of expected query answers. Finally, they discuss probabilistic guarantees for the estimated values and evaluate the proposed methods through an implemented system.

Electron microscopy study of reactively sputter-deposited Ti/N films on silicon

1992 ◽  
Vol 50 (2) ◽  
pp. 1362-1363
Author(s):  
V. C. Kannan ◽  
A. K. Singh ◽  
R. B. Irwin ◽  
S. Chittipeddi ◽  
F. D. Nkansah ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Integrated Circuits ◽  
Large Scale ◽  
Hexagonal Phase ◽  
Microscopy Study ◽  
Electron Microscopy Study ◽  
Process Conditions ◽  
Tin Films ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Fcc Phase ◽  
Circuits Vlsi

Titanium nitride (TiN) films have historically been used as diffusion barrier between silicon and aluminum, as an adhesion layer for tungsten deposition and as an interconnect material etc. Recently, the role of TiN films as contact barriers in very large scale silicon integrated circuits (VLSI) has been extensively studied. TiN films have resistivities on the order of 20μ Ω-cm which is much lower than that of titanium (nearly 66μ Ω-cm). Deposited TiN films show resistivities which vary from 20 to 100μ Ω-cm depending upon the type of deposition and process conditions. TiNx is known to have a NaCl type crystal structure for a wide range of compositions. Change in color from metallic luster to gold reflects the stabilization of the TiNx (FCC) phase over the close packed Ti(N) hexagonal phase. It was found that TiN (1:1) ideal composition with the FCC (NaCl-type) structure gives the best electrical property.

THE SOME QUESTIONS OF AUTONOMOUS MOTION AND MANAGEMENT OF LAND-MOBILE ROBOTIC COMPLEXES FOR UKRAINIAN GROUND FORCESE

2019 ◽  
pp. 53-58
Author(s):  
О. Кravchuk ◽  
V. Symonenkov ◽  
I. Symonenkova ◽  
O. Hryhorev
Keyword(s):  
Large Scale ◽  
Armed Forces ◽  
Distributed Information ◽  
Wide Range ◽  
Highly Effective ◽  
Information Management Systems ◽  
Robotic Devices ◽  
Principles And Standards ◽  
And Control ◽  
The Eu

Today, more than forty countries of the world are engaged in the development of military-purpose robots. A number of unique mobile robots with a wide range of capabilities are already being used by combat and intelligence units of the Armed forces of the developed world countries to conduct battlefield intelligence and support tactical groups. At present, the issue of using the latest information technology in the field of military robotics is thoroughly investigated, and the creation of highly effective information management systems in the land-mobile robotic complexes has acquired a new phase associated with the use of distributed information and sensory systems and consists in the transition from application of separate sensors and devices to the construction of modular information subsystems, which provide the availability of various data sources and complex methods of information processing. The purpose of the article is to investigate the ways to increase the autonomy of the land-mobile robotic complexes using in a non-deterministic conditions of modern combat. Relevance of researches is connected with the necessity of creation of highly effective information and control systems in the perspective robotic means for the needs of Land Forces of Ukraine. The development of the Armed Forces of Ukraine management system based on the criteria adopted by the EU and NATO member states is one of the main directions of increasing the effectiveness of the use of forces (forces), which involves achieving the principles and standards necessary for Ukraine to become a member of the EU and NATO. The inherent features of achieving these criteria will be the transition to a reduction of tasks of the combined-arms units and the large-scale use of high-precision weapons and land remote-controlled robotic devices. According to the views of the leading specialists in the field of robotics, the automation of information subsystems and components of the land-mobile robotic complexes can increase safety, reliability, error-tolerance and the effectiveness of the use of robotic means by standardizing the necessary actions with minimal human intervention, that is, a significant increase in the autonomy of the land-mobile robotic complexes for the needs of Land Forces of Ukraine.

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