Declining fertility

2007 ◽  
Vol 43 (1) ◽  
pp. 23-44 ◽  
Author(s):  
Deborah Mitchell ◽  
Edith Gray
Keyword(s):  
Baby Boom ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Fertility Expectations ◽  
Considerable Debate ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Life Course

The decline in fertility rates across Organization for Economic Cooperation and Development (OECD) nations has been the subject of considerable debate over the past decade. The sudden decline in fertility following the post-war baby boom is viewed by some as a return to long-run trends, while others attribute the fall to decline in government financial support for families and changing social attitudes, career and lifestyle aspirations. This article explores a range of attitudes and aspirations reported by a group of childless respondents to the Negotiating the Life Course survey to establish whether these attitudes/aspirations vary with their stated fertility expectations. Using responses to 20 questions that cover gender role attitudes, the importance of children, and career and lifestyle aspirations, we find some significant differences between those who do and those who do not want to have a child. We further investigate respondents’ fertility expectations three years on, and find that fertility expectations are not stable.

EDWIN CHADWICK'S SELF-FASHIONING: PROFESSIONALISM, MASCULINITY, AND THE VICTORIAN POOR

2004 ◽  
Vol 32 (2) ◽  
pp. 353-370 ◽  
Author(s):  
Priti Joshi
Keyword(s):  
Public Health ◽  
Great Britain ◽  
Legislative Politics ◽  
The Past ◽  
Sanitary Condition ◽  
The Poor ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
First Time ◽  
Scholarly Attention

IN THE PAST DECADE EDWIN CHADWICKhas been the subject of several scholarly inquiries; indeed one can almost speak of a “Chadwick industry” these days. This is not, however, the first time he has attracted significant scholarly attention: in 1952, S. E. Finer's and R. A. Lewis's biographies initiated our century's first evaluation of him, culminating in M. W. Flinn's excellently edited reprint of Chadwick's most important text,The Report on the Sanitary Condition of the Labouring Population of Great Britain(referred to as theSanitary Report). Yet the Chadwick that emerges in recent accounts could not be more different from the mid-century Chadwick. The post-war critics saw him as a visionary, an often-embattled crusader for public health whose enemies were formidable but whose vision, extending the liberal and radical tradition, ultimately prevailed. Cultural critics, on the other hand, present a Chadwick who misrepresented (if not outright oppressed) the poor and who was instrumental in developing a massive bureaucracy to police their lives. Thus, while earlier accounts highlighted Chadwick's accomplishments, the progress of public health reforms, and the details of legislative politics, more recent ones draw attention to his representations of the poor, the erasures in his text, and the growing nineteenth-century institutionalization of the poor that theSanitary Reportpromotes. Chadwick, in other words, is portrayed as either a pioneer of reform or an avatar of bureaucratic oppression.

Yugoslavia—a Peripheral Tragedy

1992 ◽  
Vol 4 (3) ◽  
pp. 281-293
Author(s):  
David A. Dyker
Keyword(s):  
International Relations ◽  
Economic Performance ◽  
Financial Support ◽  
The West ◽  
The Past ◽  
Long Run ◽  
Decisive Action ◽  
Post War ◽  
Domestic Instability ◽  
The Given

The post-war political economy of Yugoslavia is analysed in terms of an interaction between patterns of international relations which have tended to peripheralise Yugoslavia and stubborn internal problems of centre-periphery relations. It is argued that the tendency for the West to give open-ended financial support to Yugoslavia for political reasons has in the past made it regrettably easy for Yugoslav governments to postpone decisive action on these internal problems. The present civil war situation in Yugoslavia, and the likely dissolution of the Yugoslav state, are explained in terms of a combination of unresolved centre-periphery problems and very poor economic performance over the past two decades or so. The analysis underlines the danger that economic aid may in the long run further destabilise countries suffering from this kind of domestic instability, and that processes of democratisation, highly desirable in themselves, may have similar results in the given circumstances.

scholarly journals Finnish Baby Boomers and the Emergence of the Third Age

2008 ◽  
Vol 2 (2) ◽  
pp. 91-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Antti Karisto
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Youth Culture ◽  
Baby Boom ◽  
Historical Knowledge ◽  
Third Age ◽  
The Third ◽  
The Media ◽  
Post War ◽  
The Life Course

This paper examines the lives of baby boomers in Finland, and is based on several studies previously published in Finnish. The article considers the particular characteristics of this group of baby boomers. It then discusses whether the baby boom cohorts can also be called a generation. Following this, the life course of the boomer generation is contrasted with various images that have appeared in the media and elsewhere about their lives. Boomers have been presented as a radical’ or ’selfish’ generation. This article proposes two new themes: boomers as a crossroads generation and boomers as a bridging generation. The paper also considers the emergence of the third age as approached from a generational perspective. The third age has been defined as a generational field underpinned by agency and consumption, with its roots in the youth culture of the post-war decades. This characterization is also highly relevant to the Finnish case, but needs to be elaborated by taking into account socio-historical knowledge of the distinctive life course of the boomer generation.

scholarly journals War and humanity in historical perspective: Bosniak experiences in Sandžak in 1941.

2021 ◽  
Vol 4 (6) ◽  
pp. 23-70
Author(s):  
Safet Bandžović ◽  
Keyword(s):  
World War Ii ◽  
Interdisciplinary Studies ◽  
Multiple Perspectives ◽  
World War ◽  
Social Phenomena ◽  
The Past ◽  
Historical Processes ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War

Complex socio-historical processes and turning epochs, as well as numerous segments that are an integral part of people's lives, are the subject of interdisciplinary studies. War is one of the most dramatic, most complex social phenomena. In addition to armed operations, there are a number of other dimensions related to war, starting from psychological, legal, sociological, social, economic, cultural to others. Critical and multiple perspectives contribute to the completion of images of politics, wars and their relations. The disintegrations of the ideological paradigm and the Socialist Federal Republic of Yugoslavia were accompanied by the (re)construction of new national identities, the outbreak and duration of „wars“ of different memories, the reshaping of consciousness and the re-examination of history, especially those related to World War II. The history of that war in Yugoslavia was undoubtedly the history of several wars which were stacked on top of each other. The main issue with Bosniaks in that war is a multiperspectival topic that requires a multidimensional and deideologized presentation of the position and the position of all involved actors. Numerous issues related to that war, the complex position of Bosniaks in Bosnia and Herzegovina and Sandžak, the emergence of civic responsibility, Bosniak protection of the vulnerable Serb Orthodox population, humanity and assistance, beyond post-war ideological premises and „official truths“ remained more or less marginalized, although they seek more objective and complete answers from multiple angles, for the sake of a more complete view of the past. What is called „local“ or „regional history“, as evidenced by diverse experiences, indicates the multidimensionality of the past, its features and specifics in a certain area. The Second World War in Sandžak could not be understood more objectively outside the broader Yugoslav context. This is also special for the history of Novi Pazar, the largest city in Sandžak which was the subject of many different political plans and conceptions. The history of this city has several sections. After the withdrawal of German forces from Novi Pazar, the Chetniks tried to conquer this city for three times in the fall of 1941. However, thanks to the dedicated defense and the help of Albanian armed groups from Kosovo, Bosniaks managed to defend themselves and Novi Pazar. Even in such a dramatic situation, numerous examples of humanity, solidarity and assistance of Bosniaks to the intimidated Serb urban population have been recorded. In the most difficult days of the war, when Novi Pazar was exposed to Chetnik attacks, a significant part of Bosniaks took actions to prevent anarchy, to save Serbs from terror and revenge. The task of science is to constantly discover forgotten and unknown parts of the past, to re-examine previous knowledge. Everything that happened has a whole range of perspectives. It is necessary to have a multidimensional understanding of the causes and course of events, circuits and time limits, to explain narrowed alternatives. Any reduction of historical totality to only one dimension is problematic. Every nation, every state, in a way, write their „histories“, remember different personalities, events, dates, emphasize various roles, perpetuates monuments, emphatize with different causes and consequences. Contemporary abuses of the interpretation of the war past, one-sided approaches, fierce prejucides and quasi-historical analyzes in the service of the politics damage interethic relations and lead to further growth of tensions and distancing between nations and states in their region.

scholarly journals A Multidimensional Construct of Religiosity Among Baby Boomers and Trajectories of Social Attitudes

2021 ◽  
Vol 5 (Supplement_1) ◽  
pp. 506-507
Author(s):  
Joonsik Yoon ◽  
Woosang Hwang ◽  
Maria Brown ◽  
Merril Silverstein
Keyword(s):  
Life Course ◽  
Gender Role ◽  
Baby Boomers ◽  
Latent Class ◽  
Adult Life ◽  
Gender Role Attitudes ◽  
Social Attitudes ◽  
Multidimensional Construct ◽  
And Gender ◽  
The Life Course

Abstract Although a number of studies have examined relationships between religiosity and social attitudes, less is known about how these relationships change over the life course using a multidimensional construct of religiosity among Baby Boomers. A multidimensional construct of religion allowed us to take a more person-centered approach to religiosity, whereby we examine the association between Baby Boomers with different types of religiosity and the trajectories of their political and gender role attitudes over a period of transition from early to later adulthood. We selected 798 young-adult Baby Boomers from the 1971 wave (mean age: 19 years) of the Longitudinal Study of Generations (LOSG) and tracked their political and gender role attitudes through until the 2016 wave (mean age: 64 years). Using latent class analysis, we identified four latent religious typologies: strongly religious, weakly religious, liberally religious, and privately religious. We found that Baby Boomers in the strongly religious class reported the most conservative political and gender role attitudes among the four classes over this period of transition. Baby Boomers in the privately religious class were conservative in their political and gender role attitudes than those in the weakly religious class. The liberally religious group generally reported the second most conservative political attitudes among the four identified groups, but reported the least conservative gender role attitudes of the four groups. Findings suggest that early religiosity may serve as a significant predictor affecting political and gender role attitudes throughout the adult life course.

British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018

2019 ◽  
Author(s):  
Peter Kornicki ◽  
Antony Best ◽  
Hugh Cortazzi
Keyword(s):  
Twentieth Century ◽  
Japan Society ◽  
The Past ◽  
Meiji Era ◽  
History Of ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
Crown Prince ◽  
Memorial Volume ◽  
Extensive Bibliography

This new scholarly study examines the history of the relations between the British and Japanese monarchies over the past 150 years. Complemented by a significant plate section which includes a number of rarely seen images, as well as a chronology of royal/imperial visits and extensive bibliography, British Royal and Japanese Imperial Relations, 1868-2018, will become a benchmark reference on the subject. The volume is divided into three sections. Part I, by Peter Kornicki, examines the ‘royals and imperials’ history during the Meiji era; Part II, by Antony Best, examines the first half of the twentieth century; Part III, by Sir Hugh Cortazzi, focuses on the post-war history up to the present day. Published in association with the Japan Society, its appearance marks the abdication of Emperor Akihito and the enthronement of Crown Prince Naruhito in May 2019. It is also a memorial volume to the late Sir Hugh Cortazzi who died in August 2018, shortly after completing his own contribution to the volume.

Four Days in Atlantis: Józef Lewandowski’s Complex Vision of the Polish Jewish Past

1999 ◽  
pp. 307-315
Author(s):  
Janusz Korek
Keyword(s):  
Collective Guilt ◽  
Jewish Culture ◽  
German Occupation ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War

This chapter takes a look at Józef Lewandowski's Cztery dni w Atlantydzie (Four Days in Atlantis). It looks at Four Days in Atlantis as an allegory of the past that has not wanted to move on and that has lingered in spite of the fact that — or perhaps because — people have not wanted to notice it. Not only does this book call for a balanced picture of the German occupation and a de-demonized picture of the post-war period, it also seeks to find a place for the complicated fate of Polish Jewry within the borders of Polish consciousness. It seeks this not only by the very fact of touching upon the problem and challenging the stereotypes accumulated throughout the years, but also by refusing to erect a wall of collective guilt before the contemporary Polish reader. Indeed, with Jewish culture still remaining an unopened book for many, Four Days in Atlantis can become an introduction to the subject, which until recently was taboo.

A post-war plan for population statistics

1946 ◽  
Vol 6 (01) ◽  
pp. 1-13 ◽  
Author(s):  
P. R. Cox
Keyword(s):  
Social Insurance ◽  
White Paper ◽  
Independent System ◽  
Great Opportunity ◽  
Public Discussion ◽  
Population Statistics ◽  
The Past ◽  
National Insurance ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War

The considerable public discussion of the past two years on the subject of our social insurance schemes and their post-war reconstruction has culminated in the publication of the Government's plans as a White Paper (Cmd. 6550–1). At present, social insurance in this country (now to be called National Insurance) is divided into a number of independent sections, each with its own statistical arrangements covering a large part of the population. At the same time some aspects of the whole population are regularly surveyed by the Registrars-General by means of an independent system of recording. The Government's plan greatly expands the field of insurance to cover all classes and groups. Before this unified plan can begin to function, fresh statistical machinery will have to be prepared, adequate to the task of keeping it efficiently in operation, and there will in consequence be a great opportunity for coordinating, simplifying and generally improving the national population records as a whole.

Small States and a New League—From the Viewpoint of Norway

1943 ◽  
Vol 37 (5) ◽  
pp. 903-909 ◽  
Author(s):  
Edvard Hambro
Keyword(s):  
United Nations ◽  
Prime Minister ◽  
League Of Nations ◽  
Small States ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Future ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The United Nations ◽  
Post War ◽  
Great Scope

It is right that post-war planning should be made the subject of popular discussion. It is, on the whole, a healthy sign that so many books and articles are devoted to the winning of the peace, although some of them indubitably create a smoke screen of confusion. The same applies to committees and other organizations for the same purpose. These committees and their statements have two things in common: innumerable and inconclusive quotations from democratic leaders and illustrations drawn from the “success” of, or “failure” of, the League of Nations.The “Four Freedoms,” the “Atlantic Charter,” the “Declaration of the United Nations,” as well as other speeches, articles, and statements of all sorts are vague and all-comprising. They give ample scope for divergent interpretations. It should also be remembered that President Roosevelt and Prime Minister Churchill, important though their utterances are, speak for themselves. They cannot bind Congress or Parliament, although it is true that the British Parliament feels a strong loyalty to the leader of the nation.These two characteristics of the declarations of program give great scope to the professors, diplomats, politicians, journalists, and other prophets who dream of the future. Those of the soberer cast of mind try not to indulge in the luxury of day dreams. They realize that the future must be built on the experience of the past. They ask searching questions about the League.

The historiography of the Bosnian genocide of 1992–1995 in the work of foreign scholars

2020 ◽  
Author(s):  
Marko Atilla Hoare
Keyword(s):  
Transitional Justice ◽  
Objective Truth ◽  
The Past ◽  
The Subject ◽  
Post War ◽  
Introductory Discussion ◽  
New Generation

This essay will provide an introductory discussion of the historiography of the Bosnian genocide of 1992–1995 in the works of foreign scholars. The historiography is too large for this discussion to be exhaustive. We have attempted here to provide the principal categories of relevant works while citing the most important examples of them, before discussing the historiographical deficiencies and the tasks awaiting future scholars of the genocide. The reason for the dearth of monographs on the Bosnian genocide is that the subject is highly controversial, and any scholar who seriously studies it and expresses an opinion is likely to create enemies for themselves. There is a tendency of scholars to see the war in postmodernist terms, in terms of Serb, Croat and Bosniak “narratives”; as opposed to objective truth, which discourages taking the subject intellectually seriously. Furthermore, the prevailing ideology and discourse stemming from the international administration is one of reconciliation and putting the past behind us. So there is a disincentive to study the genocide in depth; a preference for studying more liberal feel-good themes related to reconciliation, memory, transitional justice and post-war reconstruction. The Bosnian genocide therefore awaits a new generation of foreign scholars to take it seriously as a subject and explore it in detail.

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