scholarly journals Policing and collective efficacy: A rapid evidence assessment

2021 ◽  
pp. 146135572110269
Author(s):  
Julia Anne Yesberg ◽  
Ben Bradford
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Collective Efficacy ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Social Process ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Perceptions Of Police ◽  
Police Activity

Collective efficacy is a neighbourhood social process that has important benefits for crime prevention. Policing is thought to be one antecedent to collective efficacy, but the mechanisms by which police activity and officer behaviour are thought to foster collective efficacy are not well understood. This article presents findings from a rapid evidence assessment conducted to take stock of the empirical research on policing and collective efficacy. Thirty-nine studies were identified and examined. Overall, trust in police was the aspect of policing most consistently associated with collective efficacy. There was also some evidence that community policing activities, such as visibility and community engagement, predicted collective efficacy. Police legitimacy, on the other hand, was relatively unrelated to collective efficacy: a finding which suggests perceptions of police linked to the ‘action’ of individual officers may be more enabling of collective efficacy than perceptions of the policing institution as a whole. Implications and directions for future research are discussed.

Games and Exercises for Teaching and Research: Exploring How Learning Varies Based on Fidelity and Participant Experience

2018 ◽  
Author(s):  
Erica Gralla ◽  
Zoe Szajnfarber
Keyword(s):  
Engineering Education ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Real World ◽  
Ecological Validity ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
High Fidelity ◽  
Experience Level ◽  
Teaching And Research ◽  
Participant Experience

It has long been recognized that games are useful in engineering education, and more recently they have also become a common setting for empirical research. Games are useful for both teaching and research because they mimic aspects of reality and require participants to reason within that realistic context, and they allow researchers to study phenomena empirically that are hard to observe in reality. This paper explores what can be learned by students and by researchers, based on the authors’ experience with two sets of games. These games vary in both the experience level of the participants and the “fidelity” or realism of the game itself. Our experience suggests that what can be learned by participants and by researchers depends on both these dimensions. For teaching purposes, inexperienced participants may struggle to connect lessons from medium-fidelity games to the real world. On the other hand, experienced participants may learn more from medium-fidelity games that provide the time and support to practice and reflect on new skills. For research purposes, high-fidelity games are best due to their higher ecological validity, even with inexperienced participants, although experienced participants may enable strong validity in medium-fidelity settings. These findings are based on experience with two games, but provide promising directions for future research.

scholarly journals WHEN TIME FLIES: STATE AND TRAIT BOREDOM, TIME PERCEPTION, AND HEDONIC TASK APPRAISALS

2021 ◽  
Vol 14 (1) ◽  
pp. 150-174
Author(s):  
Emily R. Weiss ◽  
McWelling Todman ◽  
Özge Pazar ◽  
Sophia Mullens ◽  
Kristin Maurer ◽  
...  
Keyword(s):  
Real Time ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Time Perception ◽  
Positive Association ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Impact Time ◽  
Trait Boredom ◽  
State Boredom ◽  
The Impact

An abundance of empirical research has established that a robust, positive association exists between feelings of boredom and the illusion of temporal slowing. Although state and trait forms of boredom are distinct constructs, the way these variables interact with one another to impact time perception is unknown. To further explore the association between boredom and time perception, a modified replication of a study that examined the impact of discrepancies between expected and perceived time progression on hedonic appraisals was conducted. The paradigm was extended through the inclusion of validated measures of trait and recent state boredom. Seventy-two participants (N = 72, aged 18-52, M = 23.06, SD = 5.73) were led to believe that they would perform an intrinsically unengaging task for 5 (Time Drags), 10 (Real Time), or 15 minutes (Time Flies). Consistent with previous findings, participants in the Time Drags condition reported time as progressing significantly slower than participants in the other two conditions. Moreover, participants in the Time Drags condition rated the task as significantly more aversive than did participants in the Time Flies condition. This association remained significant even when controlling for levels of trait and recent state boredom. However, the Real Time and Time Flies conditions did not differ from one another in terms of task ratings or perceived time progression. Implications of these findings and directions for future research are discussed.

THE PECULIARITIES OF CRIME PREVENTION BY OPERATIONAL UNITS IN PENAL INSTITUTIONS

2020 ◽  
pp. 27-32
Author(s):  
Ксения Ивановна Голубцова
Keyword(s):  
Crime Prevention ◽  
Complete Information ◽  
Current Situation ◽  
The Other ◽  
Correctional Institutions ◽  
Meaningful Information ◽  
Penal Institutions ◽  
The One ◽  
Negative Factors

Статья посвящена рассмотрению проблем профилактики преступлений оперативными подразделениями исправительных учреждений (далее - ИУ). Автор, раскрывая роль оперативных отделов ИУ в общей профилактике правонарушений, указывает на ее двоякость, поскольку, с одной стороны, рассматриваемые подразделения обладают значительным преимуществом перед другими службами учреждения в выявлении негативных факторов (негласный метод получения оперативно значимой информации), с другой стороны - далеко не все условия, которые способствуют совершению преступлений в ИУ, можно устранить оперативным путем. Изучение специальной литературы позволило выявить в деятельности начальников ИУ определенные проблемы, связанные с оценкой состояния оперативной обстановки в ИУ, сложившейся ситуации; с отсутствием прогноза развития криминогенной ситуации в ИУ, а также с профессиональной некомпетентностью руководителей, неумением объективно оценивать результаты деятельности структурных подразделений. Автор особое внимание уделяет анализу статистических данных о совершенных и предотвращенных преступлениях лицами, находящимися в местах лишения свободы. The article is devoted to the consideration of problems of crime prevention by operational units of correctional institutions (hereinafter referred to as IA). The author, revealing the role of the operational departments of the IA in the general prevention of offences, points to its twofold. On the one hand, the units under consideration have significant advantages over other services of the institution in identifying negative factors (these are tacit methods of obtaining promptly meaningful information). On the other hand, not all conditions conducive to the commission of crimes in IA can be eliminated by operational means: For example, shortcomings in the activities of other departments and services (security department, duty shift, etc.). The study of special literature has made it possible to identify problems in the activities of heads of correctional institutions in the sphere of implementation of solutions in case of lack of objective and complete information on the state of the operational situation in IA, the current situation, the results of the activities of structural subdivisions; No forecast of the development of the crime situation in IE; Professional incompetence of managers, inability to objectively assess the results of activities of structural subdivisions. The author pays particular attention to the analysis of statistics on crimes committed and prevented by persons in detention.

Small-Scale Deliberation and Mass Democracy: A Systematic Review of the Spillover Effects of Deliberative Minipublics

2021 ◽  
pp. 003232172110072
Author(s):  
Ramon van der Does ◽  
Vincent Jacquet
Keyword(s):  
Systematic Review ◽  
Empirical Evidence ◽  
Empirical Research ◽  
Spillover Effects ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Small Scale ◽  
Long Term Effects ◽  
Current Crisis ◽  
Mass Democracy

Deliberative minipublics are popular tools to address the current crisis in democracy. However, it remains ambiguous to what degree these small-scale forums matter for mass democracy. In this study, we ask the question to what extent minipublics have “spillover effects” on lay citizens—that is, long-term effects on participating citizens and effects on non-participating citizens. We answer this question by means of a systematic review of the empirical research on minipublics’ spillover effects published before 2019. We identify 60 eligible studies published between 1999 and 2018 and provide a synthesis of the empirical results. We show that the evidence for most spillover effects remains tentative because the relevant body of empirical evidence is still small. Based on the review, we discuss the implications for democratic theory and outline several trajectories for future research.

Children With Intellectual Disability and Victimization: A Logistic Regression Analysis

2021 ◽  
pp. 107755952199417
Author(s):  
Katherine R. Brendli ◽  
Michael D. Broda ◽  
Ruth Brown
Keyword(s):  
Logistic Regression ◽  
Regression Analysis ◽  
Intellectual Disability ◽  
Logistic Regression Analysis ◽  
District Of Columbia ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Common Assumption ◽  
Research And Practice ◽  
Demographic Correlates

It is a common assumption that children with disabilities are more likely to experience victimization than their peers without disabilities. However, there is a paucity of robust research supporting this assumption in the current literature. In response to this need, we conducted a logistic regression analysis using a national dataset of responses from 26,572 parents/caregivers to children with and without disabilities across all 50 states, plus the District of Columbia. The purpose of our study was to acquire a greater understanding of the odds of victimization among children with and without intellectual disability (ID), while controlling for several child and parent/adult demographic correlates. Most notably, our study revealed that children with ID have 2.84 times greater odds of experiencing victimization than children without disabilities, after adjusting for the other predictors in the model. Implications for future research and practice are discussed.

scholarly journals A taxonomy of antonymy in Arabic: Egyptian and Saudi proverbs in comparison

2021 ◽  
Vol 7 (1) ◽  
pp. 200-222
Author(s):  
Hamada Hassanein ◽  
Mohammad Mahzari
Keyword(s):  
Main Clause ◽  
The Other ◽  
Subordinate Clause ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Case Marking ◽  
News Discourse ◽  
Discourse Functions ◽  
Syntactic Frames

Abstract This study has set out to identify, quantify, typify, and exemplify the discourse functions of canonical antonymy in Arabic paremiography by comparing two manually collected datasets from Egyptian and Saudi (Najdi) dialects. Building upon Jones’s (2002) most extensive and often-cited classification of the discourse functions of antonyms as they co-occur within syntactic frames in news discourse, the study has substantially revised this classification and developed a provisional and dynamic typology thereof. Two major textual functions are found to be quantitatively significant and qualitatively preponderant: ancillarity (wherein an A-pair of canonical antonyms project their antonymicity onto a more important B-pair) and coordination (wherein one antonym holds an inclusive or exhaustive relation to another antonym). Three new functions have been developed and added to the retrieved classification: subordination (wherein one antonym occurs in a subordinate clause while the other occurs in a main clause), case-marking (wherein two opposite cases are served by two antonyms), and replacement (wherein one antonym is substituted with another). Semicanonical and noncanonical guises of antonymy are left and recommended for future research.

scholarly journals Understanding emotion as a strategy in policing

2021 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2110184
Author(s):  
Kevin Sweeney
Keyword(s):  
Cognitive Psychology ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Police Legitimacy ◽  
Tactical Training ◽  
Psychology Literature ◽  
Warrior Ethos

This article reviews neuroscience and cognitive psychology literature to understand how trauma and emotion impact policing and why some strategies are counterproductive by threatening police legitimacy. This review further illuminates the pernicious effect of stress in the policing environment, in both officer and citizen. Therefore, the article makes the point that the current focus on tactical training and the ‘warrior ethos’ diminishes community policing values, destroys trust, undermines respect and discourages cooperation while fostering resentment and hostility thus making everyday policing more hazardous. It argues that community policing strategies offer the only path for successful consensus policing in a democracy.

Social media engagement tactics in U.S. community policing: Potential privacy and security concerns

2020 ◽  
pp. 0032258X2096858
Author(s):  
Alexander E Carter ◽  
Mariea Hoy ◽  
Betsy Byrne DeSimone
Keyword(s):  
Social Media ◽  
Law Enforcement ◽  
Health Information ◽  
Community Policing ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Online Relationships ◽  
Privacy And Security ◽  
Research Directions ◽  
Personally Identifiable Information ◽  
Future Research Directions

Despite law enforcement’s best efforts to use social media as a means of community policing, some engagement tactics may lead citizens to disclose personally identifiable information (PII). We coded 200 tweets with the popular #9PMRoutine that tagged @PascoSheriff (Florida) for participant PII. We found numerous postings of adults’ and children’s PII that are problematic including pictures, health information and security-related comments about their routines or vacations. Implications for law enforcement to protect their communities are discussed as well as opportunities to continue to cultivate their online relationships in a more secure forum. We also provide future research directions.

Dirty Work and Dirtier Work: Differences in Countering Physical, Social, and Moral Stigma

2014 ◽  
Vol 10 (1) ◽  
pp. 81-108 ◽  
Author(s):  
Blake E. Ashforth ◽  
Glen E. Kreiner
Keyword(s):  
Distinct Group ◽  
The Other ◽  
Future Research ◽  
Identity Threat ◽  
Dirty Work ◽  
Exotic Dancers ◽  
Organization Level ◽  
Group A

The literature on dirty work has focused on what physically (e.g., garbage collectors), socially (e.g., addiction counsellors), and morally (e.g., exotic dancers) stigmatized occupations have in common, implying that dirty work is a relatively monolithic construct. In this article, we focus on thedifferencesbetween these three forms of dirty work and how occupational members collectively attempt to counter the particular stigma associated with each. We argue that the largest differences are between moral dirty work and the other two forms; if physical and social dirty work tend to be seen as more necessary than evil, then moral dirty work tends to be seen as more evil than necessary. Moral dirty work typically constitutes a graver identity threat to occupational members, fostering greater entitativity (a sense of being a distinct group), a greater reliance on members as social buffers, and a greater use of condemning condemners and organization-level defensive tactics. We develop a series of propositions to formalize our arguments and suggest how this more nuanced approach to studying dirty work can stimulate and inform future research.

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