Can implementation intention help to bridge the intention–behaviour gap in the entrepreneurial process? An experimental approach

2016 ◽  
Vol 17 (2) ◽  
pp. 80-88 ◽  
Author(s):  
Anne-Flore Adam ◽  
Alain Fayolle
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Implementation Intention ◽  
Entrepreneurial Intention ◽  
Complex Behaviour ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Goal Intention ◽  
Variance Explained

In order to understand what triggers action, researchers have studied intention and its determinants for decades. Specifically, entrepreneurship has been widely studied using the intention models. However, only few intended entrepreneurs enact their intentions in the end. As a proof, the variance explained by entrepreneurial intention in actual behaviour is estimated at 37%. So the entrepreneurial intention–behaviour link still has a lot to reveal, leaving a gap in the literature. This article first reminds the difference between goal intention and implementation intention and posits that intention models actually refer to goal intention only. As it has been proven in different contexts that by automatizing individuals’ responses to anticipated cues, implementation intention increases the probability to act, we propose to observe what could be the role of implementation intention in the entrepreneurial intention–behaviour link. The originality and main contribution of this experimental study is that it is the first attempt to operationalize implementation intention on such a complex behaviour. Even if the experiment enables us to make observations more than statistically valid findings, it paves the way for more empirical research on the subject, and it still allows to suggest what could be the benefit of using implementation intention in that field. It should now be tested on a larger scale to be statistically reliable.

Life Events and Maintenance Therapy in Schizophrenic Relapse

1973 ◽  
Vol 123 (577) ◽  
pp. 659-660 ◽  
Author(s):  
J. P. Leff ◽  
S. R. Hirsch ◽  
R. Gaind ◽  
P. Rohde ◽  
B. C. Stevens
Keyword(s):  
Maintenance Therapy ◽  
Environmental Stress ◽  
Life Events ◽  
Life Event ◽  
Acute Schizophrenia ◽  
Independent Events ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Significant Concentration

The possible role of environmental stress in precipitating the onset or relapse of acute schizophrenia was investigated by Brown and Birley (1968), Birley and Brown (1970). They enquired about events which could be dated to a definite point in time and which usually involved either actual or threatened danger or important fulfilments or disappointments. They distinguished between independent events, which were outside the control of the subject, and possibly independent events, which were not so clearly out of his control but which seemed unlikely to be produced by unusual behaviour of the subject himself. In their main group of patients a significant concentration of independent events (about 60 per cent) was found in the three weeks preceding onset or relapse of schizophrenia. In examining two small sub-groups they found that 4 of 13 patients (31 per cent) who relapsed after reducing or discontinuing phenothiazine therapy had experienced a life event in the three weeks before relapse, compared with 3 of 5 patients (60 per cent) who had been taking phenothiazines regularly at the time of relapse. Although these proportions are very different, the numbers in the groups are too small for the difference to reach significance. Furthermore the groups were not matched in any way, and there may be important differences between patients who discontinue medication themselves and those who carry on taking it regularly.

Cause-related marketing in international business: what works and what does not?

2020 ◽  
Vol 37 (4) ◽  
pp. 593-601 ◽  
Author(s):  
Demetris Vrontis ◽  
Alkis Thrassou ◽  
Michael Christofi ◽  
Riad Shams ◽  
Michael R. Czinkota
Keyword(s):  
International Markets ◽  
Content Type ◽  
Cause Related Marketing ◽  
Self Image ◽  
What Works ◽  
Self Actualization ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Practical Implications

PurposeThe purpose of this paper is to investigate the irrevocable role of cause-related marketing (CRM) and its research imperative, exploring its contemporary insights in and across international markets, toward scholarly and executive application.Design/methodology/approachThis research is theoretical and it compiles and interrelates, in a multiperspective fashion, significant extant works in the field; focusing on how established and emergent variables and constructs can be leveraged, in order to develop insights into what does and does not work in international CRM.FindingsExtant works on international CRM still present significant gaps pertaining to key questions. Furthermore, true understanding of CRM stems from comprehending consumers, both individually and collectively; and both their underlying and contextual motivators, factors and forces. This calls for a multiperspective and cross-disciplinary approach to CRM to that weaves in contextual (sociocultural, etc.) elements to the equation.Research limitations/implicationsLimitations naturally pertain to the research's theoretical nature that requires empirical testing.Practical implicationsCRM offers consumers both the means and the ends of acquiring their target core value benefits, additionally or peripherally to their core purchase purpose; potentially making the difference between business/brand success and failure.Social implicationsThrough CRM, the contemporary consumer seeks product value benefits that transcend quality and functionality (etc.), to engulf abstract and intangible values pertaining to social, ethical, self-image and self-actualization factors.Originality/valueThe comprehensive review, contextual elucidations and cross-disciplinary perspectives of this paper originally present the scope, depth, complexity and gaps of the subject, and pave the way for the research that still needs to ensue.

scholarly journals The Stendhal Syndrome and the Management of Cultural Heritage

2020 ◽  
pp. 137-142
Author(s):  
E.S. Sharapova ◽  
◽  
T.V. Rastimeshina ◽  
Keyword(s):  
Cultural Heritage ◽  
Exhibition Space ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

The author aims to link the component of the psychosomatic comfort of the art consumer with the dominance of his emotions and argues that visiting a museum or concert is not an existential or physiological need, but only a desire to experience this experience. The hypothesis is put forward, according to which the effectiveness of management of an object of cultural heritage is related to the extent to which this object (museum) satisfies the emotional request of the subject of perception. Outlining the difference between utilitarian consumption and experience-based consumption, the author focuses on the role of the atmosphere of the exhibition space, the so-called service landscape.

scholarly journals LEXICAL AND SEMANTIC SYSTEM OF THE UKRAINIAN LANGUAGE IN CURRENT DYNAMIC USAGE

2021 ◽  
pp. 117-131
Author(s):  
Mykola Stepanenko
Keyword(s):  
Dominant Position ◽  
Semantic System ◽  
Lexical Unit ◽  
Lexical Semantic ◽  
Political Forces ◽  
Functional Equivalent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Lexical Phrases

The article analyses the latest changes in the lexical-semantic system of the Ukrainian language within clearly defined period – the year of 2020. It has been proved that the appearance of a new lexeme is associated with some intra- and extra-lingual factors. These lexical units are the carriers of information about what is happening in the society, and how the representatives of various social strata are involved in a particular event. It has been established that the most used words in the defined are connected with medicine; the dominant position occupies such nouns as covid, coronavirus. The article underlines that the spread of the COVID-19 in Ukraine influenced the formation of the phraseological system, e.g. folk poetic rhymes, which are usually variants of widely used paremic constructions. The motivational basis of lexical coinages has been analysed. This refers to the lexical units based on the surname of the current president; the dynamics of this process has been traced for the period 2004–2020. The author determined the mechanism of coining new lexemes based on the surnames of the prominent Ukrainian politicians close to President. The article clarifies the onomasiological basis of new lexical units of proprietary and non-proprietary origins of previously coined and newly coined or renamed political forces. An important way to expand the lexicon is to change the meaning of words. This is due to the fact that the lexical unit enters the innovative linguistic sphere determined by extra-lingual factors, when it acquires a new meaning or becomes a creative resource for other lexemes. The nouns vodomor (water starving) and Velur (the name of the restaurant notorious for breaking quarantine restrictions) have been carefully analysed, the constitutive possibilities of the latter, which relate to its lexical-semantic, syntagmatic nature, have been clarified. Exceptional attention is paid to the precedent expression “what is the difference” in the focus of its semantization (acquisition of ambiguity), grammaticalization (existence in the role of noun-adjective phrase or its functional equivalent – a complex occasional word), phraseological, semantic, syntax, axiology (attributive, object, subjective functions), word-forming possibilities (becoming on its basis a way of composing and suffixing nouns “kakaiaraznik” (What-is-the-differenter), “kakayaraznitstvo” (What-is-the-differentment)). The subject of the study was also the innovative structures that were formed on the model of lexical phrases with social meaning which are on the stage of forming.

scholarly journals (Re)conceptualizing Difference in the Context of the Acting Subject’s Identity

2021 ◽  
Vol 13 (2) ◽  
pp. 88-108
Author(s):  
Anna Walczak
Keyword(s):  
Jacques Derrida ◽  
The Other ◽  
Social Discourse ◽  
Main Theme ◽  
Other Hand ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
The One

What is the source and the effect of the acting subject’s identity? This question refers to difference, but not in its usual conceptualization, synonymous with a border and the need to maintain or transcend it. By reconceptualizing difference, which I see as “re-creating” the meaning and linking it with “added” meanings, this article restores its original load (importance) in being an acting subject, mediated in otherness. For this purpose, the différance of Jacques Derrida is invoked and his statements about it combined with those of other philosophers, in whom I found what is related and/or complementary and extends not only Derrida's thought, but that which constitutes the main theme of this article. On the one hand, otherness is an impulse to the “work” of the difference, and on the other hand, it is its effect. What is the role of the “work” of the difference in creating the identity of the acting subject? In connection with the “shift” of the effect of its work – otherness, into the area of the identity of the acting subject, can this subject say about itself: this is still me? In this context, what is responsive ethics, which, I believe, should be included in the contemporary humanistic and social discourse about the subject?

Genetic Studies of Macular Pigment

Perception ◽  
1997 ◽  
Vol 26 (1_suppl) ◽  
pp. 64-64
Author(s):  
E C Alexander ◽  
J D Moreland
Keyword(s):  
Genetic Factors ◽  
Macular Pigment ◽  
Genetic Studies ◽  
Child Relationship ◽  
Control Parent ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Perceived Motion ◽  
Level Analysis

One of the major functions suggested for macular pigment is to protect the retina. However, a tenfold variation in pigment level is observed in the general population, which cannot be explained by other factors, such as age, sex, race, eye or skin colour (Bone and Sparrock, 1971 Vision Research11 1057 – 1064). We aim to examine the role of genetic factors in this variation. In our first experiments (Alexander and Moreland, 1996 Perception25 Supplement, 105) we used colour matching to examine pigment levels in 23 local families. The highest correlation was seen for the father/child relationship where a linear regression accounted for 25% of the variance ( p<0.01); no significant relationship was observed for mother/child, grandparent/grandchild, or, as expected, for the control parent/parent plot. These families, and a few new ones, have been retested by a motion photometry paradigm, with a foveal 2 deg field and an extrafoveal annular field at 5 deg eccentricity. In the tests, a grating of alternating bars (460 nm and 580 nm) moves horizontally across the field at 14 Hz. The subject adjusts the luminance of the 580 nm bars for minimum perceived motion. The difference in setting between the two fields is used to measure the subject's pigment level. Analysis of preliminary data shows no significant correlation for any of the relationships but further analysis is in progress.

scholarly journals The impact of semantic relations on grammatical alternation: an experimental study of proper name modifiers and determiner genitives

2019 ◽  
Vol 23 (4) ◽  
pp. 797-826 ◽  
Author(s):  
TINE BREBAN ◽  
JULIA KOLKMANN ◽  
JOHN PAYNE
Keyword(s):  
Experimental Study ◽  
Natural Language ◽  
Experimental Approach ◽  
Semantic Relations ◽  
Initial Finding ◽  
Proper Name ◽  
The Impact

In this article we investigate the role of semantic relations in grammatical alternations. The specific alternation we look at is that between the proper name modifier construction, e.g.the Obama government, and the determiner genitive, e.g.Obama's government. Through the use of an experimental study in which participants were asked to rate the naturalness of the two constructions in 20 attested natural language contexts and provide paraphrases of the semantic relations in question, we tested when the two constructions alternate and whether either construction expresses semantic relations that block alternation. Our initial finding is that none of the relations we studied is categorically associated with only one of the constructions, but that certain relations – notably possession and name – are far more preferentially associated with determiner genitives and proper name modifiers respectively. Despite these ‘default’ associations, participants nevertheless identified a range of possible interpretations for many of the examples, meaning that our study simultaneously supports the opposing theoretical views of default relations and semantic underspecification. Further, our study validates the inclusion of semantic relations in genitive alternation studies as a major factor despite the notorious difficulties in their operationalisation. Animacy distinctions, although more straightforward to codify, appear to be of lesser importance. Methodologically, our study shows the value of an experimental approach as a corrective to researcher intuitions about the identification of semantic relations in context.

scholarly journals On the Role of Information Transfer’s Speed in Technological and Biological Computations

2021 ◽  
Author(s):  
János Végh ◽  
Ádám-József Berki
Keyword(s):  
Mathematical Method ◽  
Information Science ◽  
Propagation Speed ◽  
Computing System ◽  
Transfer Time ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference ◽  
Handling Methods ◽  
Role Of Information

Information is commonly considered as a mathematical quantity that forms the basis of computing. In mathematics, information can propagate instantly, so its transfer speed is not the subject of information science. In all kinds of implementations of computing, whether technological or biological, some material carrier for the information exists, so the information&rsquo;s propagation speed cannot exceed the speed of the carrier. Because of this limitation, for any implementation, one must consider the transfer time between computing units. We need a different mathematical method to take this limitation into account: classic mathematics can only describe infinitely fast and infinitely small computing system implementations. The difference between the mathematical handling methods leads to different descriptions of the behavior of the systems. The correct handling also explains why biological implementations can have lifelong learning and technological ones cannot. The conclusion about learning evidences matches others&rsquo; experimental evidence, both in technological and biological computing.

Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study of Thymus Activation Induced by Different Intensity Electrical Stimulation

2021 ◽  
Vol 11 (2) ◽  
pp. 378-385
Author(s):  
Tao Li ◽  
Kai Chen ◽  
Xianyue Quan
Keyword(s):  
Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Electrical Stimulation ◽  
Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging ◽  
Brain Regions ◽  
Functional Magnetic Resonance ◽  
Resonance Imaging ◽  
The Subject ◽  
The Difference

Functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) was used to observe the activation response of the hypothalamus under different intensity electrical stimulation, and to explore the role of thalamus in the pain regulation network. Ten subjects were selected as normal subjects, and 41 °C and 51 °C were performed on the dorsal side of the right forearm of all subjects, respectively. CCHS mission-mode functional magnetic resonance (fMRI) scans (41 °C. CCHS-fMRI group and 51 °C CHS-fMRI group) were pre-processed with fMRI using SPM8. A single sample t-test was used to compare 41 °C CCHS-fMRI group and 51 °C. The CCHS-fMRI group underwent intragroup analysis to observe the activation of brain regions under two different temperature CHS, and recorded the activation intensity of the activation region. A paired t-test was used to explore the difference in activation between the PD group and the control group, and brain regions with statistically significant differences were analyzed. The activation intensity of the activated brain region was recorded, and the cause of the difference was analyzed. At the end of the trial, the visual analog scale (CVAS) was used to score the pain experienced by the subject at the stimulation temperature, and then the subject was subjected to a sensory quantification test (QST), including the measurement of thermal sensation (WS) and thermal pain (HP). At the same time, under the same intensity electrical stimulation, the activation signal of the lateral thalamus was stronger than that of the lateral thalamus, showing a contralateral advantage, while the bilateral thalamus lacked this manifestation. The thalamus should be an important component of the pain-regulating network. This region exhibits a segregationactivated phenomenon, and each region has its own unique stimulatory response characteristics, which helps to understand the role of the thalamus in the treatment of pain information.

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